The$interface$of$evolutionary$biology$and$policy$impact!

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1 The$interface$of$evolutionary$biology$and$policy$impact Atwo&wayengagementworkshopforresearchprovidersresearchers) andresearchuserspolicymakersandmanagers) 6$7September,2016 ANUCommons,Canberra WorkshopReport CompiledbyWendyRussell,workshopfacilitator,DoubleArrowConsulting 1

2 Summary Communicationandculturalconstraintsshapethe gap betweenresearchusersandresearchers PROBLEMFEATURES).Evolutionarybiologyandgeneticdataarerelevantbutoften misunderstoodoroverlookedinconservation/environmentaldecision$making.conversely, researchersoftendonotappreciatethecontextanddriversforthisdecision$making. ThisevidentdisconnectprovidesanopportunityfordevelopinganEFFECTIVEtwo$waySYSTEMof engagementandknowledgetransferthatwill: Enhanceoutcomesforscience$baseddecisionmaking;and Increasetheimpactofresearchinvestment. Duringtheworkshop,severalshort$mediumtermSTRATEGIESwereidentifiedforprogressing towardsthiseffectivesystem. Introductionandrationale Thisworkshopwasdesignedtoexploreagapbetweenresearchandresearchuseinthecontextof evolutionarybiologyandconservation.thecentreforbiodiversityanalysisorganisedthe workshopinplaceofitstraditionalannualconference,experimentingwithanewapproachand format.theyinvitedrelevantresearchersandresearchuserstoattend,andattractedmore researchusersthantoausualscientificconferencearound35%ofparticipants;seeparticipant listinappendixa).thenatureofthegap,therationaleandaimsoftheconferencearedescribed inthissection. Innovativecapabilitiesinbiodiversitysciencearerapidlyemergingattheboundariesof evolutionarybiology,genomicsandspatialecology.thesenewconceptsandtoolshavebeen heraldedashavingconsiderablepotentialtoassistwithmanyofthecomplexissuesconfronting policyandmanagementsuchasthreatenedspecies,climatechangeandadaptation,conservation planning,habitatrestoration,invasivespeciesandbiosecurity. However,thereisoftenadistinctgapbetweenacademicresearch,wherethisnewcapabilityand biodiversitydataarebeinggenerated,analysedandinterpreted;andtheperceivedneedsof 2

3 practicalpolicydevelopmentandreal$worldmanagement.closingthisgapwillbeimportantfor solvingreal$worldproblems,particularlybiodiversitywithacceleratingenvironmentalchange. AdraftdiscussionpapercanbefoundinAppendixB. Purposeoftheworkshop: Tounderstandthegapbetweenevolutionarybiologyresearchanditsuseinrelevantareas ofpolicyandmanagement,andtodevelopenduringinstitutionsthatclose/bridgethisgap, providingongoingtwo$wayengagement. Objectivesoftheworkshop: Tobringresearchersandresearchusersinpolicyandoperations)togethertoshare knowledgeandperspectives,developabetterunderstandingofeachother,andbuild engagementandrelationships Tounderstandthenatureof theproblem/challenge thegapbetweenresearchandits use) Todevelopstrategiestoaddresstheproblemandprovideenduringmechanisms/processes forongoingengagementbetweenresearchandresearchuse Workshopformat TheworkshopwasdesignedbyWendyRussellDoubleArrowConsulting),incollaborationwith CraigMoritzandClaireStephensCBA)andtheCSIRO/ANUconferencesteeringcommittee:Dan RosauerANU),SimonFerrierBEKS,CSIRO),KristenWilliamsBEKS,CSIRO),LindaBroadhurst NRCA,CSIRO),StephanieVonGavelALA,CSIRO),MargaretByrneWADept.ParksandWildlife) andpetercochranestateoftheenvironment;ex$directornationalparks).wendyfacilitatedthe workshop,withco$facilitationfromvickydarlingkintsugialliance)andassistancefromrachel England,DavidPurnell,SusiePrestandLaurenAshman.TangyaoZhangkindlyphotographedthe workshop. Theworkshopexplored theproblem onthe firstday,includingpresentationsonthe research,policyandmanagementcontexts, presentationsfromfrustratedresearchers andresearchuserswhoexperiencethegapin theirwork,asmallgroupdiscussionsession exploringtheproblemfrom self and other perspectives,andafinalpanelsession.this wasfollowedby lightningtalks from early/midcareerresearchers,followedby drinksandadinnerforconferencedelegates. Theseconddaylookedatsolutionsandstrategiesmovingforward.Itinvolvedpresentationson whatworks fromresearchersandresearchuserswhohavecollaboratedsuccessfully,avisioning sessioninwhichparticipantsconsidereddesirablechange,aforcefieldanalysistoconsiderthings 3

4 thatmaydriveorrestrainchange,andastrategiesopenspacesession.groupsreportedbackon the4strategiesthatweredevelopedandsigneduptoactionstoprogressthesestrategies. ThefullprogramisinAppendixC. Results Theproblem thegapbetweenevolutionarybiologyresearchandresearchuse Contextfactors CraigMoritz,DirectorofCBA,openedtheworkshop,describingadisjunctbetweenresearchers andpolicymakers,inanenvironmentofrapidchangesinbothscientifictoolsandconcepts,andin policyenvironments.hedescribedtheimportanceofevolutionarybiologyinmanagingrestoration andconservation,theneedtoconsidergeneticdiversitybothintheshortandlongterm thousandsofyears),andthechallengeofdoingthisinapolicyenvironmentdominatedby3$year electioncycles.healsopresentedevidencethatgeneticdata,incontrasttoecologydata,isnot beingconsideredinmostrecoveryplans.therearealsomisconceptionsaboutevolutionegit s alwaysslow,diversityonlyexistsbetweenspecies),whichhaveimplicationsforconservation decisions. Thesecondpresenter,LindaBroadhurst,whoistheDirectoroftheCentreforAustralianNational BiodiversityResearch,describedherworkinmoleculargeneticsforrestoration,particularlyseed sourcing.shedescribedtheneedtomodelthefutureofbiodiversityonabroadscale,andthe difficultyofdoingthisforregionalmanagers.shediscussedthecontributionofnewinsightsfrom science,thedifficultyforscientistsofansweringmanagers apparentlysimplequestionse.g.how manyspecies?)andthedemandsofpolicymakersforevidencethatstrategiesareworking.she alsodescribedtherangeofchallengesposedbyclimatechange,andthedifficultyofcoordinating effortsandintegratingthenecessarydata,particularlygivencompetinginterestsfor environmentalmanagersandpolicymakersbiodiversity,water,agriculture,community).she askedtheimportantquestion: Whoisnotintheconversation?. GregAndrews,theCommonwealthThreatenedSpeciesCommissioner,thentalkedtothegroup abouthisworkincommunicatingbiodiversitysciencetothepublictranslatinginto punter language)sothattheycareaboutit.hedrawsonthespecialsignificancethatournativewildlife hasinhowwedefineourselves,forbothaboriginalandnon$aboriginalaustralians.hespokeof theintroductionofhisrole,andofthefirstthreatenedspeciesstrategy,whichprovidespolicy principlesandtargetsatafederallevel,andusesscienceinputtosetpriorities.however,he warnedthattheongoingchallengesforconservationarephysical,socialandpolitical,andthatall branchesofscienceareneeded,asisasociallicencefromthecommunity.thechallengehereis raisingawarenessinanoisymediaenvironmentcompetingwiththekardashians)andavoiding preciousnessgolleme.g.nitpickingoverdetails,concernabouthybridisation),whichdisconnects scientistsfromthepublicandtakesthefocusawayfrombroadtargets.hediscussedtheneedfor scientiststoprovideaccessibleinformatione.g.commonnames)andpolicysuggestionsrather thansinglesolutions. ThefinalspeakerinthecontextsessionwasKateWilson,ExecutiveDirectoroftheScience DivisionattheNSWOfficeofEnvironmentandHeritage.Shedescribedtheircommitmenttousing thebestscientificevidenceintheirdecisionmakinginordertoachievebetterenvironmental outcomes,andtheimportanceofpublicallyavailableevidence,whichalsoequipsthecommunity 4

5 5 tocontributetothehealthoftheenvironment.shedescribedseveralenablingfactorstoclosing thegap : relationships therightquestions differentwaysofsourcingandusinginformation informationthatistimelyandaccessible TheknowledgestrategyofOEHisbaseontheco$designofknowledgeneeds,whichpromotesa cultureshifttowardsusingmorescientificknowledge.withknowledgesharingasapolicy objective,oehcollaboratesandpartnerswithuniversitiesandresearchcentres. Causesandcharacteristics Thesecondsessionexploredthegapbydrawingonpeopleworkinginthedifferentareas research,policyandmanagement),whospokeoftheirfrustrations,theirexperiencewiththegap, andtheirattemptsatclosingit. CarlaSgro,anAssociateProfessoratMonashUniversity,startedthesessiontalkingaboutbarriers andopportunitiesforsciencetoinformpolicyandmanagement,basedonhermeta$researchon theuseofevolutionarytheoryanddatainconservationmanagementplans.herresearch confirmedthatlittleevolutionarytheoryiscurrentlyusedinplans,despiteimportant contributionsitcouldmake.thisfailurereflectedpoorunderstandingofevolutionaryconcepts,a lackofpracticaltools,anduncertaintyaboutoutcomesofmanagement.someofthebarriersat thescience$policyinterfaceincludelackofeducation,communicationproblems,short$termvs long$termthinking,andafailuretodemonstratethebenefitofusingevolutionarydata.these barriersrepresentopportunitiesforclosingthegap,andcarladrewattentiontosomespecific misconceptionsthatneedtobeaddressed,theneedtoprovidedefinitionsofevolutionaryterms, andtheneedtocontextualisescientificinformationandalignpolicyandscience.therolefor scientistsinhelpingthisalignmentwasdiscussed,inthecontextofoperationalchallengesfor managers. SueFyfe,DirectoroftheBiodiversityScienceunitinParksAustralia,tookupthisthemein discussingherworkinarelativelysmallfederalgovernmentagency.shereiteratedthechallenges ofmanagingnationalparksinanincreasinglyimpacted,fragmentedandchanginglandscape,in thefaceofcompetingdemandstourism,traditionalowners,conservation).managerslacktime andresourcesandneedtimelyandappropriatescientificadvice.thisrequiresmechanismsfor knowledgetransferandmultiplecommunicationchannelsegsummaries,guides,onlinetools& apps,notjustjournalarticles).shediscussedthecaseofthenorfolkislandboobookowl,to demonstratethechallenges,includingapparentlysimplemanagementquestionshavingcomplex scientificanswers,andmanagersgettingtheblameifadviceiswrong.managersneedsupportto makegooddecisions,butthisisdifficultgivencontestationaboutthescienceamongscientistsand alackofincentivesforscientiststoprovidepolicyinput. ThenexttalkwasbyJohnKanowski,ConservationManagerattheAustralianWildlife Conservancy.Hedescribedthedifferentcontextandincentivesforaprivatenot$for$profit conservationorganisation,whichreliesonconservationresultsandpubliccommunicationof these.theawchassubstantialin$housescientificcapacity,ensuringitcanaddresskey conservationmanagementquestions.aswellasinformationonthestatusandtrendsin

6 biodiversityassetsandthreats,theyneedscientificstudyofmanagementinterventions;theyneed generalinformationaboutbiodiversityandanswerstospecificmanagementquestions. Collaborationwithacademicresearchersishinderedbyamismatchofincentivesandperformance indicators,bycompetitionforscienceresultsandrewards,andbyalackofgoodcollaborative practice. ThefinalspeakerinthissessionwasAndreaTaylor,anadjunctseniorresearchfellowatMonash University,whospokefromherperspectiveasamolecularecologyresearcher,butalsoaseditor ofwildliferesearch,amagazinefocusedonevidence$basedconservationmanagement,andasa memberofthecommonwealth sthreatenedspeciesscientificcommittee.shepointedtobad pressthatconservationgeneticsgotinearlydaysover exaggeratedthreats,whichsetthefield backandledtopoorattitudestoevolutionarybiologyanditsroleinconservationmanagement. Shesuggestedthatthereareinfacttwogaps ascience$policygapandagenetics$ecologygap. Genetics/evolutionarybiologyisnotpartoftheconservationpolicytoolkittotheextentthat ecologyis),reflectedbylowfundingpriority,lackofcapacityinagenciesandpolicypatchiness e.g.acrossstates).thissituationisimprovinggradually,throughacknowledgementof evolutionarybiologyanditsrelevanceinthecontextofclimatechange,andbytheeffortsof passionateindividuals.despitethis,evolutionarybiologyprinciplesandgeneticdataarestill ignoredorpoorlyinterpreted/understoodinmanagementplansandbudgetsarestillinadequate thoughgeneticsequencingisgettingcheaper). Whatcausestheproblem?What smissing?what sintheway? Thefirstparticipatorysessionfollowed,inwhichsmallgroupsof like peopleresearchers,policy makersormanagers)discussedanddescribedtheproblem/gap,basedonthequestionsabove. Afterspendingtimeonthisexercise,theywereaskedtoimaginetheywerethe other researchersimaginedtheywereresearchusers,andviceversa),andtodescribetheproblem fromthat other perspective.groupsthenjoinedtogethertochecktheaccuracyofthe other descriptions,andtocomeupwithsomeconsensusaboutmainfeaturesoftheproblem/gap. Whilesomedetailsneededtoberefined,itseemedthatmostgroupswerefairlyaccurateintheir understandingsofhowthe other groupsperceivedtheproblem.also,basedonnotesfromtable groups,therewasremarkablecommonalityinunderstandingsoftheproblem,withsimilarthemes emergingsummarisedbelow). Researchersandresearchusers,thoughtheymayhaveacommoncommitmenttoconservation, operateindifferentcontexts,withdifferentobjectives,focuses,demandsandtimeframes. Scientistsarefocusedondiscovery,andthushaveaninterestinnovelty,uncertaintyandlong$ termchanges.policymakersandmanagersarefocusedoninterventionsandoutcomes;theyseek certainty,tendtoavoidrisk,andaredrivenbyshort$termimperatives. Thesedifferencesarereflectedindifferentincentives,rewards&performanceindicators. Researchers,particularlyinuniversities,aredrivenbyimperativesofacademicexcellence especiallypublications),whereasaccountabilityfordecisionsandactionsisthemaindriverfor researchusers.whileresearchusersareinfluencedbyapushforevidence$basedpolicyand practice,therearelimitedincentivesforresearcherstospendtimeprovidinginputtopolicyor management.thismaychangewiththenewimpactandengagementpolicyagenda. Thedifferencesdescribedabovetendtoleadtodifferentcultures,withthedrivefornoveltyin sciencecontrastingwiththeconservativenatureofpolicy.theseculturaldifferences, 6

7 communicationproblemsseebelow),andthestructuralseparationofresearchersandresearch userswhogenerallyoccupydifferentworkplacesandhavelimitedopportunitiestomeet)leadto alackofconnectionbetweenthem.researchersandresearchusersmaysimplybeunawareof eachother,notknowingwhomtoturntogiveorreceiveadvice,andremainingunawareof developmentsrelevanttotheirwork.thislackofconnectioncontributestoalackofalignmentof theirknowledgeandknowledgeneeds. Exacerbatingthisdisconnectaredifferencesinknowledge&understandingandproblemswith communicationinthefaceofthese.researchersandresearchusershavedifferentexpertiseand training,andtheretendstobemorefluxandturnoverinpolicyandmanagementthaninresearch. Thetwo/three)groupsalsohavedifferentknowledgeneedsstructuredbythegoalsand incentivesdescribedabove.managementdecisionsmayrequiremoregeneralormorespecific informationthanscientistsprovideinthelineoftheirwork,andresearchusersoftendon thave thetimeandcapacitytosearch,collateorsynthesiserelevantscientificresultstosupporttheir work.thereisarecognisedneedforknowledgebrokering,butalackofstructuresand incentivestosupportit. Languagedifferences,particularlytheuseofjargon,affecttheaccessibilityofscientificresultsfor researchusersandpublicsalike,creatingabarrierforknowledgetransfer.thereareother accessibilitybarriersincludinglackofaccesstopublicationdatabases,lackofdatasharingand intellectualpropertyrestrictions. Afurtherproblemisthatevenifresearchuserscanfindandaccessrelevantscientificfindings, theseareoftenassociatedwithuncertaintyandcontestationamongstscientists.managerswant clearanddefiniteanswersaboutwhattodo,whichscientistsarerarelyabletogivethem,because oftheinherentcomplexityanduncertaintyofconservation.apaucityofcasestudiesthat demonstratepositiveoutcomesalsocontributestothis. Theseproblemsattheinterfaceofscience,policyandmanagementreflectanoverarchingneed forbettercommunication,strategicplanning&alignmentofknowledgeproductionanddemand throughoutthesystem.thereisalsoaneedtounderstandunderlyingdifferencesandbarriers thatcannoteasilybeovercomeandtomanageexpectations.somesawthiswholeissuenotasa gapbutasanopportunity. What satstake? MargaretByrnekickedoffthispaneldiscussiondescribingherworkinamalgamatingapolicyand aresearchdivisioninthewadepartmentofparksandwildlife.thiswasdeliberatelydoneto closethegap.basedonherexperience,awidegapleadstopolicynotbasedonsciencedecisions withoutevidence)andsciencenotaddressingknowledgegaps.shesuggestedthatthegapisnot aswideaswemightthink,particularlyifwetakethetimetorecogniseotherperspectives, particularlythedifferencesintheknowledgeneedsofmanagers,whogenerallyhavespecific questions,andofpolicy,whichneedstotakeabroaderviewandsynthesisearangeofdata. ThesecondpanellistwasEmmaCampbell,whoworksinLandcareandBiodiversitypolicyinthe CommonwealthDepartmentofEnvironmentandEnergy.Inherexperience,thegapisnarrower whenthegoalofpolicy/managementisclear,whenthereiscommunitysupportandconservation problemshaveaclearcauseandeffect,andwhengovernment sroleandresponsibilityiscleareg thegreatbarrierreef).researchersneedtounderstandhowgovernmentsupportandpolicies 7

8 work,especiallytrade$offsandtimeframesscienceisonlyathirdofthetriangle).allpartiesneed toseekandrespondto)feedback. ThethirdpaneltalkwaspresentedbyDavidSalt,theeditorofDecisionPoint.Thisbimonthly magazinesupportsandpresentsenvironmentaldecisionscience.davidsuggeststhatdecision Pointisaboundaryobjectinthecontextof thegap andhasopenedupconversations,including withgovernment.hespokeofknowledgebrokeringbutquitecritically,asnotusingresources effectivelyandfailingtolearn. Thefinalspeaker,CameronSlatyer,camewithabackgroundininnovationandsciencepolicy, thoughheisnowattheaustralianmuseum.hewonderedwhetherthegapisactuallyaproblem, andsuggestedthatsomepolicyandresearchshouldn tintersect.forareasthatshould,he suggestedthatcommunicationshouldbe3$wayresearch government industry),ashighlighted inthenationalscienceandinnovationagendanisa).hecitedtheexampleofastronomy,asa fieldthathadeffectivelycommunicateditsmessagestogovernment.hedidseearolefor knowledgebrokeragetofacilitateknowledgeexchangenotknowledge transfer )andclosethe gap. Thediscussionthatfollowedcontinuedwiththeissueofknowledgebrokers.Thereareproblems, trade$offsandtensionsforknowledgebrokerage.oneisthatscientistsdon ttrustintermediaries; theywouldliketocommunicatetheirownscience,butasyet,thisisn tadequatelyrewardedand takesawayfromtheirresearch.itwasnotedthatthiscouldchangewithincreasingemphasison impact inassessmentsofuniversityresearch. Therearemodelsforintegratingscienceintopolicy,suchastheSERF,NERPandNESP Commonwealthgovernmentfundedprogramssupportingenvironmentalresearch.CRCsare anotherexample,andhaveinvolvedeffectiveknowledgebrokering.museumsalsoplayimportant rolesinresearchandcommunication. EarlyCareerResearcherLightningTalks FourE/MCRsgaveshorttalkstohighlighttheirownresearchanditsconnectionstoconservation andmanagementoutcomes. 1.MeganSuppleANU)LandscapegenomicsforseedsourcingdecisionsinEucalyptus reforestation 2.KarelMokanyCSIRO)Geneticadaptationaltersourunderstandingofoutcomesfor biodiversityunderclimatechange 3.AlexandraPavlovaMonashUniversity)Overcomingadmixture$phobia:usinggenomicdata toevaluatetheriskofoutbreedingdepression 4.DanRosauerANU)Doweneedspeciesforconservation?Aphylogeneticapproachto mappingandconservingbiodiversityinnorthernaustralia. Thesolution aneffectiveresearchspolicysmanagementsystem Successfactors Thesecondsetofcasestudiesreflectedonsuccessbydrawingoneffectiveexamplesofcross$ sectoralcollaboration. 8

9 ThefirstcaseinvolvedAdrianManningandSamBanks,fromtheFennerSchoolatANU,andJenny Pierson,WildlifeProgramLeaderfromTidbinbillaNatureReserve.Theydiscussedecosystem restorationatmulligan sflat,aremnantofendangeredwoodlandhabitatontheedgeof Canberra,whichrepresentedanoutdoorlaboratory.Theprojectinvolvedriskandvisionsofa betterworld,includingfromgovernment,whotookrisksintrustingthescientiststorestorean entireecosystembasedontheirscientificunderstanding,includingofevolutionarybiologyand genetics.itinvolvedexperimentalandadaptivemanagement,madepossiblebyflexible infrastructureandatacticalapproach,whichenableddifferentgoalsandconstraintstobemet. Recalibratingexpectationswasalsoanimportantelement.Oneofthemajorsuccesseswas reintroductionofthebettong,whichhasbecomeapublicambassadorforbiodiversity conservation. DavidCoates,fromtheWADepartmentofParksandWildlife,presentedthesecondsuccesscase, basedonhisworkinfloraconservationinwesternaustralia.thishasinvolvedincorporating scienceintomanagementandpolicy,andhasrequiredcommunicationandcoordinationacrossall threeareasscience,management,policy)inordertoachieveconservationoutcomes.theproject usedgeneticdataanddecisiontreestoprioritiseandstrategicallyallocateresourcesandmethods forconservation.successinvolvedeffectivecommunicationandintegrationofscience,personal relationshipsbetweenmanagersandresearchers,managershavingsciencebackgroundsand conductingtheirownresearch,andownershipoftheproject. ThenextpresentationwasfromStephanievonGavel,fromtheAtlasofLivingAustraliaALA),a nationaldatabaseofbiodiversityrecords.shespokeoftheneedtounderstanddataflowsandthe informationsupplychaindata$>science$>policy$>impact).inthiscontext,alaisanenabler andadataaggregator,makingdataaccessibleandusable,forscience,managementandpolicy. Gooddataflowrequiresopenaccess,digitisationandaggregationcapacity,visualisationand translation.addingvaluetodatainthiswaycanmakeitmoreinfluential,ascanbeingtimelyand strategicallyaligningwithpolicyprioritiesanddrivers.onceagain,itdoesn tpaytobeprecious, anddatashouldbesharedbeforeit sperfectorcomplete,sothatrelevantgapscanbeidentified. CateMcElroy,fromtheThreatenedSpeciessectionoftheCommonwealthDepartmentof EnvironmentandEnergy,spokenext.ShedescribedproceduresundertheThreatenedSpeciesact. Theearlystages nomination,prioritisationandassessmentofthreatenedspeciesleadingto recoveryplans areworkingquitewell,anddrawonanevidencebaseincludingmanysourcesof conservationadvice.thisincreasinglyincludesgeneticinformatione.g.tasmaniandevil,koala andbilbyrecoveryplans).thedevelopmentofrecoveryplansprovidesaframeworktocoordinate collaboration,guideinvestmentandmakedecisions.cateindicatedthatlatterstagesofthe process prioritisingactions,implementingplansandmonitoring needimprovement.she pointedtochallengessuchasclimatechangeandhabitatfragmentation,andtheneedforgenetic datatomanagethese.intermsofopportunities,therecoveryplanningprocessprovidesagood modeltofacilitateengagementbetweenscientistsandmanagersandenhancemutual understanding.shealsospokeoftheimportanceofknowledgebrokeringandtranslation. ThefinalcasestudywaspresentedbyAndrewWeeks,seniorresearchfellowattheUniversityof MelbourneandDirectorofcesaranindependentenvironmentalconsultingcompany).Andrew describedhisworkongeneticrescueandrestorationofthreatenedspecies,notablythemountain pygmypossum.heemphasisedtheimportanceofevolutionaryadaptation,whichcanbefast,and itsimplicationsforconservationmanagement.successcamewithtakingrisks,engagingwith policymakers,andwithpubicattitudinalchangesassociatedwithanimalambassadors,whichcan beinfluencedbylanguagegenepoolwideningvsmixing).scientistscanengageeitherwithpolicy 9

10 orwithgroundlevelmanagement,andeachcaninfluencetheother.hepointedoutthatsuch engagementtakesconsiderabletime,effortandpersistencetobuildrelationshipsandsupport. Mainfeaturesofaneffectivesystem Thissessioninvolvedsmallgroupvisioningaboutthebestpossibleworld,followedbymore realisticthinkingabout aneffectiveresearch$policy$managementsystem.groupspresented thesevisionsusingatemplateseeappendixd),withmainpointssummarisedbelow. Aneffectiveresearch$policy$managementsystemwouldseeengagementacrossthesystemand integrationofknowledge,objectivesandapproaches.engagementshouldbeearlyandongoing andhappenatbothstrategicandtacticallevels.thiswouldbereflectedinscientificknowledge, includingevolutionarybiology,embeddedingovernment,andpolicyunderstandingafeatureof researchorganisations.therewouldbeasharedvisionandasystemsapproachtomanagement focusedonpro$active,long$termconservationratherthanonreactivemanagementofindividual threatenedspecies.scientificworkwouldpayattentiontoprovidingspecificinformationto answermanagementquestionsaswellasbroaderinsightstoinformpolicy.collaborationacross thesystemwouldpromoteverticalbetweenlevels)andhorizontalbetweengroups)integration. Thesystemshouldfunctionlikeahealthyecosystem. Aneffectivesystemwouldrequireinstitutionalsupportandinitiatives,includingrewardsystems andperformancemeasuresfavouringintegration,engagementandappliedresearch.forexample, havingbothacademicsanddecisionmakersonreviewpanelsforsomefundingprogramscould helptostrategicallyalignresearchandpolicy.capacityforadaptivemanagementneedstobe established,andpolicyandmanagementorganisationsneedagoodbalanceof in$house and out$house scientistsiescientistswhocanbecommissionedtoprovideresearch),withclearroles linkedtoconservationoutcomes.thereisaspecificneedtobuildevolutionarybiologycapability withinorganisations,includinginvestment,infrastructure,understandingandqualitycontrol. Informationaccessandflowisanimportantfeatureofaneffectivesystem.Thismeans componentsoftheknowledgesystembeingfreelyavailableontheweb.informationneedstobe scalableandnationalinscope,potentiallyinvolvingafederateddataexchangesystem,with integrateddataincludingspatialcomponents.moreaccessibleshortinformationsheetsand webcastscouldalsobeprovidedtosummarisefindingsandcases.effectiveinformationexchange wouldalsobehelpedbygoodnetworkingandcommunicationacrosssectors. Thisimprovedsystemwouldrequireandpromotecultureshiftsinallareas.Thesewouldinclude moreemphasisonevidence$based,designedandaccountablepolicyandmanagement, acceptanceofriskyresearch,andbetterunderstandingofquestionsandtrade$offsunderlying policy.cultureshiftswouldbefavouredbytwo$waycareerpathways,whereresearchersand governmentemployeeshaveopportunitiestoworkineithersectorwithoutdetrimenttotheir careers.thiswouldbuildmutualrespect,anabilitytolistenandfollowadvice,andongoing awarenessofneedingeachother. Betterrespectandunderstandingwouldimprovecommunication,whichwouldbehelpedby networkingplatformssothatpeopleindifferentsectorsknowwhotospeaktoandwhatpeople areupto.goodcommunicationincludescommunicationwithinorganisations,communitiesof practiceandsectors,andeffectiveexchangeandfeedbackloopsbetweenthem. 10

11 Forcesdriving,restraining) Thenextsessionexploredwhatforcescoulddriveorrestrainchangetoamoreeffectiveresearch$ policy$managementsystem.groupsusedthisforcefieldanalysistoidentifyarangeofforcesand tothenselectthebestcandidatesforfocusedattention.thesecandidateforceswereselectedon thebasisofbeingstrongimportant)andeasytochange.theseselectedforcesaresummarised below. Importantdrivingforcesincludedthedesireforengagementbetweensectorsreflectedinthe activeparticipationinthisworkshop);collaboration,opennessandthedevelopmentofcommon grounddespitedifferences;andthecommondesireforeffectiveconservationbasedonscience. Changecouldalsocomefromopendatainitiatives,forumsforknowledgeexchange,and secondmentsandpostgraduateresearchexchanges.technologyprovidesadrivingforcein creatingnewpossibilities,forexample,makinggeneticdataeasierandcheapertogenerateand access. Changestopolicyandregulationsthatincludeevolutionaryprocessesandgeneticdataas appropriatewouldprovideanotherpositivedriver,aswouldpublicoutreach,includingsocial mediaandprovidingsuccessstoriesasexemplars. Restrainingforcesselectedforattentionweregenerallytheconverseofthedrivingforces, includinglackofinteraction,lackofnetworkingstructures,lackofaccesstoinformation,and languageandcommunicationbarriers.additionalnegativedriversidentifiedincludedrisk aversion,fearoffailure,discordantincentivesystemsandpoliticsthiswasconsideredveryhard tochange). Strategies Followingathoroughexplorationofthe problem,thedesiredfuturethe effectivesystem),andtheforcesacting forandagainstchange,participants workedtoturntheirideasforenduring solutionsintoconcretestrategies.this beganwithproposalsthatwerethen workshopped intofouractionplans: 1.gALAgeneticAtlasofLiving Australia) Thefirststrategywasentitled gala andinvolvedtheintegrationandaggregationof genetic/evolutionarybiologydata,andpolicy/managementtranslationsofthese,intotheatlasof LivingAustralia.Thiswouldenableexistinggeneticdatatobeaggregatedandintegrated,including withspatialdata,makingthisdatamuchmoreaccessibleandusefultoinformconservationpolicy andmanagement.thisintegrationwouldrequirestandardisationofdataaccordingto 11

12 internationalandnationalinformaticsstandards,whichwouldalsoimproveaccessibilityand integration.notethatsomeprogresshasalreadybeenmadebyincorporatingphylogenyintothe ALAhttp://phylolink.ala.org.au). Theactionplanforthisstrategyinvolvedbringingresearchers,usersandALAdeveloperstogether, exploringrelevantinformationmodelsanddatastandards,consideringcasesofuseandexisting datacommons,andidentifyinggapsandwheredatadiscovery,collaboration,analysisand visualisationtoolsandapplicationsareneeded.theseactionswereplannedoverthenext12 months. 2. TheEvolutionSolution Consensusstatementandsuccessstories Thesecondstrategywastogetevolutionarybiologiststogethertowriteaclearconsensus statementofbestpracticeprinciplesforconservationplanningandmanagement.thiswould provideanaccessible,commongroundnarrativeabouttheuseofevolutionarybiologyfor conservation.aswellasbeingofusetostartdiscussionsandprovideanentrypointforresearch users,thiscouldlinkthemtofurtherresourcesorexperts,andcouldanswersomeoftheirexisting questions.itwouldalsoprovidebestcaseexamples,andintroducesomeoftheemergingtools thatarerelevanttoevolutionarybiologyandconservation.keymessagesagreedonbythegroup included: There salotofcommongroundandalotofinformationouttherealready;it snotabig, emptyspaceanymore Successstoriesareoutthereforarangeofsystems,scalesandapplications Geneticscanmakeconservationeasier,notharder,andcansavemoney Theteamalsoidentified4successfulcasestudiestodrawonpygmypossum,yellowbox,soil metagenomics,phylogeneticendemism). Theactionplanforthisstrategywastogetbuy$inforthisideafromresearchers,policymakers andpractitioners,initiallyviaworkshopparticipants,andtothenapproachdavidsalt,editorof DecisionPoint,toexplorethisasanavenuetopublishthestatement.Thegroupthenplannedto writethestatementandpublishit,settingthemselvesashorttimeframe,tomakeuseofthe momentumoftheworkshop. Thestatementhasbeenwritten,withSamBanksfromANUtakingthelead,andisduefor publicationinthenextedition#98)ofdecisionpoint.agreatoutcome 3.EvolutionandConservationInformationCommons Aresearchnetworkforfindingandconnectingpeopleandexpertise,thethirdstrategy,was suggestedtobroadennetworksandenabletwo$waycommunicationwithinaneffectiveresearch$ policy$managementsystem.actionstowardsthisstrategywillincludescopingofthegoalsand potentialparticipants,developmentofaglossaryofkeywordsrelatingtoevolutionarybiologyfor conservation,buildingsomekindofdirectoryofgovernmentagencyandngostructures,roles andcontacts,andexperimentingwithexistingplatformssuchasresearchgate,aswellasgetting advicefromitandsocialmediaexperts. 4.Betterincentivesforacademicstodoappliedresearch 12

13 Thefinalstrategywastowriteaone$pageletteradvocatingforincentivesmoreconducivetoan effective,integratedsystem.thisletterwouldbesenttotheceooftheaustralianresearch Council,andwouldcontributetothecurrentconsultationaboutresearchimpactandengagement, butwouldalsobepitchedtoawideraudience,e.g.universitydvcrs.aspartofthis,an assessmentoftheappliedimpactofevolutionarybiologywouldbemade,andsuggestionsfor cost$neutralchangestotheresearchfundingsystemputforward.aswellaspotentially contributingtoashiftinincentivesthatwouldfavourapplicationofevolutionarybiologyresearch toconservationpolicyandmanagement,thelettercouldraisetheprofileofthedisciplineandof theissuethe gap ). Stepsintheactionplanforthisstrategyincludeoutliningthecontentandintentoftheletter, draftingandrevisingthedocument,circulatingtoworkshopparticipantsforcommentand collectingsignaturestosupporttheinitiative. Evaluation Summaryofsurveys Twenty$fourpeoplefilledoutthepre$workshopsurveyand30peoplecompletedthepost$ workshopsurvey,eitherattheworkshoporonlineafterwards.ofthese,themajorityreported researchastheirmainexpertise67%before,55%after),comparedtopolicy8%before,12% after)andmanagement8%before,18%after).anumberofparticipantshadexperienceacross twosectors. Whenaskedaboutthegap/disconnectbetweenresearchandpolicy,thevastmajorityagreedthat thereisagap100%before,91%aftertheworkshop)andthatitisaproblem92%agreedbefore, 85%after).Justoverhalfofrespondents54%)felttheyhadagoodunderstandingofthegapprior totheworkshop.incontrast,91%reportedagoodunderstandingfollowingtheworkshop, suggestingthattheeventhadbeensuccessfulinincreasingparticipants understandingofthe problem.moreover,whileonly33%feltoptimisticaboutthisgapclosingpriortotheworkshop, 76%ofrespondentsfeltoptimisticaftertheworkshop.Thisisagoodresult. Whenaskedwhethertheytakeactiontoclosethegapintheirownwork,anumber13%) indicatedthattheytakenoaction,withsimilarnumberstakingactionoccasionally21%),someof thetime29%)oroften29%).followingtheworkshop,whenaskedwhethertheyplantotake actiontoclosethegap,no$oneplannedtotakenoaction,andthebalancehadshiftedtowards someofthetime41%)oroften31%). Participants expectationsfortheworkshopweremostlyreflectedintheobjectives tobring peopletogether,tounderstandtheproblemandtocomeupwithstrategiestosolveit.anumber werealsolookingforknowledgeandinsightstoapplyintheirownwork. Overall,mostparticipants91%)werepositiveabouttheworkshop73%founditgood,18% excellent).specifically,97%feltthatithadprovidedusefulknowledge,insightsandunderstanding, and94%feltthatithadprovidedgoodopportunitiesforengagementandrelationship$building. Respondentsweremorenoncommittalabouttheoutcomes;justunderhalf48%)feelingthatit hadhelpedtodevelopconcreteplanstosolvetheproblem42%wereneutral),andonly36% thinkingthattheworkshopwillhelptoprovideenduringsolutionstotheproblem58%were neutral). 13

14 Participantswerepositiveabouttheorganisationoftheworkshop,97%ofrespondentsagreeing thatitwaswellorganised,and94%thatitwaswellstructuredandfacilitated.allrespondents werepositiveaboutthevenueandcatering. Commentsprovidedsomeusefulfeedback.Somefeltthatthegapisactuallyanopportunityanda focusoncontinuousimprovementwouldbemorehelpful.therewerealsoafewcommentsthat thedisconnectbetweenresearchersandresearchusersremainedduringtheworkshop,with strategiesreflectingmisunderstandingsofpracticeinthedifferentareas,andsomestrategies beingsupportedbyresearchersbutnotresearchusers. Insummary,theworkshopseemstohavemetitsobjectives.Connecting,networkingand relationshipbuildingweremostcommonlycitedasthebestthingabouttheworkshop,suggesting thatthefirstobjectivewaswellmet.participants self$reportedunderstandingofthegap,and manyindividualcomments,suggestthatthesecondobjectivewasalsomet.strategieswere certainlydeveloped,inlinewiththethirdobjective.whetherthesewillprovideenduring solutions,onlytimewilltell,asrespondentscommentedinthesurvey. Appendices AppendixAWorkshopparticipants AppendixBDraftdiscussionpaper AppendixCWorkshopprogram AppendixDWorkshopnotes 14

15 Appendix A - Workshop par1cipants Invited speakers and participants Name Affiliation GregoryAndrews LaurenAshman SamBanks JustinBorevitz LindaBroadhurst MargaretByrne EmmaCampbell ReneeCatullo PeterChase ThreatenedSpeciesCommissioner,Dept. EnvironmentandEnergy Student,ResearchSchoolofBiology, ANU ResearchFellow,FennerSchoolof EnvironmentandSociety Professor,ResearchSchoolofBiology, ANU Director,CentreforAustralianNational BiodiversityResearch/AustralianNational Herbarium,CSIRO Director,ScienceandConservation Division,WADept.ofParksandWildlife AssistantSecretary,Landcareand BiodiversityPolicyBranch,Dept. EnvironmentandEnergy Lecturer,SchoolofScienceandHealth, WesternSydneyUniversity SeniorProjectOfficer,ReefBranch,Dept. EnvironmentandEnergy ThreatenedSpeciesCommissioner@envir onment.gov.au lauren.ashman@anu.edu.au sam.banks@anu.edu.au justin.borevitz@anu.edu.au linda.broadhurst@csiro.au Margaret.Byrne@DPaW.wa.gov.au Emma.campbell@environment.gov.au r.catullo@westernsydney.edu.au Peter.Chase@environment.gov.au DaveCoates ProgramLeader,FloraConservationand Dave.Coates@DPaW.wa.gov.au HerbariumProgram,WADept.ofParks andwildlife BronwynCollins CurationCoordinator,Centrefor Bronwyn.Collins@csiro.au AustralianNationalBiodiversity Research,CSIRO IanCresswell ResearchDirector,Biodiversity, ian.cresswell@csiro.au EcosystemKnowledgeandServices Program,CSIROLandandWater VickyDarling WorkshopFacilitator,KintsugiAlliance info@kintsugialliance.com.au GaynorDolman RachelEngland TariqEzaz SimonFerrier AnnaFitzgerald JennieFluin EliseFurlan ManagerandResearchScientist,Western AustralianMuseum AssistantFacilitator,FennerSchoolof Environment&Society,ANU AssociateProfessor,Universityof Canberra SeniorPrincipalResearchScientist,CSIRO LandandWater StrategicPartnerships,Bioplatforms Australia ResearchPartnerships,Departmentof Environment,WaterandNatural Resources,SA ResearchFellow,InstituteofApplied Ecology,UniversityofCanberra gaynor.dolman@museum.wa.gov.au rachel.england@anu.edu.au Tariq.Ezaz@canberra.edu.au Simon.Ferrier@csiro.au afitzgerald@bioplatforms.com jennie.fluin@sa.gov.au Elise.Furlan@canberra.edu.au SueFyfe Director,BiodiversityScience,Parks Australia,Departmentofthe Sue.Fyfe@environment.gov.au The interface of evolutionary biology and policy impact Canberra 6-7 September

16 12 Name Affiliation EnvironmentandEnergy CecileGueidan ResearchScientist,NationalResearch CollectionsAustralia,CSIRO SarahHearn WildlifeTradeRegulation,Depart EnvironmentandEnergy BinduJohnson ProjectOfficer,Environmentand PlanningDirectorate,ACTGovernment JohnKanowski NationalScienceandConservation Manager,AustralianWildlife Conservancy JohnLaSalle Director,AtlasofLivingAustralia,CSIRO TaniaLaity SpeciesandCommunitiesTeamLeader, DeptEnvironmentandEnergy PeterLatch TerrestrialThreatenedSpeciesSection, DepartmentoftheEnvironmentand Energy JennieMallela ResearchFellow,ResearchSchoolof Biology/ResearchSchoolofEarth Sciences,ANU AdrianManning Professor,FennerSchoolofEnvironment &Society NickMatzke ResearchFellow,ResearchSchoolof Biology,ANU CateMcElroy TerrestrialSpeciesConservationSection Wildlife,HeritageandMarineDivision, DepartEnvironmentandEnergy AndrewMitchell SeniorResearchScientist,Australian Museum KarelMokany SeniorResearchScientist,CSIROLand andwater CraigMoritz Director,CentreforBiodiversityAnalysis; Professor,ResearchSchoolofBiology, ANU Nandhini Nagaratnam Manager,NatureConservation, EnvironmentandPlanningDirectorate, ACTGovernment AdrienneNicotra Professor,ResearchSchoolofBiology, ANU AlexandraPavlova SeniorResearchOfficer,Schoolof BiologicalSciences,MonashUniversity JenniferPierson ResearchFellow,FennerSchoolof EnvironmentandSociety; WildlifeProgramLeader,Tidbinbilla NatureReserve MaxinePiggott ResearchFellow,ResearchSchoolof Biology,ANU SallyPotter ResearchFellow,ResearchSchoolof Biology,ANU DavidPurnell AssistantWorkshopFacilitator DanielRogers PrincipalAdvisorEcology,Departmentof

17 Name Affiliation DanRosauer WendyRussell DavidSalt Alexander SchmidtZLebuhn CarlaSgro CameronSlatyer ClaireStephens RandalStorey MeganSupple AndreaTaylor Stephanie vongavel AndrewWeeks KateWilson AndrewYoung Environment,WaterandNatural Resources,SA ResearchFellow,ResearchSchoolof Biology,ANU WorkshopFacilitator,DoubleArrow Consulting EditorYDecisionPointY,FennerSchoolof EnvironmentandSociety,ANU ResearchScientist,NationalResearch CollectionsAustralia,CSIRO AssociateProfessor,SchoolofBiological Sciences,MonashUniversity HeadofNaturalScienceCollections, AustralianMuseum Coordinator,CentreforBiodiversity Analysis,ResearchSchoolofBiology, ANU EnvironmentalResourcesInformation Network,DepartEnvironmentand Energy ResearchFellow,ResearchSchoolof Biology,ANU AdjunctSeniorResearchFellow,Schoolof BiologicalSciences,MonashUniversity BusinessDevelopmentManager,Atlasof LivingAustralia,CSIRO SeniorResearchFellow,Schoolof BioSciences,UniversityofMelbourne; Director,cesarPtyLtd ExecutiveDirector,ScienceDivision, NSWOfficeofEnvironmentandHeritage Director,NationalResearchCollections Australia,CSIRO The interface of evolutionary biology and policy impact Canberra 6-7 September

18 AppendixBDra2discussionpaper The interface of evolutionary biology and policy impact A two-way engagement and dialogue workshop for research providers scientists) and research users policy makers and managers) Innovative capabilities in biodiversity science are rapidly emerging at the boundaries of evolutionary biology,genomicsandspatialecology.theseconceptsandtoolshavebeenheraldedashavingconsiderable potentialtoassistwithmanyofthecomplexissuesconfrontingcurrent,andfuture,biodiversitypolicyand management 1,2,3,4). However there is a substantial implementation gap between academic research, where the majority of this new biodiversity data is being generated, analysed and interpreted as fundamentalresearch;andtheongoingneedsofpracticalpolicydevelopmentandrealcworldmanagement Figure1). Thismeetingaimstotransferknowledge,perspectivesandchallengesamongstscientistsandpolicymakers and find ways to effectively engage into the future. It will endeavour to address the science push and demandpullgknowledgeagendasettingthatoftenshapestherelationshipbetweenresearchersandpolicy makers 5). The disconnect is well recognised between the cultures and constraints of policymaking and managemente.g.politicalagendas;stakeholdervalues;decisionmaking;tradeoffs)andacademiae.g.grant fundingcycles; publishorperish ),andvariouseffortshavebeenmadetoaddressit6,a,b). Thefollowingtextisastartingpointfortheworkshop sdiscussionscwherewethinkevolutionarybiology asascience,anditsplaceinpolicyandmanagement,iscurrentlyplaced.however,thisworkshopisabout twocwaycommunicationandthedocumentwillbefurthershapedbyinputoftheparticipants,particularly thosefrompolicyandmanagement. a APS200 Project: The Place of Science in Policy Development in the Public Service b Science & Technology Australia s annual Science meets Parliament The interface of evolutionary biology and policy impact Canberra 6-7 September

19 The interface of evolutionary biology and policy impact Biodiversity conservation and evolutionary biology As a science ecology aims to understand how organisms interact with their biological and physical environment,andhencethestructureandfunctioningofecosystems.accordinglyitis,andhaslongbeen,a naturalfitwithbiodiversityconservation.indeed,ecologicalprinciplesandscalese.g.speciesinteractions, lifechistories, shortcterm population, and community change) are the scientific framework for most biodiversitycrelated policies and management plans. Ecological research can identify solutions to current threatening processes, such as habitat fragmentation, fire regimes and invasive species Box 1). This also makesitrelevant,andattractive,todecisioncmakingandpolitical)timescales. Box 1 The main threats to Australia s biodiversity are: Loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitat. The spread of invasive species. Unsustainable use of natural resources. Climate change. Inappropriate fire regimes. Changes to the aquatic environment and water flows. Evolution is responsible for all of the world s biological diversity, both extinct, and extant. Evolutionary biologyoffersthefundamentalcontextforunderstandingmodernpatternsofbiodiversity7).itcanprovide knowledge on which species occur where and why, uniqueness, relatedness and ancientness C all informationrelevanttospeciesconservationplanningandprioritisation. The importance and value of conserving biological diversity at the genetic level as well as species and ecosystem)iswidelyunderstoodandisacknowledgedbynumerousinternationalandnationalframeworks and legislations c,d,e,f,g). In general, they all include various statements and aims regarding the maintenanceofmaximumgeneticdiversityandevolutionarypotential.forexample,australiagsbiodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010C2030 states that Biodiversity is not static; it is constantly changing. It can be increasedbygeneticchangeandevolutionaryprocesses. Inpracticehowever,diversityofspeciesandcommunitiesgood,validmeasurementsofbiodiversity)are often used as a surrogate for the conservation of the other third of the biodiversity hierarchy, genetic diversity.evolutionaryprinciples,althoughlongincorporatedintopracticalapplicationsforagricultureand medicine e.g. heredity, selective breeding, pest and pathogen resistance) and conservation genetics e.g. inbreedingdepression),areinfrequentlyusedforotherappliedbiodiversitycrelatedproblems7,8,9). The problems and threats to biodiversity are for the most part) well recognised Box 1) and have considerable government and academic attention h,i). Evolutionary biologists have long discussed and articulatedwaysofusingevolutionaryconceptsandknowledgetoimprovetheeffectivenessofbiodiversity policy and practice 4,7,10,11,j). But possibly the most important role evolutionary biology can play in modernbiodiversityconservationisintheunderstandingofhowspeciesandpopulationswillrespondto acceleratingenvironmentalchange.althoughclimatechangeislistedasathreatitselfbox1),allofthewellc documentedthreatstobiodiversity,andinparticular,habitatfragmentation,arenowcompoundedbythe effectsofhumancinducedglobalwarming.currentpatternsofbiodiversityhavebeenshapedbyevolution inresponsetopastenvironmentalchangeandshouldbeviewedasdynamic.understandinghowvarious driverssuchasclimatechange)haveinfluencedbiodiversityinthepastcanassistwithpredictionsoffuture changesandassistwithmanagementstrategiestoensuretheongoingevolutionofbiodiversity4,12). c Convention on Biological Diversity CBD) d Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 EPBC Act) e Australia s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy f Australia's Native Vegetation Framework g Strategy for Australia's National Reserve System h NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub i ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions j CERF National Taxonomy Research Hub s 2010 summit on Conserving Australia s Genetic Diversity 2

20 Four Game Changers at the interface of evolutionary biology and biodiversity conservation 1. Evolutionary response to environmental change can be fast IncontrasttoDarwin sviewofevolutionasagradualprocess,extendingovermillennia,numerousstudies havenowdocumentedevolutionarychangeofspecies DNAandtraitsinresponsetorapidenvironmental change,bothnaturalandhumancinducede.g.pollution,urbanisation,climatechange).forexample: BeaksizeofDarwin sfinchesevolvesoverafewgenerationsinresponsetofoodtypeavailability duetotheoscillationoflaniñaandelniñoclimaticconditions13,14). Field mustard has evolved earlier flowering times in response to droughtcinduced shortened growingseasons15). Inresponsetolate20 th centuryclimatewarming,pitchercplantmosquitoeshaveevolvedtoremain activeforlongerintotheautumn16)andgeographicgradientsoffitnesscrelatedpolymorphismsin fruitflieshavemovedtowardsthepoles17). Whilesuchcasestypicallyinvolvespecieswithshortgenerationtimesandlargepopulations,theyserveto demonstrate that evolutionary, as well as ecological, processes are relevant to how species respond to environmentalchangeatshorttomoderatetimescales. 2. Most species have geographically structured genetic variation Farfromtheearlyviewthatspeciesarehomogenous,itisnowclearthatgeneticvariationwithintaxonomic speciescanbestronglystructuredgeographically,andacrossenvironments.thishastwoconsequencesfor species management: i. Forlowdispersalorhabitatspecialistspecies,lossofgeographicrangecanresultinirretrievableloss ofgeneticallydivergentpopulationsthathaveevolvedindependentlyovermillionsofyears18,19); and ii. Populationsacrossthespeciesrangecanbeadaptedtolocalenvironmentalconditions,providing optionsforgeneticmanagementtoincreaseresilienceofspeciesthatarevulnerabletorapidclimate change20,21,22). 3. Distinct species often share their genes Zoologistsinparticularhavelongconsideredhybridizationandgeneticexchangeamongspeciestobean aberration. Evolutionary analyses of genomes are now revealing that genetic exchange during and after speciation is rather common, including across distantly related species. In several cases e.g. mimicry patterningofbutterflywings,23),thisenablestransferofadaptivevariantsthatarosebymutationinone species,yetwhichpromoteevolutionarychangeinothers24). Evidenceofgeneticexchangeacrossspeciesduringpastevolutioncallsintoquestionour purist viewsthat hybrids are anathema, and that mixing divergent species or subspecies should be avoided at all costs. Introducing genetic material from closely related species or subspecies has been shown to be a valuable managementstrategyforsomeendangeredtaxa,resultinginhybridpopulationsbutsavingthespeciesfrom oratleastdelaying)extinctione.g.floridapanther25);norfolkislandboobookowl26)). 4. New tools are revolutionising biodiversity science and access to biodiversity knowledge Thetoolsofevolutionarygenomics,oncerestrictedtoafew model speciesofthelab,cannowbeapplied acrossthetreeoflife,enablingustosolvepreviouslyintractableproblems.applicationsinclude: Highresolutiondetectionoftaxonomicallycrypticdiversityandmappingofbiodiversityhotspots 27); Metagenomic methods to facilitate the sampling of highly diverse, ecologically significant, but taxonomicallychallengingsystems,e.g.invertebratecommunities,soilmicrobes28). UsinggenomeCscaleanalysesofhistoricalsamplesfrommuseumorherbariatodetectevolutionary responsetoenvironmentalchangeandtoinformcaptivebreedingandtranslocationstrategies29). The interface of evolutionary biology and policy impact Canberra 6-7 September

21 Identifying types of genetic variation that predict responses to climate change 4,22) or novel diseasese.g.genesforimmunitytotasmaniandevilfacialtumordisease30)). Inparalleltorapidadvancesingenomics,enormousstrideshavebeenmadeinbiodiversityinformaticsand modelling31).theseenablebothresearchintobiodiversityandtheprocessesthatsustainit,andknowledge transfer. It could be argued that evolutionary biologists have been rather poor at the latter Examples include: Combining data on species distributions, their genetic diversity and environments to understand responsestopastandfutureenvironmentalchange; Visualisingpatternsofphylo)geneticaswellasspeciesdiversityacrosslandscapesandbioregions, andhowthesecouldchangeunderdifferentmanagementandpolicyscenarios. Policymakers and managers are well aware of the need to find ways of responding and adapting to the impacts of environmental change on biological systems e.g. g,k). Now the challenge is for scientists, policymakers and managers to cocproduce a scientific knowledge agenda that exploits the concepts and toolsofevolutionarybiologyandgenomicstoconservebiodiversitynow,andintothefuture. References 1.McMahon,B.J.etal.2014Howandwhyshouldweimplementgenomicsintoconservation?EvolutionaryApplications.7:999C Shafer,A.B.A.etal.2015.Genomicsandthechallengingtranslationintoconservationpractice.TrendsinEcologyandEvolution.Volume302): 78C87. 3.Grueber,C.E.2015.Comparativegenomicsforbiodiversityconservation.ComputationalandStructuralBiotechnology.13:370C Hoffmann,A.etal.2015.Aframeworkforincorporatingevolutionarygenomicsintobiodiversityconservationandmanagement.Climate ChangeResponses2:1. 5.Dilling,L.&Lemos,M.C.2011.Creatingusablescience:Opportunitiesandconstraintsforclimateknowledgeuseandtheirimplications forsciencepolicy.globalenvironmentalchange.212):680c Burgman,M.2015.GovernanceforEffectivePolicyHRelevantScientificResearch:TheSharedGovernanceModel.AsiaandthePacificPolicy Studies.23):441C HendryA.P.etal.2011.Evolutionaryprinciplesandtheirpracticalapplication.EvolutionaryApplications.42):159C Hendry,A.P.etal.2010.EvolutionaryBiologyinBiodiversityScience,Conservation,andPolicy:ACallToAction.Evolution.64: Santamaría,L.,&Méndez,P.F.2012.Evolutioninbiodiversitypolicy currentgapsandfutureneeds.evolutionaryapplications,52): Frankel,O.H.1974.GeneticConservation:OurEvolutionaryResponsibility.Genetics.78:53C Moritz,C.2002.StrategiestoProtectBiologicalDiversityandtheEvolutionaryProcessesThatSustainIt.SystematicBiology.512):238C Moritz,C.&Agudo,R.2013.TheFutureofSpeciesUnderClimateChange:ResilienceorDecline?Science ):504C Grant,P.R.&Grant,B.R.2002.UnpredictableEvolutionina30HYearStudyofDarwinYsFinches.Science296:707C Lamichhaney,S.etal.2016.AbeaksizelocusinDarwin sfinchesfacilitatedcharacterdisplacementduringadrought.science.352:470c Franks,S.J.etal.2007Rapidevolutionoffloweringtimebyanannualplantinresponsetoaclimatefluctuation.PNAS1044):1278C Bradshaw,W.E.&Holzapfel,C.M.2001.Geneticshiftinphotoperiodicresponsecorrelatedwithglobalwarming.PNAS98: van Heerwaarden, B. & Hoffmann, A.A Global Warming: Fly Populations Are Responding Rapidly to Climate Change. Current Biology171):R16 R Hughes,J.B.etal.1997.PopulationDiversity:ItsExtentandExtinction.Science.278:689C Austin,J.J.etal.2013.UncoveringcrypticevolutionarydiversityinextantandextinctpopulationsofthesouthernAustralianaridzone WesternandThickHbilledGrasswrensPasseriformes:Maluridae:Amytornis).ConservationGenetics.146): Savolainen,O.etal.2007.Geneflowandlocaladaptationintrees.AnnualReviewofEcology,EvolutionandSystematics.38:595C Aitken,S.N.&Whitlock,M.C.2013.Assistedgeneflowtofacilitatelocaladaptationtoclimatechange.AnnualReviewofEcology,Evolution, andsystematics.44:367c Hoffmann,A.A.&Sgrò,C.M.2011.Climatechangeandevolutionaryadaptation.Nature.470: Zhang,W.etal.2016.GenomeHwideintrogressionamongdistantlyrelatedHeliconiusbutterflyspecies.GenomeBiology.17: Hendrick,P.W.2013.Adaptiveintrogressioninanimals:examplesandcomparisontonewmutationandstandingvariationassourcesof adaptivevariation.molecularecology.22: Johnson,W.etal.2010GeneticRestorationoftheFloridaPanther.Science.329:1641C Garnettetal2011.DidhybridizationsavetheNorfolkIslandboobookowlNinox1novaeseelandiae1undulata?Oryx.454):500C Rosauer et al Phylogeographic hotspots and conservation priorities: an example from the Top End of Australia. Biological Conservation.InPress. 28.Tringe,S.G.&Rubin,E.M.2005.Metagenomics:DNAsequencingofenvironmentalsamples.NatureReviewsGenetics.6:805C Bi,K.etal.2013.Unlockingthevault:nextHgenerationmuseumpopulationgenomics.MolecularEcology.22: Epstein,B.etal.2016RapidevolutionaryresponsetoatransmissiblecancerinTasmaniandevils.NatureCommunications ). 31.LaSalle,J.etal.2016.Biodiversityanalysisinthedigitalera.Phil.Trans.R.Soc.B.371: g Strategy for Australia's National Reserve System k The National Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategy 4

22 AppendixCWorkshopprogram The interface of evolutionary biology and policy impact 6-7 September 2016 ANU Commons Canberra An engagement and dialogue workshop for researchers, policy makers and managers cba.anu.edu.au

23 Workshop schedule 6-7 September 2016 Speakers: please put your slides on the laptop in the workshop room in the break prior to the session you are speaking in. Tuesday 6 September DAY 1 Understanding the problem 8:30 Registration, Tea & Coffee ANU Commons, cnr Barry Drive and Marcus Clarke Street, Acton ANU) 9:00 WelcomeandAcknowledgementofCountry CraigMoritz Professor, Research School of Biology, ANU; Director, Centre for Biodiversity Analysis Whatcanweexpectfromtheworkshop? WendyRussell Workshop facilitator; Director, Double Arrow Consulting 9:15 Whatisthis gap andwhatsignalsthatitisaproblem? CraigMoritz Professor, Research School of Biology, ANU; Director, CBA Whatisthechangingcontextinwhichscientists,policyHmakersandmanagersinteract andexchangeinformationorfailto)? LindaBroadhurst Director, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research/Australian National Herbarium, NRCA, CSIRO GregoryAndrews Threatened Species Commissioner, Department of the Environment and Energy KateWilson Executive Director, Science Division, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage 10:15 Whatisyourexperienceofmakingorusingdataforpolicy? Speeddating 10:45 Morning tea 11:15 Howdoesitlookwhenthingsaren tworkingwellwhenthegapiswide)? Casestudies CarlaSgro Associate Professor, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University SueFyfe Director, Biodiversity Science, Parks Australia, Department of the Environment and Energy JohnKanowski National Science and Conservation Manager, Australian Wildlife Conservancy AndreaTaylor Adjunct Senior Research Fellow, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University 12:30 Lunch 2:00 Whatcausestheproblem?Whatismissing?What sintheway? Smallgroupdiscussion 3:00 Afternoon tea 3:15 Whatopportunitiesarelostwhenthegapiswide?Howcouldthingsbebetterifwe solvedthisproblem? Paneldiscussion MargaretByrne Director, Science and Conservation Division, WA Department of Parks and Wildlife EmmaCampbell Assistant Secretary, Landcare and Biodiversity Policy Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy DavidSalt Editor 'Decision Point', Fenner School of Environment and Society, ANU CameronSlatyer Head of Natural Science Collections, Australian Museum 6

24 4:15 Contributed Lightningtalks 1.LandscapegenomicsforseedsourcingdecisionsinEucalyptusreforestation MeganSupple Research Fellow, Research School of Biology, ANU 2.Geneticadaptationaltersourunderstandingofoutcomesforbiodiversityunderclimatechange KarelMokany Senior Research Scientist, CSIRO Land and Water 3.OvercomingadmixtureHphobia:usinggenomicdatatoevaluatetheriskofoutbreedingdepression AlexandraPavlova Senior Research Officer, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University 4.Dung,dorpers&diets:dietaryanalysisofsheepinrangelandsthroughDNAmetabarcoding AndrewMitchell Senior Research Scientist, Australian Museum 5.Doweneedspeciesforconservation?Aphylogeneticapproachtomappingandconserving biodiversityinnorthernaustralia DanRosauer Research Fellow, Research School of Biology, ANU 5:00 Drinks and canapés 6:30 Dinner will be served from 7pm Workshop dinnerthe Common Room,University House, 1 Balmain Cres, Acton ANU) Guestspeaker:Theevolutionofantievolutionpolicies NickMatzke Research Fellow, Research School of Biology, ANU Wednesday 7 September DAY 2 Finding enduring solutions 8:30 Tea & Coffee ANU Commons, cnr Barry Drive and Marcus Clarke Street, Acton ANU) 9:00 Howdoesitlookwhenthingsworkwell? Casestudies AdrianManningandSamBanks Professor & Research Fellow, Fenner School of Environment & Society, ANU DaveCoates Program Leader, Flora Conservation and Herbarium Program, WA Department of Parks and Wildlife StephanievonGavel Business Development Manager, Atlas of Living Australia, CSIRO PeterLatch Terrestrial Threatened Species Section, Department of the Environment and Energy AndrewWeeks Senior Research Fellow, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne; Director, cesar Pty Ltd 10:00 Inthebestpossibleworld,whatwouldthingslooklike?Wherewouldweliketobe? Smallgroupvisioning 10:45 Morning tea 11:15 Whathelpsustogetthere?Whatstopsusgettingthere?Whereshouldweputour 12:30 Lunch energies? ForcefieldAnalysis 1:30 Whatconcretestepsshouldbetaken?Whatstrategieswillhelpusmoveintheright direction? OpenSpace 3:00 Afternoon tea 3:15 Whatstrategieshavewecomeupwith?Whatarewegoingtodonext? 4:00 Close Strategiesreportback The interface of evolutionary biology and policy impact Canberra 6-7 September

25 AppendixD Workshopnotes Contextfactors Needtounderstandroleofgeneticdiversityinrestoration Mismatchoftimescales Talkingtoourselves publishorperish Lackoninternationalstandards Newscientificinsights Climatechange Complexpolicyenvironmentandcompetinginterests Whoisnotintheconversation? Decisionsusebestevidence Publiclyavailablescientificevidence Communityequippedtocontribute Enablingfactors: o relationships o therightquestions o differentwaystosourceanduse o productsontime,accessible CoHdesignofknowledgeneeds Cultureshift morepervasiveuseofscience KnowledgeHsharingaspolicyobjective Translatinginto punter language Overlap,intersections<H> 1 st threatenedspeciesstrategy policyprinciples,targets Physical,social,politicalchallenges MarketingKardashians),preciousnessGollem) Policyneedssuggestionsnotonesolution Needsociallicencetoact Causesandcharacteristics Poorunderstandingofevolutionaryconcepts Lackofpracticaltools Uncertaintyaboutoutcomesofmanagement ScienceHpolicyinterface Lackofresources ShortHtermvslongHterm Lackofeducation Failuretodemonstratebenefitofevolutionarybiologydata Conservationnotapriority Misconceptionsreevolutionarybiology Definitionsmissing Lackofalignmentofpolicyandscience Scientificinfonotcontextualised Disconnects sciencehpolicyhpractice Management multiplechallenges&demands Lackoftime&resources Failureofknowledgetransfer Needformanycommunicationchannels Simplequestions,complexanswers Managersgettheblame Needforhonestbrokers Lackonconsensus,contestation Lackofcreditforpolicyinput Mismatchofincentives&performanceindicators 1

26 Managersneedgeneralinfoandspecificanswers Competitionforscienceresults,rewards Needforgoodcollaborativepractice Badpresssettingresearchback Poorattitudestoevolutionarybiologyscience Lackofexpertise,capacityinagencies 2gaps:scienceHpolicyandgeneticsHecology Genetics/evolutionarybiologynotpartofconservationtoolkit Academicvs service research PolicypatchinessegacrossStates) Poordatainterpretation/understanding Patchydatasets What smissing?what sintheway? Table&notes& Wheregroupswerepretendingtobe other groupsimaginingtheirperspectivesontheproblem),thisis indicatedwith.commentsinitalicsarethe other groupscorrectingtheirperceptionsofthem. Policy&&&land&management&group CommunicationwithinDept KnowledgelosswithinDeptandincreasinglylessexternalnetworks Timeframes notconducivetoconsultationandadvice Changeishard/timeHconsuming,takeseffortandbuyHinacrosswholegovthierarchy Contestabilityofinformationpubliclyandpoliticallypalatable) Notpossibletokeepupwith/beacrossscientificliteratureacrossallareasrelevanttopolicyand management Researchers Whototalkto? LevelofknowledgecontactshaveH>comms Recognitionforinput not&built&into&performance&metrics most&willing&to&engage&but&would&they&fill&metrics&required?)& Issueswith expertconsultation Researchers&Pavlova,&Taylor,&Banks,&Manning) Differentperceptionsofrisksandbenefitsofinterveningbetweengroups NeedtoassessriskofdoingnothingH>Mostcommondecision Lackofconsensusbetweenscientistsonconservationgoals Riskaversionisabarriertoexperimentation Weneedtolearnthroughexperimentation Lowadaptivepotentialcannotbedemonstratedformostsystems Lackofcasestudiesthatshowpossiblesolutions:Needstrategicselectionofcasestudies Norewardsfrombeingengagedinpolicymaking Managers Researchistoogeneral,notspecificenoughtosolvetheproblemwithouttalkingtoscientists specific,&not&broad&enough&to&deal&with &depending&on&the&problem)&& need&to&write&abstracts&with&particular&management&recommendations& Noaccesstoliterature,no&library,&no&access&to&databases Noadequatetimetodoownresearchandsynthesis Difficulttoderiveasolutionbasedonavailableinformation access&to&sufficient&uncontested&info&leading&to&defensible&decision& Nodefiniteanswers,alwayscaveats Not&a&problem.&Expert&opinion&could&be&an&issue& &rarely&backed&up&by&data& Researchdrivenbyquestionsnotdirectlyrelatedtomanagement Ok,&but&if&you&take&something&from&government&D>&give&something&useful&back&to&management& 2

27 Policy Datatakestoolongtocollect decisionshavetobemadenow& Issue opportunity not gap Reframelanguage Openaccess/opendata MOU setexpectations TransparencyforscientistsH>howtheycontribute Researchers & Limitedclarityonrequirements/needs Notstrategic/longterm time&frames&short&term Prioritiesnotclear Compromisingontechnicaldetail Notuptodatewithscience/technology Valuesasacopout Managers Scientistsdowhattheywanttodo,notwhatisneeded Scientistsdon texplaintermsinwaysthatareaccessibleandeasilyinterpreted Spendtoomuchtimefocussingoncontestedideas/advice,ratherthanbroadgeneralitiesandaccepted knowledge Don tprovideclearanddefinitiveadviceandguidelines Researchers Knowing/findingoutwhatgovt/usersneedwhowantswhat) Knowingwhototalkto/whatisgoingonwecouldcontributeto? Manycontexts Matchinggenericvsspecificknowledge Discoveringwhocaresandwhy? Knowingwhatofourworkisinthepolicy/researchoverlapzone Knowingwhenknowledgegapsmatterbeyondourcuriosity Research&users TMItoomuchinfo) Telluswhattodoandconciselytelluswhy Answerthequestionweneedanswered Whyareyousoslow? Whydoyoualwayswant$?wedon thaveit) Publishedpapersincomprehensible Howdoweknowthatyourresearchisimportant? Wedon tgettoplanlongterm/strategically Youdon tunderstandhowdecisionsaremade Managers& Differentmotivations DifferentValuesHrulesHknowledge Complexity Researchers Abeliefthatknowledgeisenoughtopromptimplementation Ignorant managers don tlist,don tunderstand Wanttocomplicatetheissue Managersdohaveaccesstocurrentresearch Research&users Theproblemthegap) 3

28 Themetrics/rewardsofsciencevspolicy Differenttimescales Lackofmoney Researchers Toomuchturnoverofpolicypeopleandeachnewcropdumber) Thequestionkeepschanging Theydon tgiveusenoughtime Theydon tknowwhattheirlongtermgoalis Theytwistourscience Research Causes Different keyperformanceindicators Identifycombinedgoals/overlap Communication bestway? Missing Channelsofcommunication Educationofhowtocommunicatesciencetopolicymakersandpublic ResourcesH>timeandmoney Intheway Needtopublishandgetgrants Timescaledifferences Waytocommunicate Research&users Cause Attitude focusonnonhappliedgoals Communicationandtransferofinformation Don tunderstandourresourcesconstraints Missing Don tappreciatecomplexity Decisionmaking understandcomplexityandtransparency Intheway Policy Accessibility people,scienceresources Resources timeandmoney Shorttermvslongterm TranslationofsciencelanguageH>policyH>community Buildingpersonalrelationships Structuralseparation Lackofaccessibilitytoinformation Researchers Notbeinglistenedto Sciencenotbeingdirectlytranslatedtodecisionmaking Tensionbetweeninherentuncertaintyofscienceanddesireforablack/whiteanswer Noreward/encouragementtoengageoutsideofacademia Research Academicincentive pubs,grants Relevance/terminology? 4

29 Datarestrictions Datasharing&IPbothways) WhodoItalkto? Users:HowdotheyknowIexist? HowdoIknowwhatproblemsyouhave? Howdousersgetinformationwithnolibrarytouse?Egjournals Research&users Researchersare: Tooslow Gooffontangents Thebasics WantmoneyH>nousableoutputs Wantgoodnewsstory Notinterestedincommunicatingandadvisingonresults JARGON Notalignedtodecisionsweneedtomake Summary&cards&causes/what s&missing/what s&in&the&way) Shorttermneedsofpolicyvslongtermneedsofscience Longterm/shorttermdisconnect Academicincentivestructurenotconducivetoappliedresearch Differentmetricsofrewards/success Managingexpectations Conservativenatureofpolicyvsdrivefornoveltyinscience Contestabilityvsriskaversioningovt/politics Strategicresearchtoanticipatefutureneeds Lackofempathy Knowledgebrokering TransparencyofprocessHaccess Communication simplifylanguageandconcepts Jargon SummaryandsynthesisplainEnglish) Positivecasestudies todemonstrateoutcomes Sciencecommunicationtosteerpublicandpoliticalopinion NRMsnothavingaccesstoscientificliterature Lackofdatasharing/IPrestrictions NRMsnotknowingthescientistsoutthere ScientistsnotknowingtheNRMsandtheirproblems Networking Opportunitynotgap/problem SuccessFactors Braveryinclgovernment) Outdoorlaboratory Visionsofabetterworld Recalibratingexpectations Tactics,keycomparisons Flexibleinfrastructureresearchmanagement) Experimentalmanagement Meetingdifferentgoalsandconstraints Adaptivemanagementandcollaboration Catalystforchange AnimalambassadorsegBettong Sciencehighlightedinpolicy 5

30 Scienceinfluencespolicyandmanagementtowardconservationoutcomes Decisiontrees,prioritisation,strategicapplicationofscience Integration,communication Ownership Personalcontacts Sciencebackgrounds ALAenabler,dataaggregator,informationsupplychain Engagingdatavisualisation Data science policy impact Addingvalue EngageEnableEmbed it snotaonenightstand,ormonogamous Understandthepoliticaleconomy KeepaBabelfishinyourear,translation Makingdatainfluential timeliness Strategicalignment Engagewithkeypolicydrivers Federal Statecollaboration Stakeholderteams Coordinationpolicyegrecoveryplans;constrainactions,guideinvestment Keepinguptospeedondevelopments Bigwicked)challengesegfragmentation,climatechange Knowledgebrokeringandtranslation Integrationofscience keypolicyprinciples Takingrisks Geneticrescue,restoration,geneHpoolmixing/widening Choiceofwords Attitudinalchange animalambassadorsegmountainpygmypossum) Engagepolicyorgroundlevellattercaninfluencetheformer) Mainfeaturesofaneffectivesystem Effectiveintegrationacrossresearch,managementandpolicy RobustsupportandbuyHinfrominstitutions o Culture o Rewardsystem,notdisincentives Componentsofknowledgesystemavailableonweb openinformationincludingspatialcomponent Efficient shorthforminformationsheetsand/orwebcasts Scalableandnational Embeddedscienceknowledgeingovernmentandpolicyinresearchinstitutions Engagementatbothstrategicandtacticallevels Reveal ecosystemofresearch Early&ongoingengagementbetweenresearchandmanagement Effectivecommunication&understandingamongdifferentcultures Acceptanceofriskyresearch Moreproactiveinsteadofreactivecrisis)management Moresystemsbased/integratedmanagementratherthanmanagementofindividualthreatened species) Goodinformationflowandnetworking EverybodyknowswhattheothersaredoingandwhattheyneedH>avoidduplicationofefforts, specialise/playtoone sstrengths,findrightpartner GoodscientificcommunitiesofpracticeH>clearpositionstogovernmentandpolitics fromresearcherperspective)studiescanbedesignedinawaythattheyoffernotonlyveryspecificbut alsowiderapplicabilityandthuspublishability) 6

31 Betterintegrationofaimsandapproaches Embedadaptivemanagementorganisationally o specificallytailoredtoongroundoperations&management o ultimatelypracticalandaffordable o guidesmanagementactionsforefficientmanagementofmultipleproblems Federateddataexchangesystem Informationexchangenetwork?) whotospeaktoaboutspecifictopicsbothwithingovernmentand researchsectors TwoHwaycareerpathways changeperformancemeasures Abilityforresearchersandgovernmentemployeestohaveopportunitytoworkineithersectorwithout implicationsforresearchcareers Strategicalignmentofresearch&policy o reflectionofthisingrantprogramsh>includingacademicsanddecisionhmakersasreviewers o appliedresearchcontributingtoperformanceindicators Missing:clearandcommunicatedvisionofwhatitshouldbelikebeyondthreatenedspecies)withall playerspolicyhsciencehmanagement) Integrationbetweenscientistsandmanagementandtherespecttolistentoandfollowadvice practically) GoodbalancebetweeninHhouseand outhhouse scientists ScientistswellHsupportedinHhousebytheirorganisationandvaluedbythescientificcommunity Data/publicationsfreelyavailabletoallusers GoodfeedbackfrompolicyHmakerstoscientists EvolutionarybiologyrepresentedamongtheinHhousescientists Integratedscience&policy/management OpencommunicationstructureH>clearpathway Ongoingconsciousness/awarenessofneedingeachother Understandunderlyingquestionsinpolicy FocusonfeedbackmechanismstheloopH>toimprove) StrategicplanningforgettinglongterminvestmentH>involvingevolutionarybiology Atallpolicylevels, longhterm meanttheinvolvementofanevolutionarybiologist. Actors: o Capacityandcapabilityforevol.biolwithinorganisations$,labs,understanding,abilityto outsource,qualitycontrol) o Clearroleslinkedtoconservationoutcomes Drivers/barriers: o Priorities o Culture o Governance o Budget o Incentives o Freedom Approach: o Community/society o Biggerpicture ecosystem o EvidenceHbased designed,accountable o Nimble/agile o Collaborative/seamless vertical&horizontalintegration o Scaleable An integratedspatiohtemporalhsociosupplychain, nubile 7

32 ForceFieldAnalysis Templates& Main&forces&driving)& Openness Opencollaboration BUTdifferentstages,differentmodel&structures,differentwaysofcapturingvalue Strongforce,mediumabilitytochangenegotiated) Technology Creatingandopeningpossibilities Limitedbycapacitytounderstand&usetobest Strongforce,easytochange Desireforengagement Bothsideswanteffectivepolicybasedonscience Collaborationanddevelopmentofcommonground Secondmentsandpostgradresearchexchange Forumsforknowledgeexchange Opendata,creativecommons Changeregulationsetc,toincludeevolution Publicoutreach&socialmedia Successstories exemplars Openaccesstodata Geneticinfo accesseasierandcheaper 8