Risks to food safety through production of fruit and vegetable in West Africa

Transcription

1 Risks to food safety through production of fruit and vegetable in West Africa Dr. Hubert de Bon, UR HortSys, CIRAD, Montpellier, France Divecosys The Food Security Center University of Hohenheim 1

2 Plan Some definitions Characteristics of fruit & vegetables Pest and diseases control Risks due to the use of pesticides & polluted inputs Regulations New cropping and post-harvest systems Conclusion 2

3 Food security & Food safety Food security : 800 millions people suffer from malnutrition Food safety: handling, preparations, storage Bacteria Chemical Food safety for fresh / processed F&V in WA? What are the risks due to Cultural practices? Hanoi 3

4 Importance of fruit & vegetables Diet Biodiversity Cultural habits & diversity Income High value Global trade is expanding Benin, Cotonou, airport garden Onion in Galmi, Niger 4

5 Features of F&V Production Labor intensive crops High investment Exotic and local species Specific quality: Intresic Aspects Lot of pests and diseases Irrigation of shallots in Bandiagara, Mali 5

6 Inputs: fertilizers, pesticides, polluted water, manure Soil contamination: Production Soil contamination, pesticides Washing & cleaning vegetables Pesticides residues Marketing Consumers Environment Human health 6

7 The control of pests and diseases Cultural control Biological control Natural pesticides Varietal control: resistant varieties Synthetic pesticides : 89% of farmers use pesticides in Ghana (Dinham & al., 2003) Plutella xylostella on Cabbage, Niayes, Sénégal 7

8 Risks due to the use of pesticides Residues in the soils, in the water, in the food Health troubles for farmers Pesticides have been encouraging in Africa to increase yields (Abate et al., 2000) First publications aimed on risks to health and environment in 2000s (Dinham & al., 2003; Mathews et al., 2003; Sibanda & al., 2003; ) based on surveys with farmers Publications on the medium-term pesticides residues in the soil (Rosendahl & al., 2009) on measurements in the soil 8

9 Risks due to the use of pesticides High frequences for vegetable: every 7 to 21 days (Ntow &al, 2006 ) 2 sprays a week to 1 every 10 days (Cisse & al. 2008) Every 3-5 days (Williamson et al., 2008) Misuse : As banned pesticides: DDT, lindane, aldicarb, ethylparathion, paraquat, endosulfan As pesticides for other corps as cotton: malathion, Lack of availability: 166 commercial pesticides authorized in CILSS countries 23 are allowed on F&V (tomato, French bean, mango) 9

10 Risks due to the use of pesticides Lack of equipment: Few application on fruit tree (mango, citrus) No protecting clothes: 48% farmers (Ahouangninou C., 2011) Low quality: concentration, storage During marketing Pesticides applications on harvested fruits (mango) (Diandy, 2011) 10

11 Risks due to the use of polluted Mainly on vegetables inputs Consumption of watercress (Rorippa nasturtiumaquaticum) in Antananarivo(Dabat & al. 2010): Consumers adaptation Impacts of farmers health due condition of working : Ascaris, Entomoeba coli, Schistosoma haematobium (Gaye & Niang, 2002) Due to contamination of food Heavy metals, pesticides in waste water 11

12 Risk for the health / environment Direct contamination of the food Troubles / poisoning of the farmers Residues in water & soil Long-term residues in the soils Heavy metals Quarantine pests 12

13 Regulations and certification Maximum residues limits (MRL) Choices of pesticides Standards provided by OCDE Exports standards could be a source for improving safety for local markets (PIP ; Ostuki & al., 2001) Environmental evaluation of the pesticides: EIQ (Kovachs & al. 1992) Traceability Tomato packaging in Senegal (Huat & al., 2006) 13

14 Pesticides use regulation PIP (financed by the European Development Fund) was established by the EU at the request of the ACP Group of States to prevent the negative effects of regulatory changes underway on the export sector concerned and strengthen sustainable this business. csp/presentation.html Rotterdam Convention,

15 New ways of producing Net on cabbage, Cotonou (Martin & al., 2009) Push pull system (cowpea-okra, tomato- maize (Ratnadass & al., 2011) in Niger 15

16 New ways of producing Decrease the use of chemical in F&V production Organic production (Agriculture biologique) Agro-ecology based on the increasing of biodiversity in the agro-ecosystem (push pull) Participatory approach IPM?? Training.. Where is the place of the services? Pesticides suppliers! 16

17 Non chemical post-harvest treatment Hot water treatment for USA (Arnaud et al. 2003) Use of enzymes : lactoperoxydase ( Le Nguyen & al. 2005) Mango fruits washing, Ivory Coast (Rey & al. 2006) 17

18 Traceability - Fungi communities to trace the origine of Physalis spp. (Sheika & Montet, 2010) PCR to trace the origin of Shea tree fruits (Vitellaria paradoxa) (Sheika & al., 2011) 18

19 Conclusion: some principles to assess the sanitary risks in F&V industry Knowledge of the commodity chains: quantity, markets, filiere organization, technical practices from production to consumption, financial analysis of filiere Risks identification for consumer Types of danger, doses, frequency, effects, Risks by the consumer Information, perception, quality identification Management of the risk Technical prevention, watching, institution, economic constraints 19

20 The postharvest education foundation /fruits-et-legumes-alimentation-et-santepour-le-sud 20

21 Thanks for your attention The CIRAD - Research Unit HortSys : Agroecological functioning and Performance of horticultural systems 21