A few silicate minerals
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1 A few silicate minerals Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /18 Nesosilicates / Garnets (X 3 2+ Y 2 3+ [SiO 4 ] 3 ) Use: gemstone, abrasive Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /19 1
2 Inosilicates / Amphiboles Bleu asbestos: Crocidolite (Na 2 (Fe,Mg) 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 ) Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /20 Inosilicates / Amphiboles Brown asbestos: Amosite (Fe 7 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 ) Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /21 2
![10 ]) white mica, Biotite (K(Mg,Fe 2+,Mn](/docs-images/71/65973738/images/3-3.jpg "2+ ) 3 [(OH,F) 2 (Al,Fe 3+,Ti 3+ )Si 3 O")
![10 ]) black/brown mica muscovite Use:](/docs-images/71/65973738/images/3-4.jpg "Heat, acoustic and electric insulator,")
3 Inosilicates / Amphiboles Green asbestos. ex. : Actinolite (Ca 2 (Mg,Fe) 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 ) Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /22 Phyllosilicates / Micas Muscovite (KAl 2 [(OH,F) 2 AlSi 3 O 10 ]) white mica, Biotite (K(Mg,Fe 2+,Mn 2+ ) 3 [(OH,F) 2 (Al,Fe 3+,Ti 3+ )Si 3 O 10 ]) black/brown mica muscovite Use: Heat, acoustic and electric insulator, paints biotite Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /23 3
4 Phyllosilicates / Clay minerals Kaolinite (Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ) Use: porcelain manufacture, filler in papers Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /24 Phyllosilicates / Clay minerals Kaolinite (Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ) H. H. Murray, Applied clay mineralogy today and tomorrow, Clay Minerals, V.34, p Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /25 4
5 Phyllosilicates / Clay minerals Montmorillonite ((Na,Ca) 0.3 (Al,Mg) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2.nH 2 O) Swelling clay mineral exchanger of ions Use: gastric plaster, cleaner of greases (Terre de Sommières), bentonite, container for the nuclear waste Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /26 Phyllosilicates / Clay minerals Montmorillonite ((Na,Ca) 0.3 (Al,Mg) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2.nH 2 O) = smectite = bentonite H. H. Murray, Applied clay mineralogy today and tomorrow, Clay Minerals, V.34, p Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /27 5
6 Phyllosilicates / Clay minerals Talc (Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ) Use of talc: cosmetic, lubricant, manufacture of paper, excipient and lubricant in the pharmaceutical industry, tailor's chalk Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /28 Phyllosilicates / Chlorites ((Mg,Fe,Mn,Al) 6 ((Si,Al) 4 O 10 )(OH) 8 ) Use: decorative stone Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /29 6
7 Phyllosilicates / Serpentinites White asbestos: Chrysotile (Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ) Use: reinforced cement, machine parts under friction, joints for high temperature machines because non flammable, imputrescible, flexible, resistant to the majority of chemicals and with a high breaking stress => majority of the world market of asbestos Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /30 Tectosilicates / Quartz (SiO 2 ) Use: Piezoelectric (clock industry, ) and amethsyt citrine gemstones (amethyst, citrine) cryptocristalline varieties: flint, agate, onyx, carnelian, jasper, opal Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /31 7
8 Tectosilicates / Feldspars K- feldspars (KAlSi ) microcline Use: ceramics, porcelain, glass, bricks, soaps, scouring powders, gemstones amazonite microcline sanidine orthose Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /32 Tectosilicates / Feldspars Plagioclases (AlSi )(Ca,Na) Use: ceramics, porcelain, glass, bricks, soaps, scouring powders, gemstones anorthite albite albite oligoclase labradorite Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /33 8
9 Tectosilicates / Feldspathoids Lazurite ((Na, Ca) 8 (Al, Si) 12 O 24 S 2 FeS- CaCO 3 ) Use: gemstone, blue pigment Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /34 A few non silicate minerals Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /35 9
10 Carbonates / Calcite (CaCO 3 ) Use: white pigment (calcite as chalk used since prehistory), raw material of lime chalk Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /36 Carbonates / Azurite (2CuCO 3,Cu(OH) 2 ) Use: blue pigment, gemstone Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /37 10
11 Carbonates / Malachite (CuCO 3,Cu(OH) 3 ) Use: green pigment, gemstone polished roller Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /38 Carbonates / Cerussite (PbCO 3 ) Use: cosmetic (in the past since antiquity); white pigment (= white lead) Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /39 11
12 Sulfates / Gypsum (CaSO 4,2H 2 O) Selenite (= pierre de lune) swallowtail twinning fibrous desert rose Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /40 Sulfates / Gypsum (CaSO 4,2H 2 O) Use: raw material of plaster; fertilizer and soil conditioner, Tofu coagulant, blackboard chalk Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /41 12
13 Sulfates / Gypsum alabaster (CaSO 4,2H 2 O) Use: decorative stone Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /42 Sulfates / Gypsum (CaSO 4,2H 2 O) Weathering mineral: coming from the air pollution, the stone itself or from cements => degrading stones granular disintegration efflorescences black crust Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /43 13
14 Sulfates / Barite (BaSO 4 ) Use: major source of barium, white pigment (blanc fixe), used in paper or paint manufacturing, radiography, heavy filler Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /44 Halides / Halite (NaCl) Use: table salt, road salt Danger for building stones: crystallisation damp patches Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /45 14
15 Halides / Sylvite (KCl) Use: fertilizer, substitute for table salt, lethal injection Danger for building stones: crystallisation, damp patches Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /46 Halides / Fluorite (CaF 2 ) Use: manufacture of hydrofluoric acid, enamels, glass fibre; used as camera lens; purple pigment; gemstone Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /47 15
16 Oxides / Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) Use: red pigment; gemstone Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /48 Oxides / Goethite (FeO(OH)) Use: yellow pigment Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /49 16
17 Oxides / Rutile (TiO 2 ) Use: white pigment (artificial); manufacture of paints; +/- in gemstones Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /50 Oxides / Corundum (Al 2 O 3 ) Use: abrasive; gemstones sapphire ruby Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /51 17
18 Oxides / Minium (Pb 3 O 4 ) Use: red pigment, manufacture of glass, protecting paint against the corrosion of metals Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /52 Oxides / Massicot (or litharge) (PbO) Use: yellow pigment, manufacture of glass, of oils and varnishes (desiccant), production of insecticides Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /53 18
19 Sulfides / Galena (PbS) Use: black pigment, cosmetic (khol), semiconductor in old wireless systems Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /54 Sulfides / Pyrite (FeS 2 ) (= fool s gold) Use: production of sulfur dioxide for paper industry or manufacturing of sulfuric acid "Dangers" in building: oxidation makes it dangerous in aggregates of concrete; rost patches on stones (marble, sandstones,...) Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /55 19
20 Sulfides / Realgar (AsS) Use: red pigment; fireworks Problems: unstable with light (=> yellow pararealgar) Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /56 Sulfides / Orpiment (As 2 S 3 ) Use: yellow pigment; production of semiconductors and photoconductors, fireworks Problems: incompatible with pigments like lead and copper-based; it blackens in contact with the air Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /57 20
21 Sulfides / Cinnabar (HgS) Use: red pigment; medicine, drug, food dye Problems: it blackens in contact with the air Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /58 Phosphates / Apatite (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH, F, Cl)) Use: fertilizer; gemstone; new stone consolidant Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /59 21
22 Elements / Gold (Au) Use: noble metal, decorative metal, gilding; conductive coating, money Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /60 Elements / Silver (Ag) Use: noble metal; decorative metal; printed circuits; electrical contacts; dental alloys; antibacterial; money Stony materials and conservation of the built heritage Natural Stone _Mineralogy_ BR /61 22
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