INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY I

Transcription

1 13 INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY I Dosen Pengampu : 1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sri Kumalaningsih, M.App.Sc 2. Prof. Dr. Ir. Wignyanto, MS 3. Dr. Ir. M. Hindun Pulungan, MS 4. Dr.Ir. Nur Hidayat, MP 5. Irnia Nurika, STP, MP, PhD. 6. Sakunda Anggarini, STP, MP, MSc A. INDUSTRIAL MICROORGANISMS AND PRODUCT The major organisms used in industrial microbiology are fungi (yeasts and molds) and certain prokaryotes, in particular species of the genus Streptomyces. Industrial microorganisms can be thought of as metabolic specialists, capable of synthesizing one or more products in high yield. Industrial microbiologists often use classical genetic methods to select for high-yielding mutant strains; Their goal is to increase the yield of the product to the point of being economically profitable. A. INDUSTRIAL MICROORGANISMS AND PRODUCT A microorganism used in an industrial process must : able to produce the substance of interest in high yield. grow rapidly and produce the desired product in a relatively short period of time. able to grow in a liquid culture medium obtainable in bulk quantities at a low price. Should not be pathogenic should be amenable to genetic analysis 1

2 Alcohol, sugar, or cell number Penicillin, sugar, or cell number 5/16/2016 There are two types of microbial metabolites of interest to industrial microbiology : Primary metabolite - Produced during exponential growth - Example : Alcohol Secondary metabolite - Produced during stationary phase - Example : Antibiotics Primary metabolite Cells Secondary metabolite Alcohol Sugar Cells Sugar Penicillin Time Time Secondary metabolites - nonessential for growth and reproduction and their formation is highly dependent on growth conditions. - often produced as a group of closely related compounds - often overproduced, sometimes in huge amounts 2

3 Fermentor is where the microbiology process takes place Any large-scale reaction is referred to as a fermentation Most are aerobic processes Fermentors vary in size from 5 to 500,000 liters Aerobic and anaerobic fermentors Large-scale fermentors are almost always stainless steel Impellers and spargers supply oxygen A small research fermentor with a volume of 5 liters Diagram of an industrial fermentor, illustrating construction and facilities for aeration and process control. 3

4 The inside of an industrial fermentor, showing the impeller and internal heating and cooling coils An important aspect of industrial microbiology is the transfer of a process from small-scale laboratory equipment to large-scale commercial equipment, a process called scale-up. Many scale-up challenges arise from problems with aeration and mixing. In the development of an industrial process, everything begins in the laboratory flask. In all stages of scale-up, aeration is the key variable that is closely monitored A bank of small research fermentors used in process development A large bank of outdoor industrial-scale fermentors (each 240 m3) used in commercial production of alcohol in Japan 4

5 Many commercial products are produced on a large scale by microorganisms, and this is the field of industrial microbiology. These products for example : antibiotics, MSG Large-scale industrial fermentors are almost always constructed of stainless steel. For very large fermentors, sufficient heat must be provided through which either steam (for sterilization) or cooling water (for growth) can be piped A common thread that unites these products is the scale of their production, which is usually very large, and the fact that they sell for a relatively low price. 300,000L (63,000 gal) Bioprocessors 30m high Producing MSG Corneybacterium used for production of 200,000 tons MSG (Glutamine) and 65,000 Tons Lysine Volume Product value Product types R & D development 10,000L to 100,000L+ Low (Low value added) Biomass, Bulk chemicals, Antibiotics, Most enzymes Fermentation Technology/process engineering, strain and medium manipulation etc. to improve process economics R & D Cost Low 5