Computer applications for selecting operating parameters in a stationary grain crop thresher

Transcription

1 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011 Vol. 7(1): Journal of Available Agriultural online Tehnology Vol. 7(1): ISSN Computer appliations for seleting operating parameters in a stationary grain rop thresher Olaoye, J.O. 1*, Oni, K.C. 1 and Olaoye, M.O. 1 Agriultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin 40001, Nigeria. Eletrial Engineering Department, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin 40001, Nigeria. Olaoye, J.O., Oni, K.C. and Olaoye, M.O. (011). Computer appliations for seleting operating parameters in a stationary grain rop thresher. Journal of Agriultural Tehnonogy 7(1): In this study, various operating parameter influening performane of a stationary grain rop threshers were established. These parameters were dedued from the established analytial models desribing the underlying priniples for the rop harateristis and mahine variables as fators influening the overall mahine performane of a stationary multi-rop thresher by Olaoye (004). A omputer program written in Visual Basi was used to selet optimum operating performane of the threshing proess in a stationary tooth - peg grain rop thresher. An IITA - popularized stationary multi- rop thresher was used to test the pratial feasibility of the omputer based output of the threshing proess. A split - split - unit statistial design was used for data olletion. The data olleted were analysed using the GENSTAT 5 statistial pakage with its omputer program. The results showed that graphs of data from measured thresher performane indies against the predited data for all the established models indiated high orrelation between the models and the measured data at p 5 % signifiane level. The minimum energy requirements for detahment of sorghum and rie were observed at the threshing ylinder speed of 500 rpm (10.5 m/s) and 615 (13.0 m/s) rpm, respetively. The ombination of the threshing ylinder speed of 500 rpm (10.5 m/s) and 615 rpm (13.0 m/s) at rop moisture ontent of 1.8 % and 16. % indiated optimum threshing onditions for sorghum and rie, respetively. Key words: threshing, grain rops, omputer modelling, stationary grain rop thresher, tooth Introdution Threshing of grain rop is a unit operation that requires attainment of sets of proessing ondition that must be attained for effetive threshing ation to be aomplished in a manual or mehanial operation. Stationary grain rop threshers refer mainly to mehanial thresher that uses threshing ylinders in a loalized position. This type of thresher is lassified into two distint groups * Corresponding author: Olaoye, J.O.; jolanoye@unilorin.edu.ng 39

2 based on the method of feeding the rop into the thresher. The two lasses are hold - on and throughput types. Inappropriate threshing onditions in a manual threshing proess redues the grain output with respet to exessive and high energy input. In a mehanial threshing proess the effet of the inappropriate operating onditions does not only affet the effetive reovery of the grains from the other plant materials but it also leads to high grain loss. Grains loss is measured in term of the damage to the grain kernel, loss to the mehanial elements and non germinability of the seeds. Threshing operation is the removal of grains from the plant residues. It ould be done through the proess of repeated pounding and dragging of the plant over a surfae or through an aperture. Threshing operation is onsidered as one of the foremost important post harvest operation in grain prodution (Olaoye, 004). Proper adjustment of the operating onditions in a mehanial thresher has been determined by various researhers as the most ritial suess fators in grain threshing. The key variables of interest are generally lassified as the mahine parameters, rop harateristis and influening environmental or proessing onditions (Olaoye, 004). Olaoye and Oni (001) investigated rops harateristis of some ommon grain rops within the middle belt of Nigeria. The results of the investigation revealed that speifi presentation of the grain size, geometrial dimensions of the grains and grain mehanial properties are the key parameters that an enhane suessful separation of the grains free of plant residues. Many researhers had onluded that the variation of ylinder peripheral speed, effetive onave learane, and fan speed are the major mahine variables that an influene threshing performane (Singh and Singh, 1981; Joshi, 1981; Ghaly, 1985 and Behera et al., 1990). The fundamental and influening environmental proessing onditions with diret bearing on the effetive performane of threshing systems are moisture ontent and feed rate (Olaoye, 004). These are extrinsi fators and they are established on the plant or mahine variable through the interations of the effet of the environment, rop harateristis and mahine variables. Aording to Olaoye (00) some rop parameters and mahine variables are known to influene the performane of threshers. Eah or ombination of these parameters has influening effets on the threshability and grain damage. He noted that the influene of both threshability and grain damage translate to measurable grain losses if not properly managed. Desta and Mishra (1990) developed and onduted performane evaluation of a sorghum thresher. A ombination of feed rate at 3 levels (6, 8, 10 kg/min), ylinder-onave learane at levels (7 and 11 mm) and ylinder speed at 3 levels (300 rpm (17.5 m/s), 400 rpm (10.1 m/s); 500 rpm (1.6 m/s)) were investigated. The 40

3 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011 Vol. 7(1): results of the performane analysis showed that threshing effiieny inreased with an inrease in ylinder speed for all feed rates and ylinder onave learanes. The threshing effiieny was found in the range of 98.3 to 99.9%. At the reommended speed of 400 rpm (10.1 m/s) the power required for operating the thresher was 4.95 kw and the maximum output of the thresher was 16.7 kg/h. Saeed et al. (1995) tested and evaluated a hold on paddy thresher. The field performane and eonomis of the mahine was evaluated. A hold - on type Korea thresher (model NJ 810) was used for the study. The field performane of the mahine was then measured by varying thresher ylinder speeds and rop feed rates at 3 levels of threshing ylinder speed (450 rpm (15.5 m/s), 500 rpm (17.3 m/s), 550 rpm (19.0 m/s)) and rop feed rate at 3 levels (Low (44 kg/h) medium (70 kg/h), high (1,163 kg/h)). The results obtained from the investigation showed that the grain damage in term of breakage was in the range of 0.4 to 1.%. The perentage of the grain damage inreased with the inrease in ylinder speed for all feed rates. Grain damage was 0.4% for optimum operating ondition. The threshing effiieny inreased with inreasing feed rate. The results of the omparison of mehanial threshing with manual threshing in term of grain losses learly indiated.64% total loss from mehanial thresher as ompared to 7.95% for manual threshing. To minimize losses in a mehanial thresher, performane of the threshing mahine must be evaluated using mahine, rop and proessing variables. The rop and mahine variables are relevant to the performane evaluation of mehanial threshers. Olaoye (004) observed that mehanial threshing of rops beome most advantageous at the instane of improved farming praties, use of high yielding varieties, multiple ropping system and expanded use of irrigation water. He noted that with suh systems of ultural praties large quantities of rop will mature and must be harvested with relative benefits of mehanial proessing equipment. The requirement for modeling the performane of grain rop thresher is to establish known and expeted mahines and rop harateristis that may have diret influene on the proessing tehnique of the rop and the final quality and state of the rop produt. The omputer modeling tehnique will assist to simulate the thresher performane at different levels of threshing mahines variable and rop onditions. The omputer models ould be a deision making tool to allow repeated testing of different mahine parameters and rop variables. The main objetive of this study was to use omputer models desribing threshing ations to establish the appropriate operating parameters and performane of a stationary grain rop thresher. 41

4 Materials and methods Programme struture and development The general priniple of operation and evaluation of a stationary rop thresher using analytial models as developed by Olaoye (004) was adopted in the programme struture development. Olaoye (004) developed analytial models desribing the underlying priniples for rop harateristis and mahine variables as fators influening the overall mahine performane of a stationary multirop thresher. The rop and mahine variables that are relevant to the performane evaluation of mehanial threshers were identified as ylinder speed, onave learane, type of threshing mehanism, ylinder diameter moisture ontent of rop, type of rop material and feed rate. The general threshing models as developed by Olaoye (004) were adopted for the programme struture and development. The speifi models for the programme design inlude the general threshing model, rop dwell time, power required for threshing operation, threshing effiieny grain damage and separation effiieny. Programme design and implementation The general threshing model for stationary thresher is presented as Equation 1..(1) where: T 1 - e - k m t v s G D 1 e = exponential t = Dwell time (s) k m = onstant =.448 = mass thikness of unwanted plant material G = Aeleration due to gravity V s = Speed of the grain rop. (m/s) D = ylinder diameter (mm) The rop dwell time measures the time the rop spent in the threshing zone before finally disharged at the outlet (Olaoye, 1997). 4

5 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011 Vol. 7(1): L t, but V K Vt V b t Where: 1 K b L. () V t t = dwell time of grain rop in the threshing zone(s) L = onave length of the threshing ylinder (mm) V = maximum veloity of rop after impat (m/s) V t = peripheral veloity of the threshing mehanism Olaoye (004) also dedued that the Mean rate of threshing kernels is given as 3 C 1 M (3) k max V W T wb Where: = mean rate of threshing kernels. V T = peripheral speed of the ylinder(m/s) M wb = moisture ontent (wet basis) of the rop (%) W = width of the threshing ylinder =D (mm) max = maximum distane between the threshing drum and the onave. C = onave learane. K = onstant assoiated with duration of grain rop within the overall length of the onave. Aording to Olaoye, (004) the energy required to detah grain from the panile is presented as follows: E d 1 kevs fr w 3 (4) Where: k e is a onstant (grain size harateristis) fr = feed rate (kg/h) All other parameters as previously defined. The power required to detah the grain from the panile is obtained as 1 3 (5) Where: kevs fr Pd k s w V L T k r = k s k e ; k r is a onstant that is influened by the resistane of the rop material to the mahine omponent. L = onave length (mm) Relating the power output from the ylinder in terms of the detahed grain and the power input through the impat from the beater bars, the power required to detah grain rop is 43

6 3k e Pd 3 3 Vs fr w L (6) The power required to overome fritional fore during threshing operation is n (7) p f Nf 3 max. DL C The power required to turn the unloaded ylinder is (8) p u NrM VT g r Total power required from threshing operation is evaluated as: 3 3 n. (9) 3k P e Vs fr w L uf 3 C max DL NrMC VT g r Where: N = speed of the threshing ylinder (rpm) n = Power fator uf = Fator depending on power to overome frition MC = Mass threshing ylinder r = effetive radius The damage inurred during threshing is related to the dwell time, separating proess, fators related to the grains rop onditions and the harateristis of the rop (Olaoye, 004). Energy absorbed by the grain an be evaluated, thus giving an indiation of the (maximum) energy that will ause the damage of the rop. E 1 dbvvt 1 ks 1 e M g 1 wb (10) Where: e = oeffiient of restitution by rop material V = volume oupied by the grain rop in the threshing zone All other notations remain as previously defined. Details of the Analysis of the threshing models are presented in Olaoye (004). Fig. 1 showed the major omponents and arrangement of a speifi type of threshing unit that was used for the simulation of threshing proess. The mahine harateristis, rop parameters and performane indies for operating peg tooth thresher at optimum operating onditions are presented in Table 1. These parameters were used during the omputer evaluation of the performane of the thresher. 44

7 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011 Vol. 7(1): Computer programming A omputer program was developed written in VISUAL BASIC to generate predited values for the threshing performane models of a thresher handling sorghum and rie. The established mathematial models desribing the relationship among the parameters and variables affeting threshing proess were presented in.1. These equations were used in the development of the omputer programme. The mahine set up during omputer evaluation of the performane of the thresher was presented in Fig. and 3 Fig. 1. Cylinder onave arrangement of a ombined spike tooth and rasp bar thresher mehanism. Fig.. Mahine setup showing damages due to inappropriate threshing onditions. Fig. 3. Mahine setup showing grain disharge during threshing at appropriate onditions. 45

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9 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011 Vol. 7(1): The performane modeling equations and the modeling thresher shown in Figs and 3 are the representative version of the threshing proess. During the proess of the simulation, the display of Fig. at the run of the program indiates the presene of white grain partiles at the disharge outlet together with the other grain partiles showed that the sets of either hosen rop onditions or the mahine parameters adversely affet the mahine performane. The display of Fig. 3 indiates the sets of hosen rops and mahine parameters that represented thresher performane generated at or near optimum onditions. The simulation proess follows the steps highlighted in the flow hart in Fig 4. The soure ode is with the authors. The main form for the simulation of the threshing performane is shown in Fig 5. The validation of the simulation proess and the predited values of the models developed were determined to obtain how the results obtained from the simulated thresher ompare with the observed performane. Fig. 6 presents a typial form for the omputation of the simulation proess by using one of the threshing models as presented in setion.1. Computer appliations, testing and model validation The program was designed to assess the effets of mahine variables and rop parameters on the performane of a stationary grain rops thresher. The major indies that were used in the programme inlude energy required to detahed grain, grain operation and threshing operation and threshing effiieny. The values presented in Table 1 were used to evaluate the mahine operation. The variables assoiated with the omputations were displayed and the results are stored in the data base provided. The results from the performane evaluation of the thresher an be used to establish ranges for omputations and to lassify the performane indies so as to be able to know the optimum operating onditions for various rops. To test and validate the data generated from the omputer simulation, data were also generated from the IITA popularized multi rop thresher for the validation of the performane models. Rie and sorghum rops were olleted and speifi weights were measured using a meter balane with 0.01g alibrations. The dwell time measurement was taken using the method desribed by Olaoye (004). An automati ontrolled stop wath was used for the measurement of time taken for the threshing of grain rop inside the threshing drum. The lok was an integral part of an optial sensor using (photo diode). A PND Gelger Tahometer was used to determine the speed of the rotating ylinder of the thresher. Grain loss was evaluated in term of fration of 47

10 damaged grains and fration of unthreshed head in perentages following the definition in (NSAE/NCAM/SON, 1995) as presented in equations 11 and 1. Fig. 4. Flow hart for the program for the simulation of threshing proess. Grain loss evaluation Grain loss was evaluated in term of fration of damaged grains (%) and fration of unthreshed head (%). Fration of damaged grains and fration of unthreshed head was evaluated using the definition in (NSAE/NCAM/SON, 1995) as presented in equations 11 and 1. Q F b x (11) dg QT UT Fug x (1) Q T 48

11 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011 Vol. 7(1): Where: F dg = fration of damaged grain, F ug = fration of unthreshed grain Q b = quantity of broken grain in sample (g) Q T = Total grains in sample (g), U T = Total unthreshed heads in sample (g) Fig. 5. Main form for the simulation of threshing performane. Fig. 6. Form for the determination of threshing effiieny of the simulated model. Evaluation of threshing effiieny Equation 13 was used for the evaluation of threshing effiieny (NSAE/NCAM/SON, 1995). Qu T 100 x (13) QT Where: T = Threshing effiieny Q U = Quantity of unthreshed grain in sample The results generated by the prediting models were ompared with the measured data. The omparison was to determine how well the prediting models fit and statistial signifiane test were used following the proedure desribed by Obi (1986) and Snedeor and Cohran (1980) respetively. Measured data from the IITA grain rop thresher using sorghum and rie were used to validate the performane models. The values of the assoiated onstants and oeffiients were presented in Table. These values were used in the 49

12 simulation of the threshing proesses as presented in the omputer programming. The obtained results from the omputer simulation were ompared with the experimental investigation using IITA multirop thresher. The omputed values of the mahine performane indies were represented by the results that were generated from the omputer programming version of the threshing proess. The graphs of measured values against predited data for all the models were presented. The line of best fit and the oeffiient of determination R were used to measure how well the regression equation fits the data. The simulated results of eah performane models obtained at variable ylinder speed V F were used to ompare values of eah of the performane parameters obtained from experimental results. Results and disussions The results of the omparison of the value of grain dwell time, threshing effiieny and total grain loss due to unthreshed fration and damaged rop were made between the predited from omputer simulation and from data that were obtained using the multirop thresher for threshing sorghum and rie. The detailed results were presented in Tables 3 to 7. The graphial illustration of the relationship between the predited and the measured results were presented as Figures 7 to 10. The R value of goodness fit and its signifiane level respetively for eah of the ompared performane parameters were evaluated. The alulated R and t value for eah of the ompared performane parameters at P< 0.01 and P< 0.05 level of signifianes were presented. The validity and effetiveness of modeling equations in omputer simulation is related to the appropriateness of the values of the undetermined onstant that were present in the modeling equations (Isaason, 1975 and Menasa et al., 1994). The results generally revealed that the regression oeffiient obtained from regression lines of various models are between 0.90 and 0.99 at 0.05 level of signifiane. The oeffiients of determination of the modeling equations are all statistially signifiant at 5% level of probability, the high values of the oeffiients of the determination show that the regression lines fit the data points adequately. 50

13 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011 Vol. 7(1): Table. Estimated values of K e and K s (onstants and oeffiients) for different grain rops and threshing mehanisms, respetively. Types of Grain Crop Values K e, K s and K r = K s K e for Various Threshing Mehanisms Rasp Bars K s = 0.7 Spike Tooth K s = 0.35 Beater Bars K s = 0.5 Wire Loop K s = 0.5 K e K s K e K e K s K e K e K s K e K e K s K e Rie Sorghum Millet Table 3. Threshing effiieny of an IITA multi-rop thresher for threshing of grain rops at four levels of moisture ontent and four levels of threshing speeds; in a split-split-unit design with rop types (C) as main unit, moisture ontent levels (M) as sub unit and speed of threshing (S) as sub-subunit fators with two repliations. Moisture Content Threshing Effiieny ( % ) (% wb) S1 S S3 S4 Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Crop Types (C1, Sorghum) M M M M Crop Types (C, Rie) M M M M

14 Table 4. Un separated fration of grain rops threshed under four levels of moisture ontent and four levels of threshing speeds; in a split-split-unit design with rop types (C) as main unit, moisture ontent levels (M) as sub unit and speed of threshing (S) as sub - subunit fators with two repliations. Moisture Content Fration of Un separated Grains from Disharged Grains ( % ) (% wb) S1 S S3 S4 Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Crop Types (C1, Sorghum) M M M M Crop Types (C, Rie) M M M M Table 5. Observed visible damage during threshing of grain rops threshed at four levels of moisture ontent and four levels of threshing speeds; in a splitsplit-unit design with rop types (C) as main unit, moisture ontent levels (M) as sub unit and speed of threshing (S) as sub - subunit fators with two repliations. Moisture Content Visible damage ( % ) (% wb) S1 S S3 S4 Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Crop Types (C1, Sorghum) M M M M Crop Types (C, Rie) M M M M

15 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011 Vol. 7(1): Table 6. Measured rop dwell time within threshing mehanism for threshing grain rops at four levels of moisture ontent and four levels of threshing speeds; in a split - split - unit design with rop types (C) as main unit, moisture ontent levels (M) as sub unit and speed of threshing (S) as sub - subunit fators with two repliations. Moisture Content Crop Dwell Time per kilogramme of Grain (s) (% wb) S1 S S3 S4 Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Rep I Rep II Crop Types (C1, Sorghum) M M M M Crop Types (C, Rie) M M M M R = R = Computed (Threshing Effiieny, %) Sorghum Sorghum Rie Rie Measured (Threshing Effiieny, %) Fig. 7. Computed versus measured threshing effiieny during threshing of sorghum and rie. 53

16 5.00 R = R = Computed (Vissible Damag, %) Sorghum Rie Sorghum Rie Measured (Vissible Damage, %) Fig. 8. Computed versus measured visible damage for threshing of sorghum and rie R = Computed (Fration of Unseparated Grains, %) R = Sorghum Rie Rie Sorghum Measured (Fration of unseparated Grains, %) Fig. 9. Computed versus measured fration of unseparated grains from disharged outlet for threshing of sorghum and rie. 54

17 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011 Vol. 7(1): R = Computed ( Crop Dwell Time, s) R = Sorghum Rie Sorghum Rie Measured (Crop Dwell Time, s) Fig. 10. Computed versus measured rop dwell time during threshing of sorghum and rie. The modeling equations were adopted to desribe the threshing proesses. The output of the omputer simulation using the modeling equations had shown high level of orrelation with the observed results of the thresher performane with an IITA popularize thresher that was used for the validation of the simulated results. The ompared results generally revealed that the regression oeffiient obtained from regression lines of various models were between 0.09 and 0.99 at 0.05 level of signifiane. The results showed the R values for the omputed against predited threshing effiieny for sorghum and rie as and 0.998, respetively. The performane modeling equations and the modeled thresher were used dynamially to observe mahine performane by following hanges in the mahine parameter and rop harateristis. The appliations of the simulated omputer programme have indiated that the models an be used as a guide for the design of multirop thresher for optimum operating performane. The simulated programme an be used to analyse the various input ombinations of rop and mahine variables for optimum thresher performane. 55

18 Referenes Behera, B.K., Dash, S.K. and Das, D.K. (1990). Development and Testing of a power operated wheat thresher Agriultural Mehanization in Asia, Afria and Latin Ameria AMA 1(4); Desta, K. and Mishra, T.N. (1990). Development and performane Evaluation of a Sorghum thresher. Agriultural Mehanization in Asia, Afria and Latin Ameria (AMA). 1(3): Ghaly, A.E. (1985). A stationary threshing mahine: Design Constrution and performane Evaluation Agriultural Mehanization in Asia, Afria and Latin Ameria AMA. 16(3); Isaason, E.D. st Q. and Isaason, M. dest Q. (1975). Dimensional methods in Engineering and Physi. Edward Arnod publisher Ltd, London. Joshi, H.C. (1981). Design and seletion of Thresher parameter and omponents. Agriultural Mehanization in Asia, Afria and Latin Ameria AMA. 1(3): 9-3. Menase, d.a., V.A.F. Almeida and Dowdy, L.W. (1994). Capaity planning and performane modeling; from main frames to lient server systems. Pentie Hall, PTR, Englewood lifts. Klein, L.M. Ndirika, V.I.O. (1993). Development and performane evaluation of a millet thresher. Journal of Agriultural Tehnology, 1: -10. NSAE/NCAM/SON. (1995). Nigeria standard Test ode for Grain and seed leaners. Grian Harvesters, and maize sheller, Nigeria Agriultural Engineering standards for the Nigerian soiety of Agriultural Engineers. Sponsored by National entre for Agriultural mehanization and standards organization of Nigeria. Olaoye, J.O. and Oni, K.C. (001). Some Physial and Mehanial Properties of Seleted Grain Crops. Proeedings of the nd International Conferene & 3 rd Annual General Meeting of the Nigerian Institution of Agriultural Engineers (A division of NSE); 3: Olaoye, J.O. (00). Performane modeling of a Multipurpose rop threshing mahine for Assessment of grain loss. Being an aspet of the researh findings for the 1997 Senate Researh Grant, at University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria. Olaoye, J.O. (004). An Analytial modeling of the performane of tooth peg grain rop thresher. PH.D Thesis, Department of Agriultural Engineering and Bio-systems, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Saeed, M.A.; Khan, A.S., Rizvi, H.A. and Tanveer, T. (1995). Testing and Evaluation of Holdon paddy thresher. Agriultural Mehanization in Asia, Afria and Latin Ameria AMA. 69; Snedeor, G.W. and Cohram, W.G. (1980). Statistial methods. 7 th Edition. Iowa state university press. Ames, LOwa. USA. 507 pp. Singh, K.N. and Singh, B. (1981) Effet of rop and mahine parameters on threshing effetiveness and seed quality of soybean, Journal of Agriultural Engineers Researh JAER. 17:3-8. (Reeived 16 Febuary 010; aepted 3 Otober 010) 56

19 Journal of Agriultural Tehnology 011, Vol.7(1): xxx-xxx Table 1. Performane of different threshers for threshing grain rop under optimum operating onditions. S/n Type of Cylinder Raspbar Tooth Peg Tooth Peg Tooth Peg Tooth beater Crop Sorghum Chik pea Multi rop Wheat, Sorghum, & Paddy Maize G.nut Millet Cylinder Speed 400 rpm (10.5 m/s) 580 rpm (14.6 m/s) (1.8 m/s) (10.5 m/s) (16.5 m/s) (15.0 m/s) 400 rpm (6.3 m/s) 800 rpm (9.8 m/s) Conave Clearane 7.0 mm 30 mm 5 mm mm 0 mm Crop Parameter Gs = 4.33 mm G:S = 1:3 d = 0. g/ ar = 33 o ai = 3 o M = 16. % Yd = 517 kg/ha M = 14. % M = 0. % M = 16. % M = 15.5 % M = 14.6 % 5.00 mm M = 1.0 % 6 mm M = 1.0 % ar = o d = 798 g/ Gs = 3.9 mm Cylinder Dimension D = 480 mm L = 640 mm D = 480 mm L = 640 mm D = 480 mm L = 640 mm D = 35 mm L = 830 mm D = 300 mm L = 10 mm 61 pegs D = 35 mm L = 830 mm Performane Index T e = 98.3 % C e = 97. % Gd = 1.1 % Sl = 3.8 % G = 85.3 % T e = 93.0 % Gd =. % Ml = 9.1 % T e = 99.0 % Gd =.0 % 4.0% C e = 95 % Gd = 3 % Sl = 6 % T e = 96.8 % Gd = 1.3 % Sl = 4.5 % Threshing Capaity 33. q/h Feed Rate 6 kg/min (360 kg/h) 190 kg/h 430 kg/h 76 kg/h Wheat 00 kg/h Sorghum 39 kg/h Paddy kg/h 500 kg/h 450 kg/h 550 kg/h 500 kg/h 385 kg/h Power Soure 4.95 kw Eletri motor 5.7 lit/h Gasoline engine 5.0 hp Eletri motor Trator PTO.4 kw Eletri motor Soure Desta and Mishra (1990) Anwar and Gupta (1990) Majundar (1985), Joshi (1981) Zafar, et al. (1997) Gs = Grain Size; G:S = Grain to Straw Ratio; d = Bulk Density; ar = Angle of Repose; ai = Angle of Internal Frition; D = Cylinder Diameter; L = Cylinder Length; T e = Threshing Effiieny; C e = Cleaning Effiieny; Gd = Damaged Grain; Sl = Sieve Loss; G = Germination Rate; G.nut= Groundnut; M = Moisture Content (wet basis); Bl = Blower Loss; Yd = Yield; Ml = Mahine loss; wb = wet basis. Ndirika (1993) 01