Architecture of an ERP System Supporting Project-Oriented Management
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1 Arhiteture of an ERP System Supporting Projet-Oriented Management Willy Piard and Grzegorz Wojiehowski Department of Information Tehnology The Poznań University of Eonomis ul. Mansfelda Poznań, Poland {piard,gwoj}@kti.ae.poznan.pl Abstrat. Existing ERP systems provide an IT solution to the management of enterprise resoures based on the funtion-oriented management approah. With an inreasingly wide adoption of the projet-oriented management, new models are needed for ERP systems to support the management of enterprise resoures in a projet-oriented manner. This paper presents an arhiteture of an ERP system supporting projet-oriented management. Two harateristis of the projet-oriented management are integrated in the proposed arhiteture: first, soial protools are used to model interations between ators (humans or software agents) within a given group. Seond, the onept of group ations is detailed as a way to integrate group dynamis to soial protools. 1. Introdution Enterprises are inreasingly using ERP systems in all areas of their business ativity to improve their business proesses. The main reason for that is to ahieve valueadded differentiation over ompetitors, to ensure brand awareness, and lient satisfation. ERP systems aim at providing an integrated solution to the management of resoures of the enterprise. Current ERP systems aspire to support all tasks required to ahieve operational goals of the enterprise. In management theory, two approahes to management of operational goals may be distinguished: funtion-oriented and projet-oriented management. The funtion-oriented management is usually used in environments where a set of relatively simple tasks are frequently performed. The funtion-oriented management implies that tasks are handled in a routine manner where eah employee has his/her 1/11
2 own funtion in ahieving operational goals. A manager does not oordinate the exeution of tasks for eah goal, employees just reat on the inoming douments, phone alls, et., by ompleting tasks they are assigned. In existing ERP systems, the funtion-oriented management is supported via data-flow engine. The data-flow engine, whih is the ore of ERP systems, is responsible for managing the ooperation of ERP modules by providing modules with appropriate data, potentially from other modules. The projet-oriented management is usually used when the ahievement of operational goals required the oordinated interations of various persons possessing different skills. In a projet-oriented management approah, a projet manager usually supervises the work being done. The projet-oriented management implies that tasks are performed within groups where employees are ooperating to reah a ommon goal. Within a given group, employees are usually assigned with various roles depending on the skills and/or the position of a given employee. Depending on their role, employees may perform different tasks. As a onsequene of the inreasing omplexity of business interations, enterprises are moving from funtion-oriented management to projet-oriented management. The lak of support for projet-oriented management in ERP systems is urrently a real obstale to a wide adoption of projet-oriented management by enterprises, and therefore an obstale to their effiieny and ompetitiveness. Existing ERP systems improve business proesses espeially by supporting employees to perform single tasks effetively. Due to many years enhanement of data-flow engines, employees may exeute tasks in an effiient way. However, the solutions applied in data-flow engines should also be available in ERP systems supporting projet-oriented management. In projet-oriented management a projet manager needs to oordinate ativities performed by employees and software agents. In regard to ERP systems, they support oordination and orhestration of business proess ativities but not suffiiently to entirely take advantage of projet-oriented management. Workflow solutions[5][3] or business proess exeution solutions suh as BPEL[1] to automate business proesses are often offered but a ritial element of projet-oriented management remains missing, i.e. support of ollaboration with group management. In our opinion, the following areas onerning business proess improvement are ruial to implement projet-management support in ERP systems: ativity effiieny whih is human-to-mahine interations; oordination and orhestration alled mahine-to-mahine interations; and ollaboration whih is human-to-human interations (Cf. Figure 1).
3 human-to-mahine mahine-to-mahine human-to-human ativity effiieny oordination or orhestration ollaboration Business proess improvement Fig. 1. Pillars of business proess improvement As it has been already stated, existing ERP systems onentrate their efforts on improving human-to-mahine and mahine-to-mahine interations. The proposed arhiteture of an ERP system supporting projet-oriented management is built on the arhiteture of existing ERP systems. Therefore, the solutions of human-to-mahine and mahine-to-mahine interations are integrated into the presented arhiteture. The remaining problem of ollaboration with group management is addressed by soial protools and group ations onepts. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Setion 2, the onept of soial protool, used to model ollaboration proesses, is presented. In Setion 3, group management in ollaboration proesses is desribed. Next, the arhiteture of ERP system supporting projet-oriented management is presented. Finally, Setion 5 onludes the paper. 2. Soial Protool Definition In the projet-oriented management approah, all tasks required to ahieve operational goals are performed within groups, as a result of interations among ators, humans or software agents. Effiieny of the work may be improved by struturing interations among ators. Therefore, a model for strutured interations is required. A main ontribution of this paper is the onept of soial protools whih are used to model strutured ollaboration proesses. A soial protool is a formal definition of possible ators-to-ators interations. A soial protool has to apture harateristis of human-to-human, mahine-tomahine, and human-to-mahine interations. Interations are strongly related with soial aspets, suh as the role played by ators. The proposed model integrates the onept of role, whih may explain the hoie of the term soial protools. Roles need to be integrated to soial protools as various ators may play different roles. Depending on its role, an ator may perform different tasks. For instane, during the deision-making onerning a delivery date for an order, two humans may ollaborate: one of them plays the role of a shipping ompany representative, while the seond person plays the role of a worker responsible for serviing lient s order. A role r is a label whih is assigned to an ator. Let s denote R the set of roles existing in a given soial protool. 3/11
4 Interations among ators are modeled with the onept of ation. An ation a is an exeution of a software entity. The software entity is a web servie used to all an external program. The exeution of ations is a part of the ommon knowledge of the group, i.e. all ators are aware of the exeution of an ation by one of the members of the group. Depending on the fat that an ator exeutes ations or not we differentiate two types of ators: passive ators whih only monitor the exeution of the soial protool or ative ators whih perform ations. A passive ator may be a lient of the ompany whih observes the deision-making onerning the prodution date of ordered goods. Let's denote A the set of ations available in a given soial protool. Eah ation may be assoiated with metadata. Metadata m are information about their assoiated ation. Metadata onsist of two parts: a metadata type and a metadata ontent. The two-fold aspet of metadata found its origin in the speeh at theory by John Searle[14]. In the speeh at theory, an utterane onsists of both a propositional ontent and an illoutionary fore. The illoutionary fore of an utterane speifies the purpose of the ator. Similarly, metadata for soial protools onsist of a metadata ontent and a metadata type whih expliitly speifies the purpose of the ator. Two kinds of metadata may be distinguished: unstrutured and strutured metadata. Unstrutured metadata are metadata with unstrutured metadata ontent. Unstrutured metadata are typed with a ontent potentially written in natural language. Unstrutured metadata are adapted to human-to-human ommuniation. An example of an unstrutured metadata ould be an explanation for why ordered goods an not be produed at a speifi date. In this metadata, explanation may be the metadata type, while our plants are overbooked till the end of the month may be the unstrutured ontent. Suh unstrutured metadata may ause the worker responsible for serviing lient s order to propose a new delivery date. Strutured metadata are metadata with strutured metadata ontent. Strutured metadata are typed with a strutured ontent. Strutured metadata are adapted to mahine-to-mahine ommuniation. Let's denote M t the set of metadata types available in a given soial protool. Triplets (role, ation, metadata type) are alled behavioral units. The onept of behavioral unit omes from the idea that the behavior of an ator is to a large extent determined by the role he/she plays, the ations she/he may perform and the type of metadata she/he may send. Therefore, roles, ations, and metadata types have to be assoiated to determine the behavior that an ator playing a given role should expose. Let's denote BU the set of potential behavioral units. Formally, BU=R A M t. One may say that a behavioral unit is exeuted. A behavioral bu=(r,a,m t ) is said to be exeuted iff an ator playing the role r exeutes ation a, while sending a metadata with type m t. It should be notied that only ators playing the role r an exeute the behavioral unit bu=(r,a,m t ). Examples of behavioral units that may be exeuted during the deision-making proess onerning the establishment of a delivery date for ordered goods are: bu= ( worker responsible for serviing lient s order, propose date, )
5 bu= ( shipping ompany representative, aept date, information) bu= ( shipping ompany representative, rejet date, ounter-offer) A state s is a label assoiated with a given situation in a ollaborative proess. Let's denote S the set of states that may our in a given soial protool. A transition t is a triplet (bu, s soure, s destination ). Let's denote T the set of transitions that may our in a given soial protool. Formally, T=BU S S. A soial protool p is a finite state mahine onsisting of { S p, S p start, S p end, Tp} where start end S p is the set of states, S p S is the set of starting states, S p S is the set of start S S end ending states, p p, and T p is the set of transitions from states to states. Following a given soial protool, ators are moving from state to state via the exeution of behavioral units. In other words, the exeution of behavioral units are transition onditions. As mentioned before, a behavioral unit may be exeuted only by an ator playing the appropriate role. The onditions that protools have to fulfill to be valid, both struturally and semantially have already been presented in [9]. The last onepts related with soial protools are role-to-ator mapping and soial protool instane. A soial protool is a model for a lass of ollaboration proess. A given ollaboration proess may be strutured aording to a given soial protool on the ondition that the following additional data are known: the urrent state in whih the ollaboration proess is, the role-to-ator mapping whih assoiated at least one ator with eah role speified in the soial protool. The role-to-ator mapping is related to the urrent state, as ators may play various roles during the ollaboration proess. A soial protool instane is a triplet (P, RAM, S urrent ), where P is a given soial protool, RAM is the role-to-ator mapping, and S urrent is the urrent state. 3. Group Management in Collaboration Proesses A soial protool models interations among ators within a given group. However, in the projet-oriented management approah, the work related with the ahievement of the operational goals is usually performed within many groups. Moreover, the 5/11
6 interations taking plae within these groups are different, as roles, ations and metadata types may be different from group to group. For instane, brainstorming and negotiations are two lassial tehniques used during the realization of projets. Therefore, various soial protools may be involved in the realization of a single projet, with some ators playing potentially many different roles depending on the group they are partiipating to at a given moment of time. The possibility for ators to modify protools during the realization of a projet has been presented in previous works [10,11]. Sine interations between humans take plae in groups and various groups are reated, modified, and destroyed during the realization of a projet, soial protools have to support group management. Group management has to be designed to be interoperable with soial protools. The integration of group management and soial protools is required to be able to speify soial protools in whih group reation, modifiation, and deletion may be seen as transitions from a given state to another one. The proposed solution is based on the used of speifi ations, alled group ations. Group ations are ations usable in soial protools responsible for group management. Therefore, all ations that may be used to modify the set of groups related with the realization of a given projet are group ations. The following group ations have been identified: 1. Join adds at least one ollaborator to the set of ollaborators of an existing group. Formally: Join: RAM RAM, where RAM '' RAM ' : RAM RAM ' RAM '' 2. Quit removes at least one ollaborator from the set of ollaborators of an existing group. Formally: Quit: RAM RAM, where RAM '' RAM : RAM RAM '' RAM ' 3. Split splits an existing group in two or more new groups and the union of the set of ollaborators of the reated group equals the set of ollaborators of the existing group. Formally: Split: RAM RAM 1, RAM 2,, RAM n, where RAM ( R, A ), with A denoting the set of ators involved in a given soial protool instane, RAM R, A ), and A, 1 A,2... A, n An k k ( k,k 4. Merge reates a new group onsisting of the union of the set of ollaborators of at least two groups. Formally: Merge: RAM 1, RAM 2,, RAM n AA, where RAM R, A ), ( RAM R, A ) and A, 1 A,2... A, n An k k ( k,k 5. Create reates new group. Formally: Create: RAM
7 6. End deletes an existing group. Formally: End: RAM 7. ChangeRole hange role of at least one ollaborator in an existing group. Formally: ChangeRole: RAM RAM, where RAM R, A ) and ( RAM ' ( R', A '), A =A, and : (r', a ') ( r, a ) ( r',a ') RAM ' (r, a ) RAM The presented list of group ations is not exlusive. Other group ations may be defined. However, the group ations proposed above address the most ommon ations related with group management. 4. ERP System Arhiteture The proposed arhiteture of an ERP system supporting projet-oriented management is based on the onepts of soial protool and group ations. A diagram presenting the proposed arhiteture is given in Figure 2. Collaboration Engine (CE) 2... Collaboration Engine (CE) N External Internal Collaboration Engine (CE) 1 Group Management Aounting Warehouse... Client relations CMMA Data-flow engine Database Collaboration data Traditional ERP system data Traditional ERP system Fig. 2. Arhiteture of an ERP system supporting projet-oriented management The proposed arhiteture onsists of the following elements: Database stores data of a traditional ERP system neessary to manage an organization. Additionally the database stores data speifi to ollaboration, i.e. group management data (existing groups, history of groups), soial protools defined in an 7/11
8 ERP system, running instanes of soial protools and history of finished instanes of soial protools. Group management module provides features related with the interations between the ollaborative engine and the soial protools stored in the database; ERP system modules supply the ERP system funtions as ations to soial protool; Collaboration Engine (CE) parses definitions of soial protools and exeutes instanes of soial protools. In the ERP system, some speial ations (for example ordering goods by a lient) may trigger the reation of a new instane of a soial protool. Despite that the engine takes are of persistene, queues, and other exeution details. Collaboration Management, Monitoring and Analysis (CMMA) supports management of soial protool definitions and instanes, supports traeability of atual instanes to find bottleneks, supports analysis of finished instanes of soial protools to detet frition points, enabling modifiations of soial protools to improve the exeution of future instanes. The ommuniation between Collaboration Engine and all modules relies on web servies to failitate interoperability and integration. There are two types of internal ommuniation, i.e. ommuniation that take plae inside one ERP system: first, ommuniation may take plae between the CE and ERP modules used to all servies of an ERP system funtions. Seond, ommuniation may take plae between the CE and the Collaboration module used to all group ations of a soial protool. The CE may also ommuniate with external ERP systems, speifially CE 1 may all ations of external CEs as it is shown in the Figure 2. The external ommuniation is espeially appliable in a ase of ollaboration among ators from two groups of different ERP systems. The join and split group ations are used to start and finish ollaboration respetively. Ations invoked by an ator in a soial protool may be exeuted in either a synhronous or an asynhronous way. In the synhronous senario, results of the exeution of an ation are immediately returned as an output message of invoked servie. In the asynhronous senario, the arhiteture has to support the push model and/or the pull model for asynhronous ommuniation. In the push approah, the Collaboration Engine looks up in the database for the results of former ation exeutions at a given interval of time. The push approah implies a high load of the network beause of the polling of the database, but ERP system modules do not need to know about existene of the Collaboration Engine. In the pull approah, the Collaboration Engine has to expose a allbak interfae (marked as web servie interfae in Figure 2). One the results are available, they are returned from an ERP system module via allbak invoation on the Collaboration Engine. The usage of the pull model minimizes a network load but ERP system modules have to know how to return ation results. A pull model is a solution well adapted to the ase of asynhronous ommuniation between different CEs and may be implemented using WS-Addressing[15] standard or a mehanism similar to the orrelation sets onept used in the BPEL speifiation.
9 5. Disussion As proess modeling is onerned, many works have already been ondued in the researh field of workflow modeling and workflow management systems. Paul Buhler and Jose M. Vidal [2] proposed a mehanism allowing for enating workflows in an adaptive way using multi-agent systems (MAS). Robert Müller and al. presented in [8] various mehanisms for adaptation of workflows to deal with exeption ourrenes in running workflow instanes, with an appliation to medial treatments. However, to our best knowledge, urrent works onerning workflow adaptation fous on interations among software entities. Charateristis of interations between humans, suh as the importane of soial aspets, are not or insuffiiently taken into aount by these works. Moreover, these works are laking support for group management. Some interesting works have been done in the field of eletroni negotiations to model eletroni negotiations with the help of negotiation protools. In [7], it is stated in that, in the field of eletroni negotiations, the protool is a formal model, often represented by a set of rules, whih govern software proessing, deisionmaking and ommuniation tasks, and imposes restritions on ativities through the speifiation of permissible inputs and ations. One may notie the similarity with the onept of soial protool. The reason for this fat is that the model presented in this paper was originally oming from a work on protools for eletroni negotiations [12,13]. However, these works are by nature limited to the field of eletroni negotiations whih is just a subset of the field of human ollaboration, and may not be applied diretly to ERP systems. 6. Conlusion While the funtion-oriented management is urrently well supported in ERP systems, the projet-oriented management laks support in ERP systems. In this paper, an arhiteture for ERP systems supporting projet-oriented management is presented. The proposed arhiteture is based on the onept of soial protools. The onept of soial protool aims at being a start of the answer to the question of omputer support for soial ollaboration. The introdution of group ations allows to support group dynamis, i.e. strutured ollaboration spread in a dynami way within many groups. The main innovations presented in this paper are 1) the onept of soial protools, integrating soial aspets with roles, ommuniation aspets with metadata, and strutured ollaboration based on the use of behavioral units as transitions in a finite state mahine, 2) the onept of group ations whih allows to integrate group reation, modifiation, and deletion to soial protools, 3) an arhiteture for ERP systems integrating support for soial roles and using web servies as an interoperability mean. The proposed onepts are urrently under implementation as extensions to the DynG protool [6], a soial protool-based platform. The next steps will inlude a refinement of the onept of role, so that relationships between roles, e.g. speialization, ompositions, may be integrated to the presented model. Another area to be investigated is the adaptation of soial protools, so that ators may modify a soial protool to tailor it to their own needs at run-time. 9/11
10 Referenes 1. BPEL4WS V1.1 speifiation ftp://www6.software.ibm.om/software/developer/library/ws-bpel.pdf 2. P. Buhler, J. M. Vidal, Towards Adaptive Workflow Enatment Using Multiagent Systems, Information Tehnology and Management Journal, Speial Issue on Universal Enterprise Integration, Vol. 6, (1), 2005; pp J. Cardoso, R. P. Bostrom, A. Sheth, Workflow Management Systems and ERP Systems: Differenes, Commonalities, and Appliation, Information Tehnology and Management, Springer Netherlands, H. Chen, T. Finin, A. Joshi, An Ontology for Context-Aware Pervasive Computing Environments., Knowledge Engineering Review, Speial Issue on Ontologies for Distributed Systems, Vol. 18, No. 3. Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp L. Da-You, Z. Zhao-Hui, L. Wei-Jiang, L. Zhan-Shan, and S. Cheng-Min, An improved workflow management system for ERP, Proeedings of 2005 International Conferene on Mahine Learning and Cybernetis. 6. T. Huriaux, W. Piard, DynG: a Multi-protool Collaborative System, Proeedings of the 5th IFIP International Conferene on e-commere, e-business, and e-government (I3E 2005), Poznan, Poland, Otober 26-28, 2005, Springer, in: Challenges of Expanding Internet: e-commere, e-business and e- Government, ed. Motohisa Funabashi, Adam Grzeh, pp Gregory E. Kersten, Stefan E. Streker, Ka Pong Lawi, Protools for Eletroni Negotiation Systems: Theoretial Foundations and Design Issue, in Proeedings of the 5 th Conferene on Eletroni Commere and Web Tehnologies (EC-Web04), Sarragoza, IEEE Computer Soiety, Spain, R. Müller, U. Greiner, E. Rahm, AGENTWORK: A Workflow-System Supporting Rule-Based Workflow Adaptation.. Data and Knowledge Engineering, Elsevier, W. Piard, Towards Support Systems for Non-Monolithi Eletroni Negotiations. The Contrat-Group-Message Model, Journal of Deision Systems, Eletroni Negotiations - Models, Systems and Agents, Volume 13, No.4/2004; Hermes, Lavoisier (Paris); pp W. Piard, Adaptive Collaboration in Professional Virtual Communities via Negotiations of Soial Protools, Proeedings of the 7th IFIP Working Conferene on Virtual Enterprises (PRO-VE 2006), Helsinki, Finland, September 25-27, 2006, Springer, to appear. 11. W. Piard, Computer Support for Adaptive Human Collaboration with Negotiable Soial Protools, Proeedings of 9th International Conferene on Busi-
11 ness Information Systems in ooperation with ACM SIGMIS (BIS), Klagenfurt, Austria, May 31 June 2, 2006, to appear. 12. W. Piard, Modeling Strutured Non-monolithi Collaboration Proesses, Proeedings of the 6th IFIP Working Conferene on Virtual Enterprises (PRO- VE 2005), Valenia, Spain, September 26-28, 2005, Springer, in: Collaborative Networks and their Breeding Environments, ed. Luis Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh, Angel Ortiz, pp W. Piard, T. Huriaux, DynG: A Protool-Based Prototype for Non-monolithi Eletroni Collaboration, CSCW in Design 2005, LNCS 3865, (Eds.) Weiming Shen et al., 2006; pp J. R. Searle (1969) Speeh Ats - An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press. 15. Web Servies Addressing (WS-Addressing) 11/11
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