Far West Idaho Conference Twin Falls 2015 V. Paul Hobson, Land View Inc.

Transcription

1 Far West Idaho Conference Twin Falls 2015 V. Paul Hobson, Land View Inc.

2 Potato Nutrient Uptake U of I, OSU, Bryan Hopkins(BYU), Stukenholtz, and Western Lab In Particular: The late: DONALD HORNECK, Ph.D. OSU Many significant contributions to Agriculture

3 Uptake Curves Don showed peak N uptake occurred about 6 weeks after 7# (# N,P,K,Ca, / Day) Columbia Basin data Phosphorus a bit K P N Ca DM (# / Day) 31-Mar 20-May 9-Jul 28-Aug 17-Oct DONALD HORNECK, Ph.D. - OSU

4 Mid July 1st of August! 6-7# / A / day 4# / A / day OSU September 1

5 Timing Of Application University of California Center for Water Resources

6 University of California Center for Water Resources

7 Mid July 1st of August! about 1 unit of phos / day OSU 1 st of September

8 Last Week of July! 14 # of K / A / Day! OSU

9 Therefore Nutrient Timing, Placement, and Protection Techniques. Need to Match Plant Uptake.

10 Points To Consider.. Greatest N & P uptake for potato occurs from week 4 to week 10. When are you applying your N & P? Do you have fertilizer inefficiencies/losses? Are you currently using nutrient protecting technology? How much is your crop actually getting? If you have losses, were are they going? Do your losses justify investment in nutrient protection technology? Is the government going to make us invest in technology?

11 Nitrogen Products loss potential Urea - surface applications, up to 50% loss Ammonium Sulfate - surface applications, up to 50% loss Ammonium Nitrate- surface applications, up to 20% loss MAP ( ) N - surface applications, up to 20% loss of N UAN 32- surface applications, up to 50% loss

12 Topdressed Urea Loss - Quiz: (according to MSU field trials - 21 trials over 5 years winter wheat) Topdress on moist surfaces averaged 30% loss Existing snow cover (does/doesn t) provide protection Cold soil surfaces (do/don t) provide protection Windy, drying weather (increases/decreases) loss Precipitation events <.5 (increase/decrease) the loss Precipitation events >.5 inches stops the loss Richard Engel, Clain Jones, and Rosie Wallander. Montana State University in Bozeman

13 Topdressed Urea Loss - Quiz: (according to MSU field trials - 21 trials over 5 years) High Soil ph >7 (increases / decreases) loss High Soil temperature (increases / decreases) loss Frozen soil (increases / decreases) loss Crop residue, thatch (increases / decreases) loss Low CEC, sandy (increases / decreases) loss High soil organic matter (increases / decreases) loss High Lime soils (increase / decrease) loss (Dissolved / undissolved) prills have the highest risk Richard Engel, Clain Jones, and Rosie Wallander. Montana State University in Bozeman

14 Topdressed Urea Loss Facts: Topdress on moist surfaces averaged 30% loss 18% average topdress loss: all 21 locations over 5 years (Montana State Research) Existing snow cover does not provide protection Cold soil surfaces do not provide protection Windy, drying weather increases loss Precipitation events <.5 increased the loss Single precipitation events >.5 ended the loss Richard Engel, Clain Jones, and Rosie Wallander. Montana State University in Bozeman

15 Latest University Guidelines (For Urea topdress, listed in order of importance) * 21 trials over 5 years Urea topdress loss averaged 18.1% in Montana. Urea + NBPT loss averaged 6.5% (NBPT saved 11.6% of the N) Top 6 high loss sites: Urea topdress loss averaged 32.6%. Urea + NBPT loss averaged 11.9% (NBPT saved 20.7% of the N) *Requires a single moisture event >.5 prior to the prills dissolving or within 1-2 days after the prills dissolve. Prills remain on the surface and do not dissolve.

16 NITROGEN PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY

17 Volatilization: Urease enzyme converts CO(NH 2 ) 2 to NH 3 ) urea ammonia Denitrification: Nitrosomonas bacteria converts NO 3 to NO 2 or N 2 Leaching:

18 Most Promising Products (For Specific Risks) NBPT: Agrotain, Arborite, etc. - volatilization DCD: various manufacturers. - denitrification and leaching NBPT+DCD: Agrotain Plus, Generic NBPT+DCD - both Nitrapyrin: Instinct, N-Serve - denitrification and leaching Polymer coated N: ESN, NutriCoat- delayed release Sulfur coated urea: SCU - delayed release Triazone N: CoRon, Nitamin, Sustain 25, etc. - slow release - best for foliar applications Sprayed on polymers: Nutrisphere - unclear

19 For A Given Condition, Which Product Do I Choose? NBPT - Urea topdress DCD - ammoniacal N, sandy soils, anaerobic soils NBPT+DCD - both of the above Nitrapyrin - ammoniacal N, sandy soils, anaerobic soils / should be incorporated Polymer Coated - large preplant N applications / should be incorporated Sulfur Coated - large preplant N applications / should be incorporated

20 NBPT: Agrotain, Arborite, etc. - volatilization conditions (Stops the conversion of CO(NH 2 ) 2 to NH 3 ) Inhibits the urease enzyme Lasts 2 8 weeks Use on urea Volatilization Primarily surface applications of urea

21 DCD or Nitrapyrin: High leaching or denitrification conditions (Stops the conversion of NH 4 to NO 3 ) Inhibits Nitrosomonas bacteria Use on ammonium sulfate, MAP, NH 3 Leaching Potentially large soil NO 3 concentrations for long periods before plant uptake. Sandy soils Large water applications of any type. Denitrification Potentially large soil NO 3 concentrations for long periods before plant uptake. Low soil aeration (anaerobic conditions) Water logged soils Heavy soils

22 When Is It Totally Safe To Topdress Unprotected Urea? Soil is dry enough that prills do not dissolve. A single precipitation event >.5 occurs before the prills dissolve. OR, it is physically incorporated at least 2 deep within 24 hours Richard Engel, Clain Jones, and Rosie Wallander. Montana State University in Bozeman

23 PHOSPHATE CHALLENGES If your soils have little variability Near zero excess lime ph of 6.5 to 7 You can use any kind of phosphate therefore. You can tune out if you want. All the rest of us still have a problem to solve.

24 Phosphate Rock Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphate Rock Sulfuric Acid Phosphate Fertilizer Calcium Sulfate Ca(PO 4 ) 2 H 2 SO 4 H 3 PO 4 CaSO 4 v

25 Phosphate + Lime Phosphate Rock Phosphate Fertilizer H 3 PO 4 Lime CaCO 3 Calcium Phosphate Ca(PO 4 ) 2 Water and CO 2 O - H + H + O - C ++ O - Insoluble Tied Up Phosphate

26 Adding Fertilizer P to High ph / High Calcium Soils Few days to weeks, precipitates as dicalcium phos (fairly soluble) 3 to 5 months, becomes octacalcium phosphate (less soluble, a precursor to bone and teeth) 8 to 10 months, tricalcium phosphate (poorly soluble, a precursor to bone and teeth) After years, becomes apatite minerals (very poorly soluble, think - bone and teeth)

27 Efficiency of Fertilizer P Plants recover 5 to 30% of applied fertilizer P Most are closer to 5 10%, some as little as 3%

28 Potato Tissue Phos PPM Goal is to never drop below.22 %

29 What early season tissue number is high enough? Generally.4 to.45 % Factors to Consider.. Soil type Excess lime Past experience Potato variety Previous history of tissue phos levels Early die concerns?

30 Potato Phosphorus Challenges

31 Phosphorous Environmental issues CAFO regulations on soil phosphorous content. Toledo Ohio water undrinkable due to toxins produced by algae blooms Groups calling for drastic measures to contain phosphorous runoff into the Great Lakes Ocean Dead Zones near the river deltas. Again associated with algae blooms. Idaho once had that problem in Hagerman.

32 Government Regulations Do we wait for someone to tell us what to do? Diverse environments across the US. High rainfall annually on crop land. Low rainfall annually on crop land. Will both environments be required to comply with the same rules?

33 Protect the P In the early days Humic Acid was found to increase P efficiency. University of Idaho research: Bryan G. Hopkins, Ph.D., CPSSc Brigham Young University

34 in the potato bed Petiole P, % HA HA lbs.-p2o5/a

35 in the potato bed $2,000 $1,958 $1,923 $1,900 Gross Returns $1,800 $1,746 $1,832 $1,700 $1,664 $1, HA HA lbs.-p2o5/a

36 Frequent statement by Dr. Dale Stukenholtz. Lets try shooting the moon and see what we can get.

37 Bold Hairy Audacious Goals Apply no more than what is taken up by the plant Maintain or increase current levels of crop production Reduce environmental exposure to phosphorus Reduce phosphorus fertilizer expense

38 Recent Phosphate Technology Dr. Bryan Hopkins Farms using New P Technologies Across Southern Idaho 1985 to 2004, over 19 years experience. All have demonstrated P increases (and or) maintenance

39 Protected Phosphate Fertilizers Actagro Structure Agro Culture Pro-Germinator BioWest - BioPhos CPS - Black Label Helena - Nucleus O-Phos (8-24-0) Land View Inc. Carbond P (7-24-0) Carbond Carbond Ignite ( ) Simplot PolyOn, Avail Many Others

40 Insert Your Own Performance Data

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43 In Summary We have some good tools available to increase N and P efficiency in Potato Production - as well as other crops. Even better tools are coming.

44 Nutrients for Potato Production USDA / NRCS, University of Minnesota, Oregon State

45 Nutrients Absorbed by 500 cwt of Potatoes* N 350 P 50 K 500 Ca 50 Mg 40 S 50 Cl 35 Zn.5 Fe 3.5 Mn.2 Cu.1 B.2 * USDA / NRCS, University of Minnesota, Oregon State

46 Nutrients Removed by 500 cwt of Potatoes* N 250 P 35 K 350 Ca 10 Mg 15 S 25 Cl 20 Zn.2 Fe 1.3 Mn.1 Cu.1 B.06 * USDA / NRCS & University of Minnesota

47 Potato Tissue Sufficiency Levels Stukenholtz Laboratory Time in Deficient Hidden Hunger Adequate Season NO3-N Late June 15,000 16,000-20,000 20,000+ Late July 12,000 12,000-18,000 18,000+ Early Aug. 8,000 8,000+14,000 14,000+ P, Early Season Late Season K, % Early Season Late Season S, % Early Season Late Season Zn, ppm Early Season Late Season Fe, ppm Early Season Late Season Mn, ppm Early Season Late Season Cu, ppm Early Season Late Season B, ppm Early Season Late Season These Nutrient level guidelines are based upon research and analytical methods used by Stukenholtz Laboratory. They may not be applicable to other laboratory values. The above figures are approximate and vary according to several factors which involve interpretation. Length of growing season and date of plant emergence. Planned date of kill vines to harvest date. Interactions between nutrients and ratios between interacting elements. Amount of nitrates in soil and rapidity of change of soil and tissue nitrates from week to week.

48 ZINC UPTAKE At or 1 week after row close Mar 20-May 9-Jul 28-Aug 17-Oct DONALD HORNECK, Ph.D. - OSU

49 2009 some fields were doing close to 10 cwt / A / Day Potato Growth 6 8 cwt / A / Day Em ergence Vine Kill Water Use Canopy Tuber Water Use I Vegetative Grow th II Tuber Initiation III Tuber Bulking OSU-HAREC IV Tuber Maturation Days After Planting Growth John Taberna Western Lab

50 Total potato plant N, P, and K uptake at Aberdeen, Nutrient Uptake (lbs/a) Vegetative Growth Tuber Initiation Tuber Bulking Maturation June 1 June 20 July 10 July 30 U of I Jeff Stark Aug 10 Sampling Date Aug 30 K N P

51 straw ton /5/09 YIELD LEVEL PRIMARY SECONDARY MICRONUTRIENTS Crop & portion analysed Weight Yield N P2O5 K 2O Ca Mg S Cl Zn Fe Mn Cu B Na POTATOES,tubers & vines bu ALFALFA,HAY ton MINT HAY ton BARLEY, GRAIN bu straw ton WHEAT,GRAIN bu straw ton SNAP BEANS lb DRY BEANS cwt plants Small Grain Hay (triticale) ton Sugar Beets, top only ton roots ton CORN,SILAGE ton CORN,GRAIN bu stover ton ONIONS ton OATS,GRAN bu

52 Potato Growth Stages John Taberna Western Lab Most Nutrients Peak Apex Phosphorous Peaks Launch GS 1 Planting GS 2 Emergence to touching GS 3 Row close OSU-HAREC GS 4 Maturation to Yellowing GS 5 Senescence

53 Potato Nutrient Uptake and Removal 500 cwt Yield N P 2 O 5 K 2 O S Top Foliage Tubers Total