Preview of Summer 2014 Revision of Corn N Recommendations. Dave Franzen, PhD Extension Soil Specialist North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND

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1 Preview of Summer 2014 Revision of Corn N Recommendations Dave Franzen, PhD Extension Soil Specialist North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND

2 Current published N recommendation for corn- N Rate (pounds N per acre) = Yield Potential (bushels per acre) X 1.2 less soil test nitrate-n to 2 foot depth less previous crop credit

3 Yield Potential Why I dislike the current N recommendations for corn N Rate

4 Began to accumulate modern corn N rate data in Sites eastern, 2 western eastern- western sites lost eastern 4 western eastern- 4 western Also- 9 sites from southern Manitoba - 21 sites from NW Minnesota - 7 northern South Dakota Total of 117 sites within the past 12 years.

5 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba Corn N Rate Trials N Rate Only vs Yield- ALL SITES y = x x R² = N Rate Only, pounds N per acre

6 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 North Dakota, NW Minnesota, northern South Dakota, Southern Manitoba N Rate Trials, Total Known Available N vs Corn Yield, All Sites y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

7 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 160 West River TKAN vs Corn Yield, 2010, 2012, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

8 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 All Eastern Sites Including North Dakota, NW Minnesota, Southern Manitoba and Northern South Dakota y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

9 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 250 Eastern Long-Term No-till, Diverse Rotation, Total Known Available N vs Yield y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

10 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 Total Available N vs Corn Yield, High Clay Soils, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

11 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 High Clay Sites that Exceeded 160 bushels per acre, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

12 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 180 High Clay Sites Yielding Under 160 bushels per acre, North Dakota, NW Minnesota, and Southern Manitoba, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

13 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 Eastern Medium Textured Sites Including NW Minnesota, Southern Manitoba, and Northern South Dakota y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

14 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 300 Eastern North Dakota, southern Manitoba, northwest Minnesota and northern South Dakota medium texture conventional tillage with yields greater than 160 bushels per acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

15 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 180 Medium Textured Sites, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba with High Yields Less than 160 Bushels Per Acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

16 The Return to N model- Developed by John Sawyer, Iowa State and Emerson Nafziger, Illinois (2005, Proc. Ext-Ind Soil Fert. Conf.) This model is used in several corn-belt states, including Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ohio, and Michigan

17 1400 Medium Texture Sites- All Return to N $3-$8 corn 20 cent to $ N N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C 90N5C

18 Return to N, $ per acre West River MERN N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C $3 corn, 40 cent N = 205 lb N/acre $4 corn, 40 cent N = 246 lb N/acre $5 corn, 40 cent N = 271 lb N/acre N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50 50N5C 60N5C Total Known Available N, pounds per acre 70N5C 80N5C 90N5C

19 Return to N, $ per acre Long term no-till sites, Return to N $3 (bottom) to $5 corn price 20 cent to $1 N costs MERN- $3 corn 40 cent N lb N/acre 300 $4 corn at 40 cent N 270 lb N/acre 200 $5 corn at 40 cent N 289 lb N/acre Total Known Available N, pounds per acre 20N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C 90N5C 100N5C

20 High Clay Yields Greater than 160 bushels per acre MERN $3 corn, 40 cent N =223 lb N per acre $4 corn, 40 cent N = 242 lb N per acre $5 corn, 40 cent N = 253 lb N per acre N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C 90N5C

21 High Clay with Yields Less than 160 bushels per Acre. MERN $3 corn, 40 cent N = 233 lb N/acre $4 corn, 40 cent N = 266 lb N/acre $5 corn, 40 cent N =287 lb N/acre N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C 90N5C

22 Return to N, $ per acre 900 Medium Texture Eastern Sites Yields Greater than 160 Bushels per Acre MERN $3 corn, 40 cent N = 208 lb N/acre (185 bu/acre) $4 corn, 40 cent N = 222 pounds N/ acre (185 bu/acre) = 232 pounds N/acre (187 bu/acre) N3C 30N3C 40N3C 50N3C 60N3C 70N3C 80N3C 90N3C 100N3C 20N4C 30N4C 40N4C 40N4C 50N4C 60N4C 70N4C 80N4C 90N4C 100N4C 20N5C 30N5C 40N5C 50N5C 60N5C 70N5C 80N5C Range for $1 return lb N/acre Total Known Available N, pounds per acre 90N5C 100N5C

23 Return to N, $ per acre 600 Eastern Medium Texture sites yields < 160 bu/acre 550 MERN $3 corn, 40 cent N = 292 lb N/acre $4 corn, 40 cent N = 312 lb N/acre $5 corn, 40 cent N = > 355 lb N/acre N3C 40N4C 40N5C Total Available N, pounds per acre

24 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 180 High Clay Sites Yielding Under 160 bushels per acre, North Dakota, NW Minnesota, and Southern Manitoba, y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds per acre

25 Corn N timeline Application Period of greatest uptake Day 1 Day 45 Day 80 Day 120

26 In high clay soils, leaching is not an issue. Downward movement of water in a Fargo soil series is about inches per hour, or about 1/3 inch per day.

27 Clay soils have a denitrification issue. Denitrification- NO 3 under anaerobic conditions enables a suite of bacteria to convert NO 3 to NOx and N 2 gas Any of the gases are plant unavailable.

28 Range of values for loss of nitrate per day when soil is saturated range from 1-3% per day. In May, 2010, soils in the Valley were saturated for about 30 days. Losses of N were estimated at about 80 lb/acre that is about 40% available N over 30 days, or about 1.3% per day. In 2011, soils were saturated for about 45 days. Losses were estimated at about 150 lb N, or about 1.7% per day.

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30 Image taken June 28, 3 days after area was covered by 6 inches of water

31 Yield and quality of sugar beets with tillage treatment and N timing. Treatment Yield, tons per acre Per cent net sucrose Recoverable sugar per ton Recoverable sugar per acre Conventional b till Strip Till ab No Till a NS NS NS LSD 5% 513 All N Early 21.3 ab 16.1 a 322 a 6848 a Split N Timing 22.2 a 15.4 b 309 b 6835 a All N Late 19.8 b 14.7 c 295 c 5838 b LSD 5% 1.6 LSD 5% 0.6 LSD 5% 12 LSD 5% 513

32 Corn Yield, bushels per acre 180 Medium Textured Sites, North Dakota, NW Minnesota and Southern Manitoba with High Yields Less than 160 Bushels Per Acre y = x x R² = Total Known Available N, pounds N per acre

33 These are soils with issues, often leaching related. Leaching is easier to understand compared to gas loss after denitrification. Splitting N application is also a solution to some of these soil problems.

34 Ammonia volatility through urease enzyme the Zombie Enzyme Nitrate loss after nitrification through leaching specific bacteria accomplish this Nitrous oxide loss after nitrification and denitrification A suite of bacteria do this, but rate in western ND is low compared to east river

35 -Nitrification inhibitors -Urease inhibitor additives -Nitrification and urease inhibitor -Urease inhibition through chemical binding with urea as applied with slow-release properties -Urease inhibition through physical separation of urea from soil

36 Nitrification inhibitors- N-Serve /Instinct nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-[trichloromethyl] pyridine) DCD, dicyandiamide

37 Spring N,Touchton et al., 1978 Fall N, Touchton et al., 1978

38 Some studies showed a yield increase with N-Serve, while others showed no yield increase. Yield increases were more a result of weather between application and N uptake rather than performance of the product. Yield increases over the seven years in Minnesota were 15 bushels per acre more for fall anhydrous ammonia + N-Serve over fall anhydrous ammonia alone, and 27 bushels per acre more for spring anhydrous ammonia compared to fall anhydrous ammonia (Randall et al., 2008).

39 Instinct is a new formulation of Nitrapyrin that can be mixed with ammonium fertilizers and can stay on the soil surface without incorporation. Research so far at Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska have shown no yield benefit to the use of Instinct over N fertilizer alone, although the product inhibits nitrification (Kentucky, Schwab, unpublished data)

40 Incubation study, 10 g soil treated with 200 ppm urea-n and 0, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 ppm of nitrapyrin as N-Serve emulsifiable, nitrapyrin as Instinct, DCD, sulfur as ATS, or maleicitaconic polymer as NSN-QDO Four soils Renshaw (slow nitrification) Glyndon, Ulysses, Bearden (rapid nitrification) 1, 2, 3, 4 week sampling Paper submitted to SSSAJ

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43 Conclusion Instinct less effective than N-Serve at equal rates of nitrapyrin No effect of Nutrisphere-N with three soils with rapid nitrification Nutrisphere-N less effective than ATS with the soil with slow nitrification

44 Cumulative Ammonia-N Loss (lb/acre) Cumulative Ammonia-N Loss (lb/acre) Urea Agrotain LIMUS Experimental NBPT Check Gardner Urea Agrotain Valley City LIMUS Experimental NBPT Check ESN (100 lb N) BASF Experimental Coating (100lb coating N) Days Days

45 New Corn N Recommendations will be out Summer Print and web-based West River Eastern Long-term No-till, diverse rotation Eastern High Clay, yield >160 bu/a Eastern High Clay, yield < 160 bu/a Eastern Medium textures, yield > 160 bu/a Eastern Medium textures, yield < 160 bu/a

46 The response curves for N to yield are relatively flat-topped- This means that lb N risks at most about $1 per acre. N rate suggested might be increased/ decreased based on knowledge of the field or hybrid. Or general efficiency of N application method.