Construction Technology for Tall Buildings

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1 Construction Technology for Tall Buildings (3rd Edition)

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3 Construction Technology for Tall Buildings (3rd Edition) CHEW Yit Lin, Michael Department of Building National University of Singapore World Scientific N E W J E R S E Y L O N D O N S I N G A P O R E B E I J I N G S H A N G H A I H O N G K O N G TA I P E I C H E N N A I

4 Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite , Hackensack, NJ UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR TALL BUILDINGS, 3rd Edition Copyright 2009 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN (pbk) ISBN (pbk) Printed in Singapore.

5 To my father, Chew Meng Ching

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7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my mother Madam Wong Shi Chin. Her courage and fortitude has inspired me to take on the task of writing this book. The work would not have been completed without her support and encouragement. vii

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9 PREFACE This third edition incorporates comprehensive revision and expansion to the previous edition. The text introduces the latest construction practices and processes for tall buildings from foundation to roof. It attempts to acquaint readers with the methods, materials, equipment and systems used for the construction of tall buildings. The target readers are practitioners and students in the related professions including architecture, engineering, building, real estate, construction, project and facilities management, quantity and land surveying. The text progresses through the stages of site investigation, excavation and foundations, basement construction, structural systems for the superstructure, site and material handling, wall and floor construction, cladding and roof construction. The construction sequence, merits and limitations of the various proprietary systems commonly used in these respective stages are discussed. Chew Yit Lin, Michael Professor Department of Building School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore ix

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11 CONTENTS Acknowledgement vii Preface ix Chapter 1. Assembly of Building Development of Tall Buildings Building Performance and System Integration Cost, Quality and Time Building Regulations and Control Constraints and Resources Environmental Requirements Industrialisation Robotics in Construction 15 References 18 Chapter 2. Safety and Health Accident Prevention Safe Working Environment Falls of person Falling objects Acts and Regulations Safety and Health Management System Risk Management 30 xi

12 xii Construction Technology for Tall Buildings 2.6. Risk Assessment Review period Record maintenance Communication Offences and penalties 32 References 33 Chapter 3. Site Investigation General Information to be Retrieved Stages of Site Investigation Planning Desk Study Site Reconnaissance Ground Investigation Field tests Subsurface mapping Trial pitting Exploratory boreholes In situ testing Laboratory tests Site Works and Setting Out 52 References 58 Chapter 4. Foundation General Soil Characteristics Foundation Systems Types of Foundation Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation Caisson 76

13 Contents xiii 4.8. Piles Non-displacement pile Bored pile Barrette pile Displacement piles Precast reinforced concrete piles Steel preformed piles Composite piles Driven in situ/cast-in-place piles Pile Load Tests Static load tests Compression load test Uplift pile load test Dynamic load tests 140 References 141 Chapter 5. Basement Construction General Construction Methods Construction in excavations supported by sheet piling Construction in excavations supported by reinforced concrete diaphragm wall Construction in excavations supported by contiguous bored pile or secant pile wall Control of Groundwater Open Cut Technique Cut and Cover Technique Top Down Technique Soil Movement Monitoring Shoring Underpinning 207

14 xiv Construction Technology for Tall Buildings Basement Waterproofing Membrane system Integral system Interior cavity and exterior drainage system Joints and penetration 222 References 224 Chapter 6. Materials Handling and Mechanisation Materials Handling Access considerations Storage considerations Classification of materials Mechanisation Earthmoving Horizontal and vertical movements Erection of Tower Cranes Erection of Climbing Cranes Factors Affecting the Selection and Location of Tower Cranes Selection criterion for tower cranes Location criterion for tower cranes 259 References 262 Chapter 7. Wall and Floor Construction Structural Systems M&E Systems Core Wall Construction Slipform Jumpform Climbing form Floor Construction Flying form 275

15 Contents xv False ceiling Raised floor Precast Prefabricated Elements Advantages of precast/prefabrication Disadvantages of precast/prefabrication Construction process Prestressed Elements Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning Advantages of prestressed concrete Disadvantages of prestressed concrete Steel Structures Structural steel frame Steel decking Concrete Concrete admixtures Batching plant Ready-mixed concrete Formwork Lateral pressure of fresh concrete Column form Wall form Scaffoldings Bintangor/bamboo scaffolds Independent tied scaffolds Couplers Ties 312 References 319 Chapter 8. External Wall Construction General Precast Concrete Panel 323

16 xvi Construction Technology for Tall Buildings 8.3. Glass Reinforced Polyester (GRP) Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GRC) Curtain Walling First generation ( ) Second generation ( ) Third generation (1980+) Stick system Panel/unitised system Water Penetration Joints Wind Pressures Common Defects on Building Façades 343 References 347 Chapter 9. Roof Construction Structural Forms Beams and Slabs Flat Roofs Lattice and Girder Steel Sheet Roofs Truss Roofs Space Frames Shell Roofs Folded Plate Roofs Cable Supported Roofs Roof Decks Installation process Drainage and durability Thermal Properties 387 References 387 Index 389

DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS IN LIQUEFIABLE SOILS

DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS IN LIQUEFIABLE SOILS This page intentionally left blank DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS IN LIQUEFIABLE SOILS Gopal Madabhushi University of Cambridge, UK Jonathan Knappett University