Impacts of large scale restoration on socioeconomic status and livelihoods
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1 Impacts of large scale restoration on socioeconomic status and livelihoods Chetan Kumar Global Forest and Climate Change Program IUCN USA Office
2 Outline Prevalent paradigm of socio-economic impacts Results from review of literature Key issues for discussion
3
4 Impacts of large scale restoration
5 Prevalent paradigm Key socio economic benefits: Contributes to enhancing rural livelihoods Enhances local cultural values and uses of local native timber and non-timber species Builds resilience of the ecological system and improves provisioning services through heterogeneity of system Leave open future options for use of forested land Lowest cost of all restoration options Opportunity to address equity issues
6 Prevalent paradigm Several obstacles: Natural regeneration is messy, perceived as backward or not modern, slow, patchy, and unpredictable Opportunity costs of forfeiting agricultural or other productive land use, uncertain returns and long time horizon Weak financial incentives e.g. fencing, patrolling and other protection measures Land tenure and governance of land to be restored complex Lack of knowledge on applications for multiple use and mixed systems
7 Lack of evidence of impacts Benefits of forests on people are well documented, But relatively less data on socio economic impacts of large scale restoration (and even less of NR) Usually on drivers of success, but not outcomes; cases of success and failure but not on benefits Limited evidences indicate mixed results- in some cases benefits to local communities and in other such programs have reported increase of existing inequities etc.
8 Impacts of large scale restoration
9 Goals and methodology Goals To consolidate and analyse existing evidence on the socioeconomic benefits from large scale restoration initiatives To investigate patterns and identify socioeconomic aspects that can inform future FLR initiatives Methodology Carried out detailed literature review To contextualize and organize the literature review a set of key words were agreed during the break out group of the workshop, which were later revised during the review
10 Literature review A literature review was performed using the Thomson-Reuter Web of Science database from year using key words drawn from the conceptual framework. Initial search on Web of Science yielded 263 articles They are scanned and filtered to 67 articles. After review of all articles 46 were finally short listed for this paper China was the one with more entries (49%), followed by Ghana, Niger, Ethiopia (9%), Mozambique, and Vietnam (4%) Key programs: China s Priority Forest Programs, and the Sloping Land Conversion Program, Five Million Hectare Reforestation Program in Vietnam and Farmer s Managed Natural Regeneration etc.
11 Key benefits Cash income and employment Improvement in ecosystem service Livelihood opportunities Diversification Agricultural intensification Migration Well being Food security Household resilience Equity Empowerment ad conflicts
12 Cash income and employment Income was the most evaluated outcome of large-scale restoration initiatives (58% of the papers) Overall, the data shows that impacts on income have been mixed, depending on other variables such as availability of offfarm jobs, household characteristics, land productivity, land tenure, and markets for forest products and ecosystem services Availability of off farm jobs e.g. created by government/donors was one of key factors where reforestation/natural regeneration was fully or partially successful. But they studies also raised concerns about the sustainability of the approach.
13 Provision of ecosystem services Reported benefits included provisioning services e.g. of timber, fuelwood & fodder Also decrease in time collecting these items and/or the money spent buying them contributed to an increase in household income Agroforestry and FMNR initiatives from Africa report also on increase in food production and availability of food from forest during lean seasons
14 Livelihood opportunities The main reported impact of large-scale forest restoration on local livelihoods was diversification (35%) Diversification of livelihoods was caused by the freeing of labour due to land use change, and increases in cash income from offfarm jobs (when available), governmental payments, and selling of household surplus produce But some papers report of adverse impact on livestock grazers and other forest product dependent communities due to the ban on logging and grazing and lack of compensation
15 Livelihood opportunities The main observed change in agricultural strategies was agriculture system s intensification Several factors are reported to contribute to this e.g. abandonment of shifting cultivation or by changing property rights from collective to private property etc. In the Sahel, agriculture has intensified with positive impacts on local economy, in spite of population growth. However, in Vietnam intensification has caused in numerous unintended consequences, including nutrient depletion, the disruptions of collective land-use systems, conflicts over nontimber forest products (NTFPs) and grazing land
16 Livelihood opportunities Restoration policies and initiatives were also responsible for mixed results in migration trends. In places where local production systems were intensified or diversified and on-farm work opportunities increased, outmigration trends were reduced. Most cases that reported reduction in outmigration were situated in Africa but not all e.g. in Burkina Faso where out migration increased Increase in outmigration were reported in the case studies conducted in China e.g. in the Guizhou Province, outmigration increased after reforestation and logging ban policies were put in place, especially among families with higher incomes or access to education
17 Well being Impact on food security was again reported to be mixed In Burkina Faso and Niger, the FMNR resulted in increasing food availability as well fodder for livestock In Ghana, where cassava cultivation was banned for restoring land on the perception that it would affect natural regeneration impacted the production of a staple food Also in China, where households converted their cropland to forests e.g. under SCLP resulted in decline in food sufficiency
18 Well being Reduction in food security was reported to directly affect the household resilience Households with no or reduced farmland due to restrictions or conversion were reported to be subsidy dependent But there were case where enhancing households and community assets enhanced their ability to cope with and recover from shocks and stress Examples from China, Ghana, Niger show that where government initially invested in education and improving village infrastructure, crop varieties etc. helped in enhancing resilience
19 Well being In Africa, MTS and FMNR positive impacts on addressing the problems of women in terms of reducing times for collection of wood, participation in educational activities. In China, a study reports that reduction in labor requirement after land conversion led to an increase in child care and domestic work! On the hand, in some cases the restoration programs were also responsible for causing or enhancing existing livelihoods inequalities
20 Empowerment and conflicts Empowerment was mainly assessed and reported by some cases e.g. in Mozambique or Indonesia in terms improving access to development agencies, strengthening local leadership, development of new skills etc. as part made by different restoration programs But also several conflicts were reported between agencies and communities, within communities e.g. China and Vietnam, resulting from displacement, inequitable agreements and several other factors such as restricting access to land etc.
21 Take home messages Although the restoration initiatives can bring an array of positive socioeconomic benefits, there are negative impacts as well, which should be considered in future planning. Bottom-up participatory initiatives in Africa seemed to have more positive socioeconomic impacts than top-down initiatives put in place by government Household heterogeneity i.e. how households differ in their assets, access to product land, labor, land tenure and livelihoods etc. need to betted understood before planning NR/Restoration interventions
22 Take home messages Multiple and mixed used systems reported greater contribution to socioeconomic benefits but they need to be planned with local consultations and finally Though not explicit in the reviews studies, the benefits to people are mediated through adaptable institutional and governance systems.
23 Further research More empirical evidence is needed on how are livelihoods affected and how can they be enhanced by natural regeneration? What kind of institutional and governance arrangement can be benefit the achieving both ecological and human well being through natural regeneration? What are the impacts of markets/commercial crops/labour shortages and other similar variables on natural regeneration?
24 Thank you!
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