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Marilynn Patricia Goodwin
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term sustainability of the intensive live questionable [2]. Climate change is putting n livestock production, while livestock contributing through greenhouse emissions change [3], [4].

Based on the abo the need to viaduct the huge productivity ga countries, threaten by rapid changes in systems, more than ever indigenous li resources, which constitute the largest livestock in those

1 term sustainability of the intensive live questionable [2]. Climate change is putting n livestock production, while livestock contributing through greenhouse emissions change [3], [4]. Moreover, despite indigeno adapted to the local environments, they are meat producers compared to the commercial the extensive system [5]. Based on the abo the need to viaduct the huge productivity ga countries, threaten by rapid changes in systems, more than ever indigenous li resources, which constitute the largest livestock in those countries, are increasing through poorly planned crossbreedin replacements. In process, we might be los attributes, especially those responsible for a past, current, and even future Ethiopian challenges, such as feed shortage tole infectious diseases, heat and drought tolera

2 Geographic Distribution Main groups of Ethiopian Indigenous cattle classified into four categories: Large Eas Sanga, Small East African Zebu, Zenga (ze Sanga Zebu backcross). In addition to these other Ethiopian cattle breeds have been r through recent crossbreeding with exotic [ African zebu includes; North Sudan zebu Boran (Ethiopian Boran cattle) and Abyssin zebu (Arisi cattle). They mostly inhabit No and central highland of Ethiopia respectiv have unique evolutionary adaptation to ha and various endemic diseases [21, [22]. Small east African zebu is classified as Abys zebu and are found in different agro-ecolog to different breed names these includes (Ba cattle) in Sidamo and Bale mountain, (H Hararghe highland, (Ogaden cattle) in E

3 and productivity traits also differ among characteristics are largely the result of nat selection. Some breeds are already known adaptive attributes (e.g. Sheko) or g performances (e.g. Ethiopian Boran). One of outstanding features of Ethiopian cattle is resistance. Trypanosomosis is a tsetse-transm vertebrates. In cattle the main pathogenic tr Trypanosome Congolese and T. vivax. T breeds are highly susceptible to trypanosome Table 1: Ethiopian indigenous cattle bree mothering ability, sex dimo characteristics Group Name Breed Name Characte Large East Begait Active dis African Zebu Ethiopian Boran Walking ability, h harsh conditions Small East Arisi cattle Poor milkers, extr

4 cattle breeds have not been selected productivity gains. Rather the main selection on survival, in often unpredictable, harsh environmental conditions. According to [11], [39], Ethiopia possess cattle breeds genetic diversity than cattle breeds in oth Africa. 5. Potential Causes of Threat Intervention African cattle breeds are facing aggravate survival. These includes: unfair competition promoted commercial European breeds, e genotypes are inappropriate, unplanned cro commercial European breeds, globaliz supermarket revolution where standard products are made to mirror the developed

5 Ethiopia is home and main gate of many o breeds, example, the Boran breed which distributed beyond Africa. Kenya is the maj providing the improved Boran gene pool Many of the countries which introduced developed their own Boran breed [53]. T difference of Boran at its original home land improved is quite large. In general, these all above provide evidences how indigenous c are losing their initial genetic architecture an 6. Appropriate Options to be During Interventions 6.1. Insuring sufficient infrastructure African countries are described with s technical, physical, institutional and fin capacity needed to enable sustainable utiliza

6 side pastoralists are increasing the ado ruminants and camels. One of the root caus replacement is the development interventio the area that highly disturbed the indigenou practices accustomed by pastoralist in gove pasture and water resources [53]. Since longtime ago, farmers especially past have their own practices to manage and util they have and had sustainably employed th utilized the genetic resources. Therefore, ne should compromise the local context of indi which pastoralist or farmers have been acq meet the intended objectives in any of t programs. This helps the pastoralists to effic resources they have and maintain their in breeds.

7 nucleus-village based programs are suggeste based breeding scheme that integrates the m based nucleus herd and village (community scheme should be designed and implemented Creating sustainable institutional fra Well coordinated institutions and organiza important parts and roles for the deve livestock sector [67], [63]. For better conservation of these indigenous cattle gen well coordinated institutional arrangement Apart from the between institutional arrangement should include dissemination and networking at different levels. To concerned regional, national and internati should take up the lead responsibility.

8 frequency of a taurine Bos taurine and indicus Y specific allele amongst subcattle breeds. Mol Ecol 9: [8] Hanotte O Bradley DG Ochieng JW V Rege JEO (2002). African pastoralism: of origins and migrations. Science 296: [9] Epstein H (1971). The origin of the dom Africa. African Publishing Corporation I. 101 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10 [10] Ayalew W, Getahun E, Tibbo M, Ma JEO (2003). Current State of Characterization of Farm Genetic Resources in Ethiopia. Proc.11 Ethiopian Soc. Anim. Prod. pp [11] IBC (Institute of Biodiversity Conser Ethiopia s Fifth National Report to the Biological Diversity. [12] Takele TD, Workneh A and Hegde B and trait preferences of Sheko ca

9 [36] Hanotte, O., T. Dessie, and S. Kemp. tap Africa's livestock genomes. Scienc 328: [37] Rege E, Lemecha H, Mulatu W, Huss Abdicho S and Ayalew W (2006). R indigenous cattle breeds to natur trypanosomosis challenge in the G Ethiopia. Vet. Parasitol. 141, [38] DAGRIS (2007). The Domestic A Resources System. =&RC=&SRC=&CC=70. [39] Hoda A, Sena L and Hykaj G (2012). G revealed by AFLP markers in Albani Archives of Biological Sciences 64 (2): [40] Lemecha, H., W. Mulatu, I. Hussein, E. S. Abdicho and W. Ayalew. (2006). R indigenous cattle breeds to natur

10 Moyo S and Philipsson J (2013). In sustainable use of animal genetic resou and Eastern Africa. Animal Genetic R and Agriculture Organization of the 2013, 53: [64] Rothschild M and Graham SP (2014). genomics to improve livestock in the de Elsevier Journal of Livestock Science, 1 Available at: [65] Ryder OA (2005). Conservation geno whole genome studies to species cons Cytogenet Genome Res, 108: [66] Goddard ME and Hayes BJ (2007). Ge J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 124: [67] Philipsson J, Rege JEO, Zonabend E a (2011). Sustainable breeding programm farming systems In: Animal Gen Resource, version 3, 2011.

No evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck in the endangered Sheko cattle breed (African Bos taurus) revealed by microsatellite analysis

1 No evidence for a recent genetic bottleneck in the endangered Sheko cattle breed (African Bos taurus) revealed by microsatellite analysis Hailu Dadi 1,2, Joram Mwacharo 1,3, Markos Tibbo 4, Yukimizu