Assessing the Impact of ICT on Development WSIS, MDGs and e Governance

Transcription

1 Assessing the Impact of ICT on Development WSIS, MDGs and e Governance Tomasz Janowski and Adegboyega Ojo Macao SAR, China

2 ICT AND DEVELOPMENT Experiences from around the world demonstrate the impact of ICT on development: ON POVERTY ON EDUCATION ON GENDER ON HEALTH ON ENVIRONMENT ON GOVERNANCE by increasing market access and competitiveness of the poor by increasing access to learning through distance education by increasing economic opportunities for women by connecting rural health providers with formal health systems by monitoring and mitigation of environmental risks by engaging citizens in policy and decision making processes, etc. However, the empirical evidence is yet to be explained by rigorous impact assessment frameworks: How can particular types of ICT initiatives advance concrete development objectives? This is particularly necessary if we want to go beyond measuring existing ICT initiatives How to design new ICT portfolios that are able to achieve the desired development impact by design? 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 2

3 WSIS AND MDG An instance of the problem is relating two frameworks that drive global progress in ICT and Development:? and then drawing the implications for e Governance (which is part of MDG8) E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 3

4 AIM AND OVERVIEW AIM To provide an overview of the joint ITU UNU project on linking WSIS and MDG processes through research in the area of ICT impact assessment OVERVIEW 1. BACKGROUND MDG, WSIS AND EGOV 2. CONTEXT UNU ITU Project on MDG and WSIS 3. CONCEPTUALIZATION ICT4D Impact Assessment 4. ANALYSIS Analysis of the WSIS Stocktaking Database 5. IMPLICATIONS e Governance 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 4

5 BACKGROUND MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) OBJECTIVE Achieving eight global development goals by GOALS MDG1 MDG2 MDG3 MDG4 MDG5 MDG6 MDG7 MDG8 Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other Ensure environmental sustainability Global partnership for development STATUS 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 5

6 BACKGROUND WORLD SUMMIT ON INFORMATION SOCIETY (WSIS) OBJECTIVE ITU led global action framework to establish the foundations for an Information Society for all. ACTION LINES C1 Stakeholders Role C2 ICT Infrastructure C3 Knowledge Access C4 Capacity Building C5 Cybersecurity C6 Enabling Environment C7 ICT Applications C8 Cultural Diversity C9 Media C10 Ethical Dimensions C11 Cooperation STOCKTAKING DATABASE 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 6

7 BACKGROUND ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE (EGOV) Political System 3 4 Administrative System 1, 3 2 Society Supporting new governance paradigms: odistribution of power to citizens ogovernment wide coordination ostronger regulation due to participation on non state actors orelying on social networks for citizens to express collective voice One of ICT Applications, under the WSIS Action Line E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 7

8 OVERVIEW 1. BACKGROUND MDG, WSIS AND EGOV 2. CONTEXT UNU ITU Project on MDG and WSIS 3. CONCEPTUALIZATION ICT4D Impact Assessment 4. ANALYSIS Analysis of the WSIS Stocktaking Database 5. IMPLICATIONS e Governance 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 8

9 PROJECT CONTEXT OBJECTIVES 1. Investigate the impact of the WSIS Action Lines on the MDG process. 2. Establish the actual needs of practitioners, member states and international organizations in effectively assessing the impact of their ICT4D initiatives (WSIS Action Line projects) on MDGs 3. Provide an annotated repository of resources (frameworks, toolkits, etc.) to guide practitioners on the use of existing ICT Impact Assessment models, frameworks and measurement systems. 4. Develop a system for monitoring the impact WSIS process on the MDG process, integrated with the WSIS Stocktaking platform E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 9

10 PROJECT CONTEXT OUTPUTS 1. Conceptual Framework for ICT Impact Assessment for WSIS Impact Assessment in particular 2. Repository of ICT Impact Assessment models, frameworks and methodologies 3. WSIS Stocktaking Database Analysis Report 4. State of Practice report on Impact Assessment of WSIS on the MDG process 5. Action Plan 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 10

11 PROJECT CONTEXT ACTION FRAMEWORK A7 Mobilizing Actions O5 Proposal for action A6 Proposal Articulation A1 Agenda Settings O4 Survey findings on state of practice and practitioner needs O3 WSIS Stocktaking Database Analysis Report A5 Issue Investigation (Survey) Framework for survey design O1 Conceptual Framework Report Concepts and elements of the framework A2 State of the Art Review A4 Analysis of the WSIS Stocktaking Database Core issues to investigate A3 Conceptual Framework O2 Repository of theories, models frameworks, and tools on ICT4D impact assessment 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 11

12 AIM AND OVERVIEW 1. BACKGROUND MDG, WSIS AND EGOV 2. CONTEXT UNU ITU Project on MDG and WSIS 3. CONCEPTUALIZATION ICT4D Impact Assessment 4. ANALYSIS Analysis of the WSIS Stocktaking Database 5. IMPLICATIONS e Governance 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 12

13 CONCEPTUALIZATION AIM The Conceptual Framework (A3) action aims to: odevelop a conceptual model to relate major concepts in different thematic areas covered in the Stateof the Art (A2) review. orelate various theories, models and frameworks to provide good understanding of the central issues involved in ICT impact assessment and design of ICT4D portfolios. Specifically, we seek to determine and fill the gap in the application of existing ICT4D theories/models with respect to the WSIS and MDG processes E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 13

14 CONCEPTUALIZATION DEFINING CONCEPTS IMPACT o Positive or negative, primary or secondary long term effect produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or un intended [DAC]. o Impact is an actual experience of an individual or community, therefore variables such as increase in population, increase in ethnic and racial diversity, relocation etc. o Social impact refers to impacts actually experienced by humans (at individual or higher levels) in either a corporeal (physical) or cognitive (perceptual) sense [Schooten 06] ICT4D IMPACT ASSESSMENT Contribution of an ICT initiative to concrete development objectives [Heeks et al. 09] 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 14

15 CONCEPTUALIZATION RELATING CONCEPTS Inputs Activities Outputs Outcomes Impact Objectives CONCEPT ICT Output Outcome Benefit Impact EXAMPLE mobile phone, e learning mobile phone network Improved communication of communities with external world, price information on farm products, etc. increased daily income for farmers, improved social ties for families, etc. reduced poverty Objective halve between 1990 and 2015, the population with income is less than 1 dollar a day (MDG 1, Target 1) 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 15

16 CONCEPTUALIZATION THEMATIC AREAS ICT4D Impact Assessment ICT and Development Conceptualizing ICT 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 16

17 CONCEPTUALIZATION ICT4D IMPACT ASSESSMENT Heeks 09, Klein 08, etc E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 17

18 CONCEPTUALIZATION ICT AND DEVELOPMENT Modernization Development Related Constructs: Human Development Dependency Others Development Theories oagency ochoice ocapability oempowerment oinstitution oresources ovulnerability o. ICT Examples Choice Framework, Sustainable Livelihood Framework, Empowerment Framework, etc E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 18

19 CONCEPTUALIZATION ICT Traditionally, ICT has been treated as a monolithic and homogenous entity, particularly in practice. However, ICT use is contextual and shaped by societies [Sein et al. 04, Orlikowski et al. 01]: ohigh incidence of ICT project failures in terms of anticipated impacts on individuals and societies ohigh prevalence of unintended benefits from ICT initiatives Consequently, a number of perspectives have been proposed for understanding ICT [Sein et al. 04]: oict Use how it is utilized? oict Views how it is conceived? oict Impact what kind of impact can it have? 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 19

20 CONCEPTUALIZATION IMPLICATIONS FOR WSIS INITIATIVES ENSEMBLE IMPERATIVE Explicit consideration of the social context in the design of WSIS initiatives. PROXY VIEW Policy shift from treating ICT as a tool to ICT as symbolizing development e.g. economic growth or empowerment for impact generation. DIRECT APPLICATION Associating initiatives explicitly with concrete development goals from inception is critical E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 20

21 AIM AND OVERVIEW 1. BACKGROUND MDG, WSIS AND EGOV 2. CONTEXT UNU ITU Project on MDG and WSIS 3. CONCEPTUALIZATION ICT4D Impact Assessment 4. ANALYSIS Analysis of the WSIS Stocktaking Database 5. IMPLICATIONS e Governance 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 21

22 ANALYSIS AIM The aim of this action is: oto summarize recorded initiatives with respect to the associated Action Lines and MDGs oto generate associations between WSIS activities and the MDGs as a basis for developing hypothesis for further investigating the impact of WSIS activities on the MDG process A WSIS Stocktaking Analysis Report will be produced as a result E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 22

23 ANALYSIS PROJECT VOLUME BY COUNTRY 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 23

24 ANALYSIS PROJECT VOLUME BY COUNTRY AND STATUS 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 24

25 ANALYSIS KEYWORDS USED IN TITLES 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 25

26 ANALYSIS KEYWORD FREQUENCIES 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 26

27 ANALYSIS PROJECT DISTRIBUTION BY ACTION LINES 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 27

28 ANALYSIS PROJECT DISTRIBUTION BY MDGS 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 28

29 ANALYSIS RELATING WSIS ACTION LINES AND MDGS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 MDG1 MDG2 MDG3 MDG4 MDG5 MDG6 MDG7 MDG8 Two forms of analysis: odeduction of rules from the database (4646 projects) omanual mapping of 42 reported cases from international development reports Single confirmation Double confirmation Approach rule mining Support 0.6 (60% of cases supported the rule ) Confidence E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 29

30 ANALYSIS WSIS TO MDG1 EXAMPLE MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 30

31 ANALYSIS VERIFYING LINKAGES BETWEEN WSIS AND MDGS The associations deduced from the stocktaking database and the manual mapping exercise will be investigated further through: oanalysis of evidence gathered through surveys and elaboration of case studies for detailed investigation of facts with respect to specific Action Lines ofurther theoretical analysis of the possible connections between WSIS Action Lines and MDGS 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 31

32 AIM AND OVERVIEW 1. BACKGROUND MDG, WSIS AND EGOV 2. CONTEXT UNU ITU Project on MDG and WSIS 3. CONCEPTUALIZATION ICT4D Impact Assessment 4. ANALYSIS Analysis of the WSIS Stocktaking Database 5. IMPLICATIONS e Governance 2010 E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 32

33 IMPLICATIONS EGOV EGOV as part of the WSIS Action Line C7: 1)While C7 potentially impacts on all MDGs, there is a need to drill down on the WSIS stocktaking database to determine which MDG subset is potentially impacted by EGOV initiatives. 2)Establishing causality between EGOV initiatives and the MDG or governance objectives will require comprehensive analysis of qualitative and quantitative data on specific case studies such as the well known Bhoomi Project (online delivery of land records) in Karnataka in India, by integrating and customizing existing ICT4D impact assessment models. 3)For EGOV impact assessment activity to be feasible, EGOV planners, program managers and operators must integrate data collection into their activities. This would require additional resources and time. Therefore evaluating the tradeoff in terms of resource requirements and quality of impact assessment results is critical from the pragmatic perspective. 4)However, results from (2) are necessary to develop evidences that could be used to inform the design and development of more effective policies and programs on EGOV E GOVERNANCE WORLD SUMMIT, TAIPEI, 15 NOVEMBER 2010, 33

34 Thank you for listening Tomasz Janowski