Residual effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on macro and micro nutrient status of rabi greengram under rice-greengram cropping system

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1 Legume Research,38 (4) 2015: Print ISSN: / Online ISSN: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Residual effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on macro and micro nutrient status of rabi greengram under rice-greengram cropping system CH.S. Rama Lakshmi*, P. Chandrasekhar Rao, T. Sreelatha, M. Madhavi, G. Padmaja and P.V. Rao Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad , India. Received: Accepted: DOI: / ABSTRACT Studies on cumulative and residual effects of Integrated Nutrient Management of khraif rice on soil fertility status of rabi green gram was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle during rabi 2009 and Results revealed that irrespective of the treatments, the organic carbon content observed under cumulative effects were higher than their corresponding residual treatments and the contents were higher in second year than first year. All the treatments meant for cumulative effects recorded higher available nutrient status than their corresponding residual treatments. The increase in mean available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents after harvest of greengram due to cumulative effects was 5.6 & 5.18, & 16, 4.14 & 4.3 % during 2009 and 2010, respectively. In case of micronutrients, the percent increase during 2009 and 2010 in cumulative effects over residual effects was, 5.1 & (Zn), 2.6 & 5.45 (Fe), 9.5 and 10.1 (Cu) and 2 & 3.53 % (Mn), respectively. Among cumulative and residual effects, cumulative effects performed better and between two years build up was more in second year than first year. Among different treatments, the treatment which received 75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + vegetable market 2.5 t ha -1 to kharif rice and 50 % chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram) recorded significantly higher available macro and micronutrient status and it was on par with 50 % chemical fertilizers+ vegetable market waste 2.5 t ha -1 to kharif rice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram) and 75 % chemical fertilizers+weed 2 t ha -1 to khraif rice and 50 % chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram). The treatment with 100 % chemical fertilizers to kharif rice and 50 % chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram recorded significantly lower available nutrient status, which was significantly lower than the integrated nutrient treatments, but was superior to absolute control. Key words: INM, Nutrient status etc., Residual effect, Rice-greengram. INTRODUCTION Rice-Pulse cropping system is an important cropping system in Andhra Pradesh, more so in its coastal belt. Growing concern about the sustainability of rice based cropping system has led to renewed interest in organic manuring by recycling of different organic wastes. Integration of organic sources in the nutrient management of rice can help to maintain or improve the soil productivity. The approach to improve the productivity, profitability, soil health and quality of produce through the locally available resources will attract the farmers to adopt their application readily. Vermicompost prepared from different organic wastes can be utilized effectively in rice based cropping systems. A study was made to find out the cumulative and residual effects of integrated nutrient management practices of kharif rice on soil nutrient status after succeeding rabi greengram. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was made at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle to study the cumulative and residual effects of INM of kharif rice on rabi greengram under rice-pulse cropping system. Both the crops were raised during khraif and rabi 2009 and 2010 consecutively for two years on the same field with rice and green gram as test crops. There were 10 treatments of integrated nutrient management imposed on preceding rice crop that formed that main plots and each plot was divided into two halves and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers of greengram i.e 10 and 20 kg N and P ha -1 were applied to one half, while the crop in the other half plot was studied under the residual effect. The main treatments include T 1-50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers t ha -1 cane trash compost, T 2-50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers t ha -1 weed *Corresponding author s sitaramalakshmi20@yahoo.com. Address: RARS, Anakapalle , Visakhapatnam district.

2 Volume 38 Issue 4, compost, T 3-50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers t ha -1 vegetable market waste compost, T 4-50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers t ha -1 rice straw compost, T 5-75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers t ha -1 cane trash compost, T 6-75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers t ha -1 weed compost, T 7-75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers t ha -1 vegetable market waste compost, T 8-75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers t ha -1 rice straw compost, T % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers and T 10 - Control. Different vermicomoposts viz., cane trash, weeds vegetable market waste and rice straw 2.5 t ha -1 were used along with different levels of chemical fertilizers i.e 50 % RDF (40 kg N, 30 kg P 2 O 5 and 20 kg K 2 O ha -1 ) and 75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (60kg N, 45 kg P 2 O 5 and 30 kg K 2 O ha -1 ) in rice and later greengram was grown. Initial and post harvest soil samples were dried under shade, pounded, to pass through a 2 mm sieve. Soil reaction (ph) and Electrical Conductivity (ds m -1 ) was determined in 1:2.5 soil : water suspension using ph meter and EC meter (Jackson 1967). Organic carbon (%) in 1 mm sieve soil was determined by wet digestion method by Walkley and Black (1934) as described by Jack son (1967). Available nitrogen (kg ha -1 ) in the soil was determined by alkaline potassium permanganate method as described by Subbaiah and Asija (1956). Available Phosphorus (kg ha -1 ) was extracted from soil by Olsen s reagent. The blue colour was developed following ascorbic acid method of Watanabe and Olsen (1965) and the intensity of blue colour was determined using spectrophotometer at 420 nm. Available potassium (kg ha -1 ) was extracted from soil by using neutral normal ammonium acetate (Murh et al., 1965) and was determined using an Elico flame photometer as described by Jackson (1967). DTPA extractable micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) were extracted from soil by using DTPA reagent as per the procedure of Lindsay and Norvell (1978) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The data on Initial soil analysis presented Table 1 revealed that the soils were neutral in soil reaction (ph 7.22) with non saline conductivity (0.210 dsm -1 ). The organic carbon content was 0.51 % and the available nitrogen content was low (241 kg ha -1 ), available phosphorus was medium in status (27.45 kg ha -1 ) and available potassium content was high (309 kg ha -1 ). The data on initial micronutrient status revealed that the available zinc, copper, manganese and iron was 0.74, 1.10, 8.2 and 10.5 ppm, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil reaction and Electrical Conductivity (dsm -1 ): The ph and electrical conductivity of the post harvest soil samples varied with in a narrow range among different treatments and the differences were statistically non significant (Table 2). Organic carbon (%): Among the cumulative treatments organic carbon content after harvest of rabi greengram ranged from 0.43 to 0.57 % and 0.41 to 0.60 %. Organic carbon content of soil with an initial value of 0.51 % had increased significantly and attained a maximum value of 0.57 and 0.60 % during first and second year, respectively, which was recorded in the treatment T7 (75 % RDF + vegetable market waste 2.5 tha -1 to khraif rice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram. This could be ascribed to the contribution from annual use of vermicompost consecutively for two years, and it was on par with T6 i.e plots which received weed vermicompost. Where as in absolute control treatment it was decreased to 0.43 % during first year and it was further decreased to 0.41 % in second year from its initial value of 0.51 %. The treatment T9 (100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to khraif rice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram) recorded mean organic carbon contents of 0.52 and 0.53 % during 2009 and 2010, respectively, which was inferior to all the Integrated Nutrient Management treatments, but was superior to absolute control. The difference in mean organic carbon contents between cumulative and residual effects was 0.01 and 0.03 % during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Among the residual treatments mean organic carbon content after harvest of rabi green gram was 0.52 and 0.53 % during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Irrespective of the treatments, the organic carbon content observed under cumulative effects were higher than their corresponding residual treatments and the contents were higher in second year than first year. It may be attributed to higher contribution of biomass to the soil in the form of crop stubbles and residues. The subsequent decomposition of these materials might have resulted in enhanced organic carbon TABLE 1: Initial properties of experimental soil Parameter Status ph 7.10 EC (ds m -1 ) OC (%) 0.51 Avail.N (kgha -1 ) 241 Avail.P2O5 (kgha -1 ) Avail.K2O (kgha -1 ) 309 Avail. Zn (mg kg -1 ) 0.74 Avail. Cu (mg kg -1 ) 1.10 Avail. Fe (mg kg -1 ) 8.2 Avail. Mn (mg kg -1 ) 10.5

3 TABLE 3: Cumulative and residual effects of INM of khraif rice on macronutrient status in post harvest soils of greengram during rabi 2009 and 2010 TABLE 2: Cumulative and residual effects of INM of khraif rice on physicochemical properties in post harvest soils of greengram during rabi 2009 and LEGUME RESEARCH

4 Volume 38 Issue 4, content of the soil. Under cumulative effects, the increase in organic carbon due to use of fertilizers can also be attributed to higher contribution of biomass to the soil in the form of stubbles and residues. This also indicates that, substantial improvement in soil health can be expected by application of 50 % of the chemical fertilizers to the succeeding greengram crop. These results are in conformity with the findings of Ramesh et al. (2006), Bhikane et al. (2007) and Sutaria et al. (2010). Macro nutrient status (kg ha -1 ): Available nitrogen: Continuous use of different types of vermicomposts consecutively for two years tended to increase the available nitrogen content of the soil. Data presented in Table 3 indicated that all the cumulative treatments recorded higher available nitrogen content than their corresponding residual treatments. The difference in mean available nitrogen content between cumulative and residual effects was 10 and 12 kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Significantly highest available nitrogen content under cumulative (274 and 282 kg ha -1 ) and residual treatments (262 and 268 kg ha -1 ) were recorded in the treatment with 75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers with vegetable market waste 2.5 tha -1 had been applied during 2009 and 2010, respectively, and it was on par with all the Integrated nutrient management treatments (T1 to T6). Further it was also observed that the available nitrogen content in soil increased with the increasing levels of fertilizer application from 50 % to 75% recommended dose of chemical fertilizers. Significantly lower available nitrogen content was recorded in absolute control treatment. The available nitrogen content was decreased significantly in 100 % RDF treatment (250 and 252 kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively) as compared to all the INM treatments. With the same level of fertilizer and compost application vegetable market waste compost recorded highest available nitrogen content compared to other sources of vermicomposts as the vegetable market waste contains highest initial nitrogen status. Available phosphorus: Irrespective of the treatments, the available phosphorus contents observed under cumulative effects were higher than their corresponding residual treatments and the contents were higher in second year than first year. Among the cumulative treatments available phosphorus contents after harvest of rabi greengram ranged from to and 17.4 to kg ha -1 with a mean values of and kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The available phosphorus content recorded with absolute control was significantly lower than rest of the treatments. The treatment with 75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + vegetable market waste 2.5 t ha -1 to khraif rice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram recorded significantly higher available phosphorus content of and kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The treatment with 100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to khraif rice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram recorded available phosphorus contents of and kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively, which was inferior to all the Integrated Nutrient Management treatments, but was superior to absolute control. TABLE 4: Cumulative and residual effects of INM of kharif rice on micronutrient status (ppm) in post harvest soils of greengram during rabi 2009 and 2010 Treatments Zn Fe CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean T T T T T T T T T T Mean CD (0.05) M S MxS CV (%)

5 500 LEGUME RESEARCH Among the residual treatments mean available phosphorus content after harvest of rabi green gram was and kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Highest available phosphorus content was recorded in 75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + vegetable market waste 2.5 t ha -1 to khraif rice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram (37.22 and kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively), which was significantly superior than rest of the treatments. The difference in mean available phosphorus contents between cumulative and residual effects was 4.26 and 5.03 kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Available potassium: Among the cumulative treatments the available potassium content after harvest of rabi greengram ranged from 241 to 346 and 220 to 358 kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The treatment which received 75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + rice straw 2.5 tha -1 to kharif rice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram recorded highest available potassium content of 346 and 358 kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively the difference between first and second year was 12 kg ha -1, which was on par with all the integrated nutrient management treatments and significantly superior than T9 (320 and 323 kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010) and T10 (241 and 220 kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010). Where as in residual treatments available potassium content ranged from 230 to 324 and 208 to 338 kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Significantly highest available potassium content was recorded in T8 which was on par with all the treatments except T9 and T10. The difference in mean available potassium content between cumulative and residual treatments was 13 and 10 kg ha -1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The increase in mean available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents after harvest of greengram due to cumulative effects was 5.6 & 5.18, & 16, 4.14 & 4.3 % during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Apparently higher available nutrient status under INM treatments may be due to the reason that even after the harvest of rice, certain quantities of vermicompost continue to mineralize releasing nutrients which could add to the available pool. This was attributed to the initial nutrient status itself more in vegetable market waste and the differences in time required for mineralization process and release of nutrients. Compared to cumulative treatments, under residual treatments more depletion of nutrients was observed and also observed the lower values of available nutrient status in the treatment which received 100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers after harvest of greengram as compared to Integrated Nutrient management treatments may be due to maximum utilization of applied nutrients by both the crops in sequence. Among cumulative and residual effects, cumulative effects performed better and among two years build up was more in second year than first year. In both the years absolute control plot showed reduction in the available nutrient status due to removal of nutrients by crops in the both the years without fertilization. The data indicated a declining trend from its initial value of available NPK status in absolute control which indicates considerable mining of available nutrients. The results are well supported by the findings of Peda Babu et al. (2008), Upendra Rao et al. (2009), Datta and Singh (2010) and Risikesh et al. (2011). TABLE 5: Cumulative and residual effects of INM of khraif rice on micronutrient status (ppm) in post harvest soils of greengram during rabi 2009 and 2010 Treatments Cu Mn CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean CUM. RES. Mean T T T T T T T T T T Mean CD (0.05) M S MxS CV (%)

6 Volume 38 Issue 4, Micro nutrient status (ppm): Available zinc: Irrespective of the treatments, the available zinc content observed under cumulative effects were higher than their corresponding residual treatments and the contents were higher in second year than first year (Table 4). Among the cumulative treatments available zinc contents after harvest of rabi greengram ranged from 0.59 to 0.91 ppm and 0.58 to 0.94 ppm with a mean values of 0.81 and 0.77 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The available zinc content recorded with absolute control was significantly lower than rest of the treatments. The treatment with 75 % RDF + Vegetable market waste waste 2.5 tha -1 to khraif rice and 50 % RDF to rabi greengram recorded significantly higher available zinc content of 0.91 and 0.94 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The treatment with 100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to khraif rice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram recorded 0.70 and 0.72 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively, which was significantly lower than the Integrated Nutrient Mangement treatments, but was superior to absolute control. Among the residual treatments mean available zinc content after harvest of rabi green gram ranged from 0.56 to 0.86 and 0.49 to 0.87 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The difference in mean available zinc content between cumulative and residual effects was 0.04 and 0.09 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Available iron: All the treatments meant for cumulative effects recorded higher available iron content than their corresponding residual treatments (Table 4). Among the cumulative effects the mean available iron content after harvest of greengram was 4.61 to 8.94 and 4.53 to 9.54 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. During 2009 and 2010 significantly maximum available iron content under cumulative (8.94 and 9.54 ppm) and residual treatments (8.82 and 8.43 ppm) were recorded in plots with 75 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + vegetable market waste 2.5 tha -1 to khraif rice and 50 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers to rabi greengram and it was significantly differ from rest of the treatments. Significantly lower available iron content was recorded in absolute control treatment. The treatment which received 100 % recommended dose of chemical fertilizers during preceding rice crop, recorded mean available iron content of 6.85 and 7.22 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively, which was significantly differ from all the Integrated Nutrient Management treatments in both the years. Available copper: Among the cumulative treatments the mean available copper content after harvest of rabi greengram was 0.70 to 1.45 and 0.71 to 1.47 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The treatment T7 which received 75 % RDF+ veg.market waste 2.5 tha -1 to khraif rice and 50 % RDF to rabi greengram recorded maximum available copper content of 1.45 and 1.47 ppm during 2009 and 2010, which was superior than all the Integrated Nutrient Management treatments. The treatment which received 100 % RDF for khraif rice and 50 % Recommended dose of Chemical fertilizers to rabi green gram (T9) recorded available copper content of 0.98 and 1.01 ppm during 2009 and 2010 and it was inferior than all the INM treatments. Among residual treatments available copper content ranged from 0.60 to 1.30 and 0.56 to 1.34 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Available manganese: All the treatments meant for cumulative effects recorded higher available manganese content than their corresponding residual treatments (Table 5). Among the cumulative effects the mean available manganese content after harvest of greengram was and ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. Maximum available manganese content under cumulative (13.66 and ppm) and residual treatments (12.81 and ppm) was recorded in T7 during 2009 and 2010, respectively and it was on par with T6. Significantly lower available manganese content was recorded in absolute control treatment. The treatment T9, which received 100 % RDF during preceding rice crop, recorded mean available manganese content of 9.42 and 9.64 ppm during 2009 and 2010, respectively. In case of micronutrients, the per cent increase during 2009 and 2010 in cumulative effects over residual effects was, 5.1 & (Zn), 2.6 & 5.45 (Fe), 9.5 and 10.1 (Cu) and 2 & 3.53 % (Mn), respectively. Among cumulative and residual effects, cumulative effects performed better and among two years build up was more in second year than first year. The results are well supported by the findings of Ramesh et al. (2006) and Banik and Sharma (2008), The higher availability of micronutrients in soil particularly with use of organic manures may be ascribed to mineralization, reduction in fixation of nutrients by organic matter and complexing properties of vermicompost with micronutrients (Prasad et al. 2010). The INM treatments with organic manures either increased or retained the critical fertility status of micronutrients. Organic manures on decomposition produce a varieties of biochemical substances (organic acids, polyphenols, amino acids and poly saccharides) which stimulate the solubility, transport and availability of zinc. Effectiveness of organic manures may be ascribed to their ability after degradation to form water soluble complexes with iron and other ions. Perhaps, humic substances and organic acids formed after decomposition of crop residue by

7 502 LEGUME RESEARCH microflora may help in the translocation of micronutrient which can be transported only with difficulty within the plant. The most significant influence of organic manures in increasing the solubility and availability of iron in the soil is through by solubilization and mass flow in the immediate vicinity of plant (Prasad et al. 2010). REFERENCES Banik, P and Sharma, R.C. (2008). Effects of integrated nutrient management with mulching on rice based cropping systems in rainfed eastern plateau area. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 78 (3): Bhikane, S.S., Dabke, D.J., Dodke, S.B and Dhane, S.S. (2007). Effect of integrated use of inorganic and organic fertilizers on yield, quality, nutrient uptake by cowpea and properties of an alfisol. Journal of Indian Coastal Agriculture Research. 25 (1): Datta, M and Singh, N.P. (2010). Nutrient Management in rice based cropping systems as influenced by applying cattle manure alone or in combination with fertilizers in upland acid soils of Tripura. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 58 (1): Indira, P., Lenin, M and Ravi Mycin, T. (2010). Efficacy of groundnut haulm compost on the growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) var. Vamban 1. Current Botany. 11 (1): Jackson, M.L. (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi Lindsay, W.C and Norvell, A. (1978). Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 42: Murh, G.R., Dutta, N.P and Sankasubramanoey. (1965). Soil testing in India (USAID) mission to India, New Delhi. Peda Babu, B., Shanti, M., Rajendra Prasad, B and Minhass, P.S. (2008). Effect of Zinc on black gram in Rice-black gram cropping system in coastal saline soil. The Andhra Agricultural Journal. 55 (1): Prasad, J., Kurmakar, S., Kumar, R and Mishra, B. (2010). Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on yield and soil properties in maize-wheat cropping system in an Alfisol of Jharkhand. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 58 (2): Ramesh, P., Mohan Singh, Panwar, N.R., Singh, A.B and Ramana, S. (2006). Response of pigeon pea varieties to organic manures and their influence on fertility and enzyme activity of soil. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 76 (4): Risikesh Thakur, S.D. Sawarkar, U.K. Vaishya and Muneshwar Singh. (2011). Impact of continuous use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures on soil properties and productivity under soybean wheat intensive cropping of a vertisol. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 59 (1): Subbaiah, B.V and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science. 25: Sutaria, G.S., Akbari, K.N., Vora, V.D., Hirpara, D.S and Padmani, D.R. (2010). Response of legume crops to enriched compost and vermicompost on vertic ustocrept under rainfed agriculture. Legume Research. 33 (2): Upendra Rao, A., Dakshina Murthy, K.M and Bucha Reddy, B. (2009). Effect of INM on soil fertility in rice-greengram sequence. PKV Research Journal. 33 (1): 1-3. Watanabe and Olsen, P. (1965). Methods of soil analysis-chemical and microbiological properties. Soil Science Soceity of America Incorporation, Medison, Wisconsin, USA.