Low-Residue crop protection strategy for apples Possibilities and limits

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1 Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER Agroscope Low-Residue crop protection strategy for apples Possibilities and limits s Sarah Perren, Michael Gölles & Andreas Naef 15 January I good food, healthy environment

2 Research issue - strategies Goals of «Low-Residue» Strategy Reduction of chemical-synthetic pesticide use No pesticide residues detectable Production of premium quality apples 3 crop protection strategies Integrated crop protection () Organic crop protection (OP) Low-Input / Residue () combination of and OP Until 2008 Low-Input: reduced number of applications From 2009 Low-Residue: no detectable pesticide residues 2

3 Trial design Varieties Golden Delicious (0.32 ha), N Golden Del. Untreated control OP Buffer rows Buffer rows planting year 1999 scab resistant (0.75 ha) (Vf), planting year 2006 (Vf), planting year 2004 Untreated control Buffer rows (Vf), planting year 2004 Buffer rows Assesments: Disease incidences, pests, yield, quality, storage properties, working hours, economics, OP Buffer rows OP 3

4 OP 8 days 8 days harvest hot water treatment 3 weeks Crop protection strategies Bud break pre bloom bloom post bloom summer Final treat. Scab primary season (Ascospores) Scab secondary season (conidia) 1x Delan 2x Anilino-Pyrimidine 2x QoI + Captan 2x DMI + Captan 4-6x Captan 1x Delan 2x Anilino- Pyrimidine 1x DMI + Captan 5 6x Bicarbonate + S 2 3x Acid clay + S 1x Bicar bonat 1x Copper 3 4x Acid clay + S 5 6x Bicarbonate + S 2 3x Acid clay + S 1x Bicar bonat Golden Del. only thinnig fertilization fire blight codling moth other pests weeds Low-Residue OP Chemical thinnig + handish Mechanical thinnig (Darwin) + handish According to Swiss guidelines According to Swiss organic guidelines Streptomycin according to Maryblight Myco-Sin according to Maryblight Hail net + exclusion netting (barrier for bees) Exclusion netting + mating disruption 1-2x insekticides () 1 2x insekticides (OP) 1-2x herbicides () Mechanical weeding (Ladurner) 4

5 Disease incidence [%] Apple scab Leaf scab end of June (Golden Delicious ) ,5 46,0 27,8 39,0 24,5 14,3 20,5 Strategy Mean % ( ) p < A A OP B control C 0,8 0,0 0,5 0,5 0,0 0,3 0,3 0,0 0,0 Kontrolle control BIO OP Low-Input 5

6 Disease incidence [%] Apple scab fruit scab before harvest (Golden Delicious ) ,3 96,5 90,5 95,5 36,3 83, Strategy Mean % ( ) p < A A OP B control C ,8 3,0 0,8 0,3 0,8 2,3 0,0 1,3 2,3 0,0 Kontrolle control BIO OP 6

7 Diseases incidence [%] Powdery mildew on scab resistant variety (mean ) ,2 23,8 22,5 17,1 15,9 16,0 11,6 8, ,1 Strategy Mean % ( ) p < A A OP B control B 9, ,8 3,3 1,6 2,2 1,0 1,3 0,4 1,0 0,3 Kontrolle control BIO OP 1,8 7

8 Diseases incidences [%] Damage by insect pests (mean ) 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 Schalenwickler Apfelwickler Andere Sägewespen Kleiner Fruchtwickler Früher Raupenfrass 1 0,5 0 OP BIO 8

9 Golden Golden Golden Golden Diseases incidence [%] Storage rot after 6-7 months CA-Storage (mean ) % Sonstiges others % Venturia % Gloeosporium Kontrolle control BIO OP 9

10 Golden Golden Befallshäufigkeit [%] % % % % % % % % Storage rot after 6-7 months CA- Storage with Hot-Water Dipping (mean ) OP % Sonstiges others % Venturia % Gloeosporium 10 0 Variety temperature Tauchzeit 52 C 2.5 min Golden Delicious 50 C 2.5 min 52 C 2.5 min 52 C 2.5 min BIO OP 10

11 Detectable pesticide residues Year Variety residues detected / concentration (mg/kg) 2009 Golden Del. Captan 0.07 Trifloxystrobin 0.03 OP No residues MRLs: Captan 3 mg/kg, Trifloxystrobin 0.5 mg/kg Pirimicarb 1 mg/kg No residues Captan 0.12 Trifloxystrobin Golden Del. Captan 0.32 Trifloxystrobin 0.02 Captan 0.58 Trifloxystrobin Golden Del. Pirimicarb 0.05 Captan 0.12 Trifloxystrobin 0.03 Trifloxystrobin 0.01 Drift from! No residues No residues No residues No residues No residues 2012 Golden Del. Captan 0.18 No residues Captan 0.20 No residues 11

12 Cash flow from 2009 to 2012 for each plot (Fr./ha) BIO OP Golden Del. Golden Del. Golden Del X

13 Conclusions for Low-Residue strategy The Low-Residue management begins with the choice of the right variety Production of residue free apples an a comparable yield is possible using a combination of and OP strategies Vf-varieties have to be treated with fungicides to prevent other diseases and Vf-resistance breakdown Little problems with pests; successful control of codling moth with exclusion netting and mating disruption The reduction of synthetic fungicides () caused problems also observed in OP (Gloeosporium, Marssonina, ) With post-harvest hot water treatments the incidence of Gloeosporium could be reduced Economic evaluation shows an increased production risk for Low-Residue production compared to 13

14 Thank you for your attention Agroscope good food, healthy environment 14