An Economic Analysis of Mustard Production and Marketing in Alwar District of Rajasthan. Pokar Mal Yadav. Thesis

Transcription

1 An Economic Analysis of Mustard Production and Marketing in Alwar District of Rajasthan Pokar Mal Yadav Thesis Master of Science in Agriculture (Agricultural Economics) 2017 Department of Agricultural Economics S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER S.K.N. AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY JOBNER

2 An Economic Analysis of Mustard Production and Marketing in Alwar District of Rajasthan Thesis Submitted to Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Agriculture (Agricultural Economics) by POKAR MAL YADAV 2017

3 Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner CERTIFICATE - I Date : This is to certify that Mr. Pokar Mal Yadav had successfully completed the comprehensive examination held on.. as required under the regulation for Master s degree. (R.C. SHARMA) Head Department of Agricultural Economics S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

4 Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER CERTIFICATE - II Date : This is to certify that the thesis entitled An Economic Analysis of Mustard Production and Marketing in Alwar District of Rajasthan submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Agricultural Economics embodies bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Pokar Mal Yadav under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by the advisory committee on. (R.C. SHARMA) Head Department of Agricultural Economics S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (R.C. SHARMA) Major Advisor (R.C. KUMAWAT) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner

5 Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER CERTIFICATE - III Date: This is to certify that the thesis entitled An Economic Analysis of Mustard Production and Marketing in Alwar District of Rajasthan submitted by Mr. Pokar Mal Yadav to the Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Agricultural Economics after recommendation by the external examiner, was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved. (R.C. SHARMA) Major Advisor (S.S.JHEEBA) Advisor (J.S. MAHARIYA) Advisor (R.C. SHARMA) Head Department of Agricultural Economics S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (R.R. AHIR) Director Education, Nominee (R.C. KUMAWAT) Dean S.K.N College of Agriculture, Jobner (O.P. SHARMA) Approved Director Education SKN Agriculture University, Jobner

6 Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JOBNER CERTIFICATE IV Date: This is to certify that Mr. Pokar Mal Yadav of the Department of Agricultural Economics, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all corrections/modifications in the thesis entitled An Economic Analysis of Mustard Production and Marketing in Alwar District of Rajasthan which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral examination held on. The final copies of the thesis duly corrected and bound were submitted on and forwarded herewith for approval. (R.C. SHARMA) Major Advisor (R.C. SHARMA) Head Department of Agricultural Economics S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (R.C. KUMAWAT) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (O.P. SHARMA) Approved Director Education SKN Agriculture University, Jobner

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With immense pleasure and profound gratitude I express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my major advisor Dr. R.C. Sharma Professor & Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for his valuable guidance and constant encouragement throughout the course of this investigation. I also extend my sincere thanks to members of my advisory committee, namely; Dr. S.S. Jheeba, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Dr. J.S. Mahariya, Professor and university Head, Department of Agril. Statistics and Dr. R.R. Ahir, Professor, Department of Plant Pathology (Director Education Nominee) for their constructive suggestions during the course of investigation. I am privileged to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to Dr. R.C. Kumawat, Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture jobner for providing me the necessary facilities during the course of research. The author is indebted to Dr. B.S. Shekhawat, Ex-Director Education and Dr. O.P. Sharma, present Director Education, SKN Agriculture University, Jobner, for providing necessary facilities and valuable suggestions during the course of research study. The author is indebted to Dr. R.C. Sharma, Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for providing him all research facilities during the course of investigation. I wish to extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Pradeep Kumar Associate Professors, Department of Agricultural Economics for their incessant encouragement and constructive suggestions during course of investigation and my entire study programme. I also thank Sh. Surendra Singh Rao, Gheesa Lal Meena & all farmers for rendering me all necessary help during study. I was fortunate enough to share joyful time with all of my seniors, namely Shri Vinod Verma Sh. Bansi Lal Verma, Sh. Ajit Singh, Ms. Raju Choudhary, Sh. Vikash Pawaria, Sh. Mahendra Choudhary, Sh. Narayan Lal, Sh. Kamlesh Yadav, Ms. Ritu Rathore and my friends, Rajendra Jangid, Mahendra Choudhary, Subh Karan, Ms. Suman Choudhary, Ms. Suman Yadav,Ms. Sunita Choudhary and my juniors Ms. Suman Choudhary and Ms. Slita, Ms. Rajni Choudhary, and Ms. Sonu Kala. Whose love and affection always made me feel homely here and their kind co-operation at various stages of my research programme will remain memorable for me. I am highly indebted to my Grandfather Shri Balu Ram Yadav and my Grandmother Smt. Gyarshi Devi. I bow down my head to my parents Shri Lal Chand Yadav and Smt. Geeta Devi and my brothers Lal Chand, Ashok, Babu Lal, Kana Ram, Ram Narayan, Nitesh and Kamlesh & sister Kiran Yadav, and all other family members without whose blessings, affection and encouragement, I could not have completed the study successfully. I pray obeisance to Lord Hanuman ji, Maa Saraswati & Jwala Mata with his grace and blessings I could be able to accomplish this task.. Place: Jobner Dated: / /2017 (Pokar Mal Yadav)

8 CONTENTS Chapter Title Page No. CERTIFICATE-I CERTIFICATE-II CERTIFICATE-III CERTIFICATE-IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDICES Chapter No. 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 3. METHODOLOGY. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND. RECOMMENDATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY. ABSTRACT ENGLISH. HINDI. APPENDICES.

9 LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter No. 1. INTRODUCTION Particulars Page No. 1.1 Specific objectives of the study. 1.2 Plan of thesis. 1.3 Limitations of the study. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Trends in area, production and productivity. 2.2 Costs and returns. 2.3 Marketing costs, margins and price spread. 2.4 Problems faced by farmers. 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Description of the study area Location of the study area Climate, rainfall and soil type. 3.2 Selection of study area and sampling procedure Selection of the crop Selection of the study area Selection of tehsil Selection of villages Selection of mustard cultivators Selection of market Selection of market functionaries Collection of data Primary data Secondary data. 3.3 Analytical tools and techniques used. Contd.

10 Chapter No. Particulars Page No Analysis of data Compound growth rate analysis Costs and returns structure Study of marketing cost and margins Garrett s ranking technique. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4A Section-4 A Growth rates in area, production and productivity of mustard Growth rates in area, production and productivity of mustard Section-4B Costs and returns structure. 4B.1 Costs and returns of mustard cultivation. 4B.1.1 Utilization of farm inputs in physical quantity in mustard. 4B.1.2 Utilization of farm inputs in monetary terms in mustard. 4B.1.3 Breakup of cost of cultivation. 4B.1.4 Net profit from the cultivation of mustard farms ( ). 4B.1.5 Family labour income, family business income and returns per rupee from the cultivation of mustard 4B.1.6 Operational costs, overhead costs and costs of production from the cultivation of mustard on different farms Section-4C Marketing costs, margins and price spread in mustard.. 4C.1 Marketing channels. 4C.1.1 Marketing channel-i (Producer Village trader Wholesaler-cum- commission agent Processor) 4C.1.2 Marketing channel-ii (Producer Wholesaler-cum - commission agent Processor).. 4C.1.3 Marketing channel-iii (Producer Processor). 4C.2 Marketing costs. 4C.2.1 Costs incurred on mustard marketing in channel-i (Producer Village trader Wholesaler-cumcommission agent Processor). Contd...

11 Chapter No. Particulars Page No. 4C.2.2 Costs incurred on mustard marketing in channel-ii... (Producer Wholesaler-cum-commission agent Processor) 4C.2.3 Costs incurred on mustard marketing in channel-iii... (Producer Processor) 4C.3 Marketing margins and price spread... 4C.3.1 4C.3.2 Price spread in marketing in channel-i (Producer Village trader Wholesaler-cum-commission agent Processor) Price spread in marketing in channel-ii (Producer Wholesaler-cum-commission agent Processor) C.3.3 Price spread in marketing in channel-iii (Producer... Processor) Section-4D Problems faced by mustard cultivators 4D.1 Problem faced by the mustard cultivators... 4D.1.1 Problems pertaining to mustard production... 4D.1.2 Problems pertaining to mustard marketing SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Introduction Objectives Methodology Results and discussions Conclusions Recommendations BIBLIOGRAPHY... ABSTRACT(ENGLISH)... ABSTRACT(HINDI) APPENDICES......

12 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No Area and Production of mustard in different districts of.. Rajasthan Details of selected villages Details of selected farmers Classification of farmers in different size holdings.. 4A.1 Compound growth rates of area, production and.. productivity of mustard in Alwar and Rajasthan during to (in per cent/annum) 4B.1 Utilization of farm inputs in physical quantity in Mustard.. ( ) 4B.2 Utilization of farm inputs in monetary terms in Mustard crop.. 4B.3 Cost of cultivation per hectare of Mustard on different cost.. concepts basis on different size holdings ( ) 4B.4 Net profit from the cultivation of Mustard in Alwar district of.. Rajasthan ( ) 4B.5 Family labour income, Family business income and returns.. per rupee from the cultivation of Mustard ( ) 4B.6 Operational costs, overhead costs and costs of production from the cultivation of Mustard ( ).. 4C.1 Distribution of Mustard farmers adopting different.. marketing channels in Alwar district of Rajasthan 4C.2 Marketing costs incurred on Mustard in channel-i.. (Producer Village trader Wholesaler-cum-commission agent Processor) 4C.3 Marketing costs incurred on Mustard in channel-ii.. (Producer Wholesaler-cum-commission agent Processor) 4C.4 Marketing costs incurred on Mustard in channel-iii (Producer Processor).. Contd.

13 Table Title No. 4C.5 Price spread in marketing of mustard in channel-i (Producer Village Trader Wholesaler-cum-commission agent Processor) 4C.6 Price spread in marketing of mustard in channel-ii (Producer Wholesaler-cum-commission agent Processor) 4C.7 Price spread in marketing of mustard in channel-iii (Producer Processor) 4D.1 Percentage positions and their corresponding Garrett s Table values 4D.2 Ranking problems associated to mustard production in Alwar district of Rajasthan 4D.3 Ranking problems associated to mustard marketing in Alwar district of Rajasthan Page No

14 Appendix No. I II LIST OF APPENDICES Title Area, Production and Productivity of Rapeseed- Mustard in Rajasthan Area, Production and Productivity of Rapeseed- Mustard in Alwar Page No..... III Ranking problems associated to mustard.. IV production in Alwar district of Rajasthan Ranking problems associated to marketing of mustard in Alwar district of Rajasthan.. V Interview schedule of farmers..

15 Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy. Its pivotal importance needs hardly to be emphasized as about 13.4 per cent GDP originates from the agricultural sector. Fifty seven per cent of the Indian population and two third of its labour force directly or indirectly depends on agriculture for livelihood (Anonymous, ). Stable production was the first main task and the country achieved this, thanks to the green revolution. The food grain production in India was million tonnes in , which increased upto the level of million tonnes in (Anonymous A). Although the country has become self-sufficient in production of foodgrains mainly in cereals, the performance of oilseeds is much below expectation. During a major part of the nineteenth century and even earlier India has been an important exporter of vegetable oils and ghani manufactured oil had an important place in the international oil trade. However, in the later part of the last century its ghani industry faced severe competition from the western mill industry and consequently India lost much of the foreign market and instead become an importer of edible oils/oilseeds to meet the growing domestic demand for human consumption and other purposes. Although the area under cultivation increased considerably, the progress is still far below the desired level. This is mainly because of oilseeds (rapeseed-mustard) are cultivated mostly in unirrigated, semiarid areas and hence remain vulnerable to vagaries of nature. Secondly, they are cultivated mainly by small and marginal farmers who are still not

16 well adapted to new farm technologies. And thirdly, the progress in respect of oilseeds has not been substantial mainly because food grains were given first priority in research and development. In the second phase of the agricultural development programme top priority is being given to produce high-yielding varieties of oilseeds which could grow well under rainfed condition. To give a boost to the production efforts, government is mounting production campaigns during the major crop seasons every year. All the national and state level agencies, universities and research centers as well as private and voluntary agencies are mobilized to make available to the farmers the critical inputs, namely, credit, fertilizer, irrigation, pesticides, seeds and technology. A massive programme of free distribution of seed Mini-kits is being implemented. These Mini-kits have proved very effective in popularizing high yielding varieties of seeds amongst the farmers. Besides groundnut new high-yielding varieties of rapeseed-mustard has also been developed. To achieve self-sufficiency in oilseeds and to reduce the deficiency on balance of payments, Government of India appointed a Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) in May This mission has implemented an integrated policy on oilseeds with a three pronged strategy to improve oilseed crop technology, to improve post-harvest technology, to strengthen services to farmers. These new strains are being introduced to the farmers through training and visit programmes which are now an integral part of all major extension activities. As a result, there has been a phenomenal increase in the oilseeds production during the past few years. However, a high percentage of oilseeds cultivated in the country still depend on rainfall, and hence, the oilseeds production fluctuates from year to year. A special group on oilseeds set up in the Union Agricultural Ministry has evolved a strategy which is being vigorously followed in all relevant states.

17 Economic importance of oilseeds sector:- Rapeseed and mustard crop occupy an important position in the farming system of India. It is highly paying crop of the dry region. Rapeseed and mustard are rich source of fat and edible oil which have various uses. Edible oils are next to food grains in Indian diet. The most important source of supply of edible oils is the seeds known as edible oilseeds. In all, there are mainly nine oilseeds namely groundnut, rapeseed-mustard, sesamum, linseed, castorseed, nigerseed, safflower, soybean and sunflower. Edible oils are rich in carbohydrates and minerals, it is also rich in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron which are essential nutrients for our body. Apart from these oilseed cakes being rich in protein are extensively used as cattle feed. Beside this, a substantial workforce is employed in various other intermediate sectors like processing, marketing, transport etc. India occupies a significant place among major cereal and oilseed producing countries in the world, next only to China and USA in cereals production and next to USA, China, Argentina and Brazil in case of oilseeds. In India, oilseeds occupies a prominent position, both with regard to acreage and production. The oilseed production in India was 5.2 million tonnes in , which increased to the level of million tonnes in Rapseed-mustard at stands second place after soybean among oilseeds. It occupied 5.79 million hectares area and production was 6.31 million tonnes in total oilseed production in the country during (Anonymous, A). Rajasthan is one of the most important oilseed producing state in India. The production of rapeseed and mustard in the state was lakh tonnes from the area of lakh hectares with the productivity of 1287 kg/ha during (Anonymous B). It occupies first position in area and production of rapeseed and mustard in the country,

18 and other predominant states producing rapeseed and mustard are Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Gujarat. It is mainly cultivated in arid and semi-arid districts of Rajasthan namely; Alwar, Bharatpur, Tonk, Sri Ganganagar, Sawai Madhopur, Dausa and Jaipur. In Alwar district, total area under mustard was 2.34 lakh hectares with the production of 3.40 lakh tonnes and productivity of 1452 kg/ha (Anonymous, B). The district occupied first position in terms of mustard production and third position in growing area of mustard during , while on the basis of triennium average it occupied first place in terms of mustard production and second place in growing area of mustard. The problem:- Rapeseed-mustard plays a pivotal role in the agricultural and industrial economy of Rajasthan state. Rajasthan occupies first position in area and production of rapeseed-mustard in the country. Rapeseedmustard crop is grown during rabi season as both irrigated and rainfed crop. The noteworthy situation in Rajasthan is that there has been wide fluctuation in the mustard production, which is attributed to a number of factor such as the seasonal conditions, area under crop, level of inputs used, price of rapeseed-mustard etc. The area, yield and price of rapeseed-mustard play a greater role in enhancing production of rapeseed-mustard. It is therefore, imperative to examine the relative contribution of area, yield and price of rapeseed-mustard. Marketing of rapeseed and mustard involves a number of intermediaries performing various functions before it reaches to the hands of consumers. The intermediaries add to the costs of marketing and also receive a major share of processor's / consumer's prices as their margins. The high costs and margins lead to wider price spread and ultimately increase price paid by the processor's / consumer's. Various efforts have been made in the country to improve the marketing system so as to increase producer's share in the processor's / consumer's rupee. An efficient marketing

19 system is an important means for raising the income level of the farmers by reducing malpractices prevailing in the marketing of farm products. Examination of costs and returns in agriculture plays a significant role in making the farm sector economically viable and feasible under the pressure of continuous rise in input prices. The level of input use and their prices affect the profitability of the crop enterprise. This mechanism needs to be critically examined for formulating effective policies in relation to costs and output prices for understanding the income path in the farm sector. As such there is a need to study the costs and returns on different size-groups of farm in the Alwar district. India is deficit in oilseed production and there are many problems related to production and marketing of mustard i.e., faced by farmers. Keeping in view the important role played by rapeseed-mustard in agricultural and industrial economy of the state, the present study worked out the profitability in relation to its production and marketing in the state. Keeping the above facts in view, the present study entitled "An Economic Analysis of Mustard Production and Marketing in Alwar District of Rajasthan has been taken up with following specific objectives. 1.1 Specific objectives of the study 1. To estimate the trends in area, production and productivity of mustard crop in the study area. 2. To work out the costs and returns of mustard cultivation. 3. To study the marketing cost, margins and price spread in mustard. 4. To identify major problems faced by farmers in the mustard cultivation.

20 1.2 Plan of thesis The entire study has been presented in five chapters. The present chapter deals with the introduction and objectives as well as plan of the thesis. The review of literature is presented in second chapter. The third chapter deals with the methodology adopted in the selection of area and crop, collection of data and analysis. Fourth chapter deals with the results and discussion. Summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study are presented in chapter five followed by bibliography, abstracts and appendices. 1.3 Limitations of the study Though all possible efforts were made to make the study objective and comprehensive, certain limitations did remain. The most prominent limitations of the study are as under: (i) The findings of the study arrived at on the basis of a particular agricultural year , may not stand true for the successive years, mainly due to changes in the prices of inputs and outputs. Hence the findings of the study depend upon the reliability of the assumptions hypothesized in the study. (ii) Lack of maintenance of records relating to inputs and outputs by the farmers was another limitation. The data were collected through survey method. The information provided by the farmers was based entirely on their recall memory. Though, every effort was made to elicit correct information, however, the chances of error might be there due to forgetfulness. Hence the results of the study are true to the extent the data are accurate and reliable.

21 Chapter-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature provides information to the researchers regarding the previous work done in their area of research and thereby helps in identifying the theoretical framework and methodological issues relevant to the study. There were number of theoretical and empirical studies on the various aspects of production, price-behaviour and marketing of agricultural commodities. In this chapter, the most related reviews have been presented keeping in view the objectives and methodology of the present study. The reviews have been presented under the following heads: 2.1 Trends in Area, Production and Productivity 2.2 Costs and Returns 2.3 Marketing Cost, Margins and Price Spread 2.4 Problems in Production and Marketing 2.1 Trends in Area, Production and Productivity Agarwal (1988) in his study Composition of Commercial Crops and Trends of Growth in Area, Production and Productivity of Oilseeds in Rajasthan found that oilseeds production increased in the state at a compound growth rate of 2.92 per cent per annum during the period to Whereas, the increase in the area during this period was only 0.69 per cent per annum. Area and production growth rates were significant for rapeseed-mustard, groundnut, sesamum and linseed. Mandiwal (1989) in his study Economics of Mustard Cultivation in Jaipur District of Rajasthan observed that the production of rapeseed-

22 mustard increased in Jaipur district at a compound rate of 8.32 per cent per annum. The area under crop increased by 4.37 per cent per annum and productivity by 3.63 per cent per annum. The compound growth rates in area, production and productivity of rapeseed-mustard in the state of Rajasthan were 3.80, 3.15 and 3.25 per cent per annum during the study period ( to ) which were significant at one per cent level of probability. The study concluded that increase in production of rapeseed-mustard was contributed by both increase in acreage under the crop (3.30 per cent per annum) as well as by increase in productivity (3.25 per cent per annum). Rai (1992) conducted a study entitled Technology Mission on Oilseeds and Rapeseed-Mustard Improvements and found that rapeseed-mustard have shown significant increase in production at the rate of 3.20 per cent per annum during the period to This crop has registered much higher rates in the states of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Harayana, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan and West Bengal. However, Uttar Pradesh which is a major mustard producing state has shown a negative growth rate (-2.36 per cent per annum). The decrease in production in Uttar Pradesh was due to decline in area (-2.91 per cent per annum). On the whole, rapeseed-mustard has shown significant growth in almost all the major producing states, except Uttar Pradesh. Kumar (1994) in his study on Growth and instability in important oilseed crops in Rajasthan for the period to , revealed that there had not been any significant increase in area, production and productivity of rapeseed-mustard except the area under the crop in Alwar and Jaipur districts which recorded the significant growth 3.80 and 8.91 per cent per annum, respectively during the pre-green revolution period.

23 The growth rates in the production and productivity of rapeseed-mustard were negative in all the selected districts as well as in the state as a whole except growth in production in Alwar district during the period to During post green revolution period and overall period, there had been significant increase in production of rapeseed-mustard in all the selected districts and the state as a whole but rate of increase in production was higher in the post green revolution period compared to overall. It ranged between 9.62 per cent per annum in Alwar district to per cent per annum in Jaipur district during the post green revolution period. Goswami et al. (1995) conducted a study on Growth Trends of Oilseeds and Pulses in India for the period of to The study revealed that area increased at a compound growth rate of 3.38 and 4.52 per cent in the case of total oilseeds and rapeseed-mustard. The production of total oilseeds and rapeseed-mustard have also significantly increased at a compound growth rate of 5.83 and 9.73 per cent in the aforesaid period. The highest compound growth rate in the productivity was observed in rapeseed-mustard i.e percent. Bhalla and Singh (1997) analysed and presented results of Indian state level data on area and output for 43 crops for the period to There was a marked acceleration in the growth rate of agricultural output in India during the period to as compared with earlier periods. This period was characterized by cropping pattern changes away from coarse cereals towards both rice and wheat and oilseed agricultural growth has become regionally much more diversified. Overall there is a large scope for diversification and export promotion.

24 Goswami and Chatterjee (2000) investigated the growth of rapeseed mustard production associated with area, productivity and yield during the pre-green revolution (1951/ /66), green revolution (1966/ /81), and post-green revolution (1981/ /97) periods in different districts of Assam, India. The study revealed that area was the major source of growth for production during the pre-green revolution period; whereas productivity was the major source of growth in production during the green and post-green revolution periods. Three districts (Goalpara, Kamrup, and Cachar) made significant progress throughout the periods. Poor irrigation coverage was a major factor of instability in yield during the pre-green revolution and green revolution periods; whereas fluctuation of farm harvest price during the post-green revolution period was a major cause of higher instability of cropped area. Addisu et al. (2002) studied the growth performance of groundnut (area, productivity and production) in major groundnut growing districts of Karnataka for two periods from 1966 to 1980 and 1981 to Result revealed that the growth performance of area and productivity was not encouraging at state level during the study period. However, nontraditional groundnut growing districts like Tumkur, Kolar and Chitradurga registered significant growth both in area and production, whereas, productivity performance was almost stagnant in all the districts barring Dharwad, Kolar and Belgaum. Verma et al. (2006) worked out the annual compound growth rates of area, production and productivity of principal crops in Madhya Pradesh for the period to The trend analysis indicated that there was a major break-through in the annual compound growth rates of area and productivity of oilseeds at 2.35 per cent and 1.68 percent,

25 respectively, resulting in higher growth of production at 4.03 per cent per annum. Grover and Singh (2007) studied the district-wise trend in area, production and yield of sesamum crop in Punjab from to Results showed that positive and significant growth in area was seen in the districts of Amritsar, Ferozepur, Kapurthala and Jalandhar (3.32, 7.33, 6.78 and 6.70 per cent) respectively. While, negative and significant growth was observed in the Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana and Patiala districts (-3.64, -1.46, and per cent), respectively. In the case of yield, growth was positive and significant in Ferozepur and Patiala districts only. Choudhary et al. (2011) estimated the growth rates in area and production of mustard have been highly significant indicating the popularity of the crop in India and ever growing demand from the industry prices multiple uses in the economy and diversified utility of mustard in the agricultural economy of India. The productivity figures indicates insignificant growth rate mainly attributed to the high sensitivity of the mustard used in production of mustard seed due to problems like shattering and storability. Growth rates in area, production and productivity of mustard have been highly significant which is the indication of the major crop in Rajasthan in winter season. The contribution of Rajasthan in area was 20% of total mustard seed cultivation in India during earlier years but it has increased up to 40% in recent three years while in case of production the contribution of Rajasthan was 21% of total production in India during earlier years but it has increased up to 50% in recent three years. The increased in the area of mustard may be due to increased demand for mustard in North India or may be due to shift in acreage in favour of mustard due to its higher profitability. This eventually

26 caused the shift in acreage under this crop from other rabi season crops. Increased in productivity might be attributed to technology break-through in mustard with the release of high yielding varieties, utilization of proper combination of inputs and better field management practices. Production was increased both due to significant increase in area and productivity. Solmon et al. (2011) analyzed the trends in area, production and productivity of groundnut in Andhra Pradesh over a period of to Compound growth rates of area, production and productivity were estimated by fitting semi log trend equation. Decomposition of output growth of groundnut was examined by fitting component analysis model. The study analyzed that area, production and productivity had decreased during the study period i.e., to The compound growth rates of area production and productivity of ground nut over the period shows negatively non-significant. The study also confirms the magnitude of variability in production of ground nut. The synchronized movements in area and productivity both was responsible for low instability / variability in ground nut of Andhra Pradesh. Further, the study conducted a decomposition analysis to determine the contribution of different components to the growth rate. The decomposition analysis revealed that in the total production of groundnut was completely due to the change in area under the crop as the yield and interaction effects were very small. Acharya et al. (2012) the growth in the area, production and productivity of different crops in Karnataka was estimated using the compound growth function. The necessary secondary data were collected for a period of 26 years from to Growth rates showed a significant positive growth in area under pulses, vegetables and spices and fruits and nuts while cereals showed significant negative growth. The area under jowar, bajra, ragi and minor millets are experiencing a

27 substantial annual decrement. The area under rice has recorded a mild annual increment. The growth in area under oilseeds and commercial crops was negative and insignificant. Similarly the production of cereals, pulses, vegetables and fruits showed a significant positive growth. The production of oilseeds and commercial crops registered insignificant positive growth. The productivity of different crops recorded significant growth in the case of cereals, pulses and fruits. Productivity of oilseeds recorded moderately positive growth. The productivity of commercial crops registered insignificant positive growth and for vegetables the growth in productivity was insignificant and negative. Sharma (2012) examined the trends and variability in the growth of rapeseed mustard as oilseed crop in Nagaland. For the analysis purpose, the relevant secondary data from to have been examined. The compound growth rates have been estimated with the help of exponential function and variability by using the technique of coefficient of variation for the convenient of comparison over the period, so it is subdivided into three periods. The study concludes that a moderate to high significant growth has been observed in case of area, production and yield of rapeseed mustard as a whole covering the study period. Concerning the variability, the study concludes that there persist wide fluctuations in the growth of area, production and yield of rapeseed mustard over the study period. Laxmi et al. (2013) conducted a study to find out the trends and growth rate in area, production and productivity of Rapeseed-mustard. The study was based on secondary time series data collected from to The result of the study has shown the increasing trend with respect to area, production and productivity. The area has been increased by thousand hectare (31.05 per cent), production by

28 thousand tones (44.21 per cent) and productivity by kg/hectare (8.55 per cent) within the period of to The Simple Growth Rate in area, production and productivity was found as 1.02, 2.03 and 0.76 per cent, respectively whereas Compound Growth Rate was 0.84, 1.59 and 0.75 per cent, respectively. Agro-climatic region wise Simple Growth Rate analysis indicated that highest growth rate in area was found in Satpura Plateau (16.6 per cent) while highest growth rate in production and productivity was found in Nimar Plain (25 per cent). Highest decline in area and production was observed in Jhabua Hills whereas highest decline in productivity was observed in Chhattisgarh Plains. Akhter et al. (2016) analysed that the growth and trend in area, production and yield of major crops of Bangladesh. The scope of this study was to determine/ assess the growth pattern in the context of total cultivable area, gross production and yield rate which has been followed by some economically important crops of our country such as rice, wheat, pulse, rape and mustard, jute, sugarcane & tea. Collecting time series data from to (40 years) of those crops from reliable source and using semi-log trend function here the researchers tried to find out the trend and estimate the growth rate of area, production and yield of the above mentioned crops. The compound growth rate as well as trend analysis indicated that the production of rice during to was increased due to the corresponding increase in per hectare yield of rice crop in Bangladesh. The results show that area, production and yield of wheat was increased over the time, the reason is that more area was brought under wheat production except the year It was revealed from the results that area, production and yield of pulse were increased over the time. The results shows that area, production and yield of rape and mustard was increasing a rate of 1.21 percent, 2.33 percent

29 and 1.11 percent per annum, respectively, whereas, the area, production and yield of jute was decreasing. It was revealed from the analysis that the trend co-efficient of area, production and yield of sugarcane and tea was positive. The compound growth rates of area, production and productivity were found positive by Agarwal (1988), Mandiwal (1989), Goswami et al. (1995), Verma et al. (2006) Choudhary et al. (2011), Sharma et al. (2012), Laxmi et al. (2013) and Akhter et al. (2016). Whereas, the negative growth rates in production and productivity was estimated by Kumar (1994). 2.2 Cost and returns Sahu (1988) attempted to examine the resource productivity and suggested for optimizing input use in cultivation of soybean in Sagar district. The findings of the study revealed that marginal value productivity of human labour was greater in small size group and lower in large size group. The ratio of MVP to acquisition cost was more than one in case of small size group for human labour. He also estimated the cost benefit ratio of 1.5, 1.4 and 1.6 for small, medium and large farmers, respectively. Jaulkar et al. (1990) examined the resource use efficiency for rapeseed-mustard oilseed crop in Northern part of Madhya Pradesh and observed that expenditure on technological inputs such as irrigation, fertilizer and seed should be increased, while expenditure on human labour and plough units should be discouraged to maximize profitability from these oilseed crops. Jaulkar et al. (1990) studied the cost of cultivation of rapeseedmustard under different size groups and farming situations of Chambal command area of Madhya Pradesh and revealed that all size of farms operating under tube-wells irrigation reported higher cost of cultivations as

30 compared to canal and dry farming which in turn have resulted in higher net income and net returns on tube-well irrigated farms compared to others. Similarly, the benefit-cost ratio on all size group of tube-well farms was lower as compared to Chambal commond and dry farms. Sharma et al. (1992) reported that economic analysis of soybean production in rainfed areas of Vindhyan plateau of Madhya Pradesh, India indicate that the cost of cultivation was Rs. 2257/ha and decreased with farm size. The rental value of land accounted for the highest share of total cost, followed by seed cost, hired human labour, bullock labour charges and imputed value of family labour. Average yield was 9.69/ha, which is double of the break-even yield of 4.99/ha. Average net farm income, family labour income, farm investment income and farm business income was estimated as Rs. 722, Rs. 965, Rs and 1711 per ha, respectively. The return of Rs per rupee invested was obtained. Grover and Mehta (1993) analyzed the per cent share of various component of the total cost (C 2 ) per ha and revealed that the input use pattern of rapeseed-mustard and wheat differed mainly in respect of seed, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides, hired farm machinery and human labour. The per hectare expenditure on human labour, hired machine labour and fertilizers was lower in the case of rapeseed-mustard than in wheat whereas the cost of plant protection was found to be higher in the case of former crop. The study revealed that the rapeseed-mustard crop compete favorably with wheat. Based on ultimate cost (C 2 ), the overall output-input ratio for rapeseed-mustard was higher (1.42) than that of wheat (1.28). The average net income per ha of rapeseed-mustard was also relatively more (Rs. 2,225) than that of wheat (Rs. 1,783). Kuchhadiya et al. (1993) studied cost-benefit analysis of major oilseed crops of Saurashtra (Gujarat). They found that the human labour,

31 bullock-labour, manures and chemical fertilizers were the main item of operating cost in all oilseed crops under study. Seed played vital role in the total cost of groundnut cultivation, contributing per cent to the total cost of cultivation. They found cost-benefit ratio 1:1.19 over cost C. Singh and Khan (1993) studied the costs and returns of mustard oilseed crop under different farming situation in Chamble and Gwalior (M.P.) observed that the cost of cultivation of mustard crop on cost A basis was much higher on irrigated farms and it was the highest in the medium size, followed by large size farms. The cost structure of mustard crop in the unirrigated situation was similar to that in the irrigated situation but comparatively at a lower level. The average total cost (cost C) of cultivation per ha was Rs. 3,505 and Rs. 2,734 in the irrigated and unirrigated situation, respectively. The yield of mustard oilseed/ha was 14 quintals and 7.52 quintals in the irrigated and unirrigated situation respectively. Jaulkar et al. (1995) observed in their study economic analysis of mustard seed cultivation in gwalior district of madhya pradesh, that even if local variety of mustard seed is grown with recommended package of practices and improved variety is grown with traditional system, in all situation improved variety grown by recommended package of practices gives higher yield, net return per hectare and cost-benefit ration than local variety and traditional system of cultivation. Raghuwanshi et al. (1996) conducted the study during the year , to estimate the cost of cultivation of soybean crop in Bundelkhand plateau of Madhya Pradesh. The soybean growers from different categories viz. 30 small (0.2 ha), 18 medium ( ha) and 12 large (>4 ha) farms in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, were selected for detail investigation. The results showed that the average cost

32 of cultivation of soybean was 6918 Rs/ha, costs for large, medium and small farmers were Rs. 7172, 6665 and 6917 per hectare, respectively. Gross income of soybean was Rs ha, while average net income was 4637 Rs/ha. Average farm business income, family labour income and farm investment income was estimated to be 7157, 5462 and 6332 Rs/ha, respectively. Average productivity of soybean was q/ha, while the average cost benefit ration of soybean farms, was in the study area. Rajput (2001) examined the cost and return of soybean production under different sized of farms in Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh and selected 75 sample farmers out of 217 farmers during and observed that the total cost was higher for large size of holding at Rs /ha medium at Rs /ha and lower at Rs. 7142/ha for small size of land holding, and net return per hectare was obtained by large size holding (Rs /ha.) followed by medium size holding (Rs /ha) and small size holding (Rs /ha) Input-output ratio was also found to be maximum for large farmers (1:1.31) followed by small farmers (1:1.31) and medium farmers (1:1.29). Ahirwar et al. (2006) conducted a study to work out the per hectare cost of production and profit from soybean in malwa plateau of Madhya Pradesh. The study was based on primary data collected from 240 cultivators, who belonged to three categories Viz., small-110, Medium-70 and large- 60 farmers. In cost of cultivation of soybean the operational cost accounted for per cent on medium farms, per cent on small farms and per cent on large farms of the total cost of cultivation of soybean, while, at aggregate level, it was per cent of the total cost. The maximum cost of cultivation for soybean was incurred on large size of farms was Rs , Rs on medium and Rs.

33 on small size of farms. The productivity of soybean was found maximum on medium size of farms (9.05 q/ha.) followed by large (9.01 q/ha.) and small size of farms (8.88 q/ha) maximum gross income received from soybean cultivation was Rs. 11,328.00, Rs.11, and Rs. 11, per hectare for small medium and large size of farms respectively. The cultivators of the area also reported low yield of soybean due to high cost of input materials unavailability of desired input in time, lack of knowledge of intercropping,lack of capital and non-availability of proper equipments for cultivation specially seed drill for adjusting row to row distance in intercropping of soybean with maize or pigeon pea. Rajput et al. (2006) studied economics of production and marketing of mustard in Morena district of Madhya Pradesh and observed that the average cost of cultivation of mustard crop was Rs. 18, per hectare. The average productivity of mustard crop on sample holding was quintal per hectare. The total marketed surplus was quintal which accounts for per cent of the total production the per day net profit was Rs. 5, for the average size of the plant efficiency was also identical irrespective of the size of the processing plant on an average the net profit per quintal of mustard processing was Rs Singh et al. (2006) conducted a study Economics of Production of peas (Pisum Sativum L.) in Punjab and observated that the economics of production and factors influencing the productivity of green peas in Punjab have been studied the primary data from pea growers. The data have been analysed using simply tabular and functional analyses. The total cost incurred has been higher in large than small and medium farmers due to more use of inputs by the former. The gross and net return have been found higher in large than small and medium farmers due to realization of higher prices by them and exploring of other markets due to

34 their higher marketable surpluses. The functional analysis has revealed that the fertilizers, irrigation and machinery are the impact variables, influencing the productivity of green peas positively. The returns over variable costs in the case of peas have been higher by 129 per cent than those in wheat. Luhach et al. (2009) studied about the cost return and marketing pattern of rapeseed mustard in Haryana and the data were collected from randomly 240 respondents scattered in eight villages. It was observed that the gross return and net return were found higher on small farms as compared to medium and large farms. Two marketing channel were studied channel I: Producer - commission - agent - oil expeller - retailer - consumer and channel II: Producer - commission agent - wholesaler - Oil expeller - retailer- consumer. Channel I is most prevalent route through which majority of farmers sell more than three fourth of their quantity sold in different markets the share of producers in consumer rupee was almost same. Dubey et al. (2014) conducted a study on costs and returns of rapeseed-mustard for Bharatpur district of Rajasthan on per hectare basis for different categories of farmers by using CACP cost concept. Study was mainly based on the primary data, which were collected through survey method from selected sample respondents (36 small, 15 medium and 9 large) for the agricultural year The results indicated that production of rapeseed-mustard was profitable as reflected through its net returns. The per hectare net return over total cost were Rs. 4408, 3964 and 2198 on small, medium and large farms respectively. It was found that per hectare productivity of rapeseed mustard was marginally higher (12.88 quintals) on small farms compared to medium (12.72 quintals) and

35 large farms (12.52 quintals), due to better care and management of crop on account of small area under it. Singh et al. (2014) analyzed the economics of rapeseed-mustard in their study entitled as An economic analysis of rapeseed-mustard in Ganganagar district of Rajasthan. The study area was selected on the basis of highest area and production under this crop. Rajasthan is one of the major rapeseed-mustard producing states of India. Rapeseed-mustard was selected on the basis of highest area among oilseed crops. The cost A 1 was found to be increasing with the increase in farm size. The cost B 1 is computed as the sum of cost A 1 and the value of interest on fixed capital. The cost B 2, comprises the rental value of owned land, the rent paid for leased in land and cost B 1. In case of cost C 1, imputed value of family labour and cost B 1 included with this cost. The cost C 2 indicate the contribution of family labour in the various operations performed on a cultivation of rapeseed-mustard crop. The overall cost of production per quintal of rapeseed-mustard was computed to be Rs on C 3 basis. The cost of production on C 3 per quintal on small, medium and large farms was Rs. 1675, Rs and Rs. 1334, respectively. The average productivity of rapeseed-mustard was 18.4 quintals per hectare. On an average, the farm business income from rapeseed-mustard cultivation was Rs On overall basis, family labour income was worked out to be Rs. 22,160 per hectare. The overall net income from rapeseedmustard cultivation was Rs per hectare. The return per rupee was Rs The net returns decreased with increase in size of holding mainly because of higher costs incurred on medium and large farms. The return per rupee increased with increase in size of holding. Dhakal et al. (2015) a study was conducted to determine the profitability and resource use efficiency of mustard production in Chitwan.