Néonicotinoïdes : impacts directs ou indirects sur les abeilles et la biodiversité & développement des alternatives.

Transcription

1 Néonicotinoïdes : impacts directs ou indirects sur les abeilles et la biodiversité & développement des alternatives. Dr JM Bonmatin, CNRS France & TFSP 1/65

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3 Uses > 120 countries & > 140 crops; ~ 40% of the insecticide market 3

4 France 4

5 5 Conventional crop production Honey bees face cocktails of pesticides, outside and inside the hive. Also true for wild bees & other pollinators

6 8 scientific articles (154 pages) Five years study, 4 continents, 17 countries First meta-analysis on neonicotinoids and fipronil 29 scientific authors (no conflict of interest) Comprehensive approach (1121 publications & data from companies) Published in Environmental Science and Pollution Research,

7 Objective : Assessment of risks & impacts for non target species Measurement of real exposures - plants (including pollen & nectar) - soils (behavior and fate) - water (surface & ground waters) - air (e.g. contaminated dusts) Measurement of real effects - acute dose (e.g. LD50) - effects by chronic exposure (10 days) - in laboratory - in semi-field & real fields Real exposure concentration RISK = Lowest concentration having toxic effects (LOEC) Recommendations to authorities for conservation of pollinators, ecosystems & public health 7

8 Example of range of contamination worldwide: imidacloprid (mean values): Soils: 1 ng/g ng/g (organic farming < 0.01 ng/g) Ground water: ng/l Surface water: ng/l Dusts: 1 30 µg/m 3 Crops: ng/g Fruits & vegetables: ng/g Neonicotinoid DT50 soil Max (days) (years) Acetamiprid Clothianidin Dinotefuran Imidacloprid Thiacloprid Thiamethoxam Pollen: 1-39 ng/g Honey: 1-73 ng/g Dead bees: from 0 (metabolized) to 5 ng/g 8

9 LEGEND Increasing scale of exposure Increasing scale of impacts 9

10 DOI: /s DOI: /s y DOI: /s DOI: /s x DOI: /s DOI: /s x DOI: /s DOI: /s

11 5 characteristics in combination 4 main impacts Preventive and massive uses Extreme toxicity to invertebrates High toxicity to vertebrates Very high persistence in soils High contamination of surface water Collapse of pollinators & biodiversity Effects on ecosystem services Threats on food production & food security Threats on human health The present use of neonicotinoids is not sustainable => Reduce (or ban) => Alternatives (e.g. Integrated pest management, etc. ) 11

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15 Exposure (intake by food) USA 2015: 100% fruits & vegetable samples contained at least 1 neonicotinoid 72% of fruits contained at least 2 neonicotinoids 45% of vegetables contained at least 2 neonicotinoids Exposure (detoxication by urine) Public health (effects) Japan 2014: 90 % of individuals were positive for at least 4 neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran & thiacloprid) (ARLA): Potential endocrine disruptors : : Genotoxic and cytotoxic : Linked to the autistic spectrum (ANSES): Carcinogen (EFSA): Neuro-developmental effects : Hepatic effects : Effects on thyroid & testicles : Synergies with other pesticides (Japan): sub-acute effects on poisoned people (hospital) : Act also on glutamate receptors (new toxic pathway) 15

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17 EFSA: Re-assessment 2013 & re-assessment in progress??? : No reduction of yields for crop production in EU France: Partial ban (1999, 2004, 2010) & total ban in 2018 Italy: Total ban in some regions ( from 2008) Germany: Extended ban on winter cereals (from 2015) Japan: Partial ban (2015) Canada: Ban in Vancouver (2016), 80% reduction in Ontario (2017) New decision in process for Quebec USA : Moratorium on new registration & full re-assessment ( ) 17

18 Toutes sortes d alternatives : - rotation des cultures, semis tardifs - choix des variétés résistantes (non OGM) - procédés physiques (barrières, labours) - substances de base (saule, ortie, etc.) - agriculture biologique - lutte biologique - agriculture biodynamique - stimulateurs de défense naturelles (SDN) - pièges à phéromones - lutte intégrée - OGM (ex: Bt) - autres insecticides à faible risque - agriculture «raisonnée», etc. Mais en premier lieu, il faut vraiment se poser la question : «Au fait, ces insecticides servent à quoi?» 18

19 19/65 From Douglas & Tooker, EST 2015 Soybean: 540 tons Maize: 910 tons

20 Cultures biologiques en bandes étroites sur billons De Jean Quentin, MAPAQ, Québec, Canada - Alternance soja, blé & maïs - bandes sur 3 rangs (90 pouces) - intercalaire de trèfle rouge (post blé) - Engrais (granules de fientes de poules x2) - aucun pesticide - Permutation annuelle des cultures Soja Blé Maïs 20/65

21 Corn crops: IPM and mutual funds (MF) From Dr L. Furlan, Veneto Agricultura, Italy & Neonicotinoids: banned from 2008 Major pests on maize crops: Black cutworms (Noctuelle baignée) (Agrotis species) Western corn rootworm (Chrysomèle du maïs) (Diabrotica species) Comparative study (30 years) ==> Risk above the economic damage < 4% Real life 2015: 53,000 ha covered with MF Farmers contribution: 3,5 /ha Strategy Insecticide Total costs (with damages) 2009/128/CE Neonicotioids yes 40 /ha IPM + MF yes 14 /ha IPM + MF + monitoring no 19 /ha MF no 25 /ha 185,000 80,500 Damages: - Wireworms sp - Diabrotica sp - wild fauna - wheather, - other pitfalls Left-over for next years: 105,000 21

22 Yield (tons) Thailand Rice paddies: multi-country & multi year evidences From Pr K.L. Heong, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Korea /65 Vietnam N= Number of insecticide Philippines Laguna Strategies Nbr of sprays Yields Control 0 - IPM 1-5.0% Farmers' strategy Philippines 2-3.6% Conventional % China: 96% reduction of insecticides (no neonicotinoids) and flowers in fields margins China Vietnam Insecticides in IRRI farms (Kg ai/ha/yr) Brown & White planthoppers 96% reduction Philippines Species richness (S r ) Herbivores Predators Parasitoids Detritivores All arthropods

23 Merci à tous mes collaborateurs au laboratoire, en France et dans le monde, Merci de votre attention. 23