Priorities for Climate Change, Adaptation and Mitigation in Africa

Transcription

1 Priorities for Climate Change, Adaptation and Mitigation in Africa Lindiwe Majele Sibanda (PhD) CEO, FANRPAN Climate Change, Agriculture and Trade: Promoting Policy Coherence International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, International Food &Agricultural Trade Policy Council

2 Outline Linking Research Evidence to Policy Development in Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Sectors About FANRPAN Clash of the Titans Climate Change and Africa Status of Smallholder Farmers Climate Change Impacts What is Africa Doing? CAADP The African Climate Position - Road to Copenhagen Priorities for Africa - Adaptation and Mitigation Model for Distributing New Money

3 ABOUT FANRPAN Created in 1997, and registered in 2002 as an international organisation Focus: - Improving policy research, analysis and formulation on key SADC priority themes - Developing human and institutional capacity for coordinated policy dialogue among all stakeholders - Improving policy decision making by enhancing the generation, exchange and use of policy-related information Stakeholder categories: - Farmers, Government, Researchers, Private sector, COMESA, SADC Members/National nodes in 13 southern African countries: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

4 FANRPAN Strategic Framework Capacity Building Policy Research

5 Saving the Planet or a Win - Win Treaty Clash of the Titans Least Developed Countries!!! America + Europe G77 + China, India, Brazil When the bull elephants fight it s the grass that suffers

6 Climate Change in Africa Status of Smallholder Farmers - Low Agricultural Yields COMESA vs. Global Crop COMESA Global Maize Rice Wheat Sorghum Cassava Beans Bananas Crop Yields (mt/ha)

7 Climate Change and Africa Status of African Farmers Small scale producers responsible for over 80% of staple food crops Women - main food producers in sub-saharan Africa accounting for: a) 70% of the agricultural labour force b) 80% of food production - 64% of People Living With HIV and AIDS are in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) - 75% of all Women LHWA are in SSA

8 Climate Change in Africa Status of African Farmers Land owned maximum 2 acres Main Crops Staples (Corn) Yield Maize 100kg/ha Fertilizer used: 0.2 of recommended/desired levels Use of recycled seeds Agricultural implements owned - hand hoe Engagement with policy processes - nil

9 Climate Change in Africa Status of Smallholder Farmers - Access to Assets Human Assets Female Headed Household (FHH), Child Headed House Hold (CHH), high illiteracy levels (increased from million in million in 2000). Natural Assets Little or no access to productive land (on average smallholder farmer has less than a hectare) Social Assets Fragmented nucleus family, High HIV and AIDS prevalence (2/3 of world cases), Dependent on relief aid (NGOs), most support goes to food and health economically inactive, high dependency ratio- more orphans and sick members Financial Assets Remittance erosion by Financial Crisis, Retrenchments high, Little or no access to credit, most income used to buy food and medication Physical Assets Housing, livestock, farm implements- hand hoe is main tool.

10 Climate Change in Africa Status of Smallholder Farmers Household Vulnerability Assessments Coping level Households: Total: 35% Acute level Households: 25% headed by women or children Emergency level Households: Total:50% Total15% 45% headed by women or children

11 Climate Change in Africa Impacts Droughts, floods, out-of-season rain, dry spells affecting the welfare of Africa s 840 million inhabitants. Drought destroyed the corn crop of this farmer in Lisutu, Zambia, in New analyses from NCAR and NOAA suggest that drought may intensify across southern Africa. (Photo 2002 Richard Lord / UMCOR.)

12 Climate Change in Africa Impacts Africa on average 0.5 C warmer now than 100 years ago Temperatures have risen much higher, parts of Kenya have become 3.5 C hotter in the past 20 years (Oxfam, the New Economics Foundation and the Working Group on Climate Change and Development) Climate Change negative impact on agriculture - up to 2% by million people 35% of Africans live in extreme poverty 250 million people 30% directly affected by desertification and drought

13 Climate Change in Africa Why Africa s Climate Change Burden is Greater Cruel irony: Africa is the least polluter - (3.8% ) of the GHG concentrations in the atmosphere

14 What is Africa Doing? CAADP Farming First Principles The African Climate Position - Road to Copenhagen Priorities for Africa - Adaptation and Mitigation Models for Distributing New Money

15 Saving the Planet or a Win - Win Treaty Global Climate Change Scenario June Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change signed by representatives of 154 countries Adoption of Kyoto Protocol Signed by 184 countries; came into force on 16 February 2005; developed countries committed to reduce GHG emissions by at least 5.2 % below their 1990 levels Bali Road Map Shared vision for long-term cooperative action for emission reductions; enhanced national/international action on mitigation and adaptation; enhanced action on technology development and transfer; enhanced action on the provision of financial resources, and investment towards mitigation and adaptation and technology cooperation Poznan, Poland COP14 Africa position launched 2009 Copenhagen COP15 Craft deal beyond Kyoto-2012 onwards

16 What is Africa Doing? Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Plan Pillar 1 Pillar 2 Pillar 3 Pillar 4 CAADP Areas of Intervention Extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems Improvement of rural infrastructure and enhanced market access Increased food availability and nutrition Improving agricultural research and technology dissemination and adoption

17 6 Key Farming First Principles

18 Safeguard Natural Resources Improve land management practices Conservation tillage Watershed management Wildlife habitat and biodiversity protection Create incentives for ecosystem services

19 What is Africa Doing? Pillar 1 Activities TerrAfrica Initiative and Global Environment Facility - $US1 billion mobilized for investment in country programmes for Sustainable Land & Water Management Conservation Agriculture (CA) - Joint NEPAD-FAO Programme ( ) to scale up adoption of CA in Southern Africa (Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zimbabwe) Water and Irrigation - NEPAD coordinates and aligns initiatives across the continent

20 What is Africa Doing? CAADP Pillar 1 Activities Conservation Agriculture

21 What is Africa Doing +ve spill over effects?

22 What is Africa Doing? COMESA Current Status Member Countries = 19 countries from Central, East, North and Southern Africa Total Population = 420 million (85% deriving livelihoods from agriculture) Agriculture 32% of COMESA s GDP 65% of foreign exchange earnings 50% of raw materials contributed to industrial sector

23 What is Africa Doing? COMESA s Achievements COMESA s engagement of regional integration successes: Expansion of trade - US $ 3 bil in US $ 15 bil in 2008 Reduced food aid dependency: 12 member countries recipients in member countries recipients in 2000 Region recorded a surplus of 1 mil tons of cereals

24 What is Africa Doing? A Conducive Regional Regulatory Framework COMESA (19 African countries 400 million people) has progressively expanded markets for producers by leveling the playing field for businesses in the region: COMESA Free Trade Area est COMESA Customs Union est COMESA trade facilitation: Infrastructure North-South Corridor, Northern Corridor, and others Sanitary & Phyto-sanitary harmonization COMESA Green Pass Tripartite agreement increase market to 550 million SADC, COMESA and EAC communities

25 What is Africa Doing? Coordinating and Monitoring Investments Implementation of the AU/NEPAD Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) Endorsed in 2003 as a strategy to revamp African agriculture Targets = 6% annual growth rate through 10% budgetary allocation Regional status 3 countries ( Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia) signed national CAADP compacts/agreements 7 countries (Djibouti, Kenya, Malawi, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia) to sign compacts in 2009/2010

26 The Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative An initiative of COMESA, EAC and SADC COMESA is taking the lead Launched in Poznan in December 2008 Endorsed by: African Union- African Heads of States Nobel Laureate Wangari Maathai Honourable Rejoice Mabudafhasi, Deputy Minister of Environmental Affairs, South Africa, Mr Agus Purnomo from Indonesia's National Council on Climate Change Honourable Ligia de Doens, Minister of Environment for Panama Honourable Ambassador Blake of Antigua and Barbuda Brent Swallow from the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Alexander Mueller from the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)

27 The Africa Climate Initiative Vision To reduce climate change impacts and enhance community resilience Enhance access to rural energy and empower rural populations, Leading to increased agricultural productivity and improved food security Goal A post-2012 climate change framework that: Acknowledges Africa's current efforts Rewards its future climate change mitigation in agriculture, forestry and other land-uses Promotes adaptation Objective To call for release of funding for research and the development of demonstration activities to enhance learning and ensure that agriculture/forestry/land use activities are rewarded and eligible for renewed funding in the international post framework. PRIME MOVERS: COMESA, FANRPAN, ICRAF, CIFOR, AFRICAN UNION

28 Principles The Africa Climate Change Initiative Integration Climate Change considerations must be integrated into policies, sectoral planning and implementation at local, national and regional levels Disaster reduction and risk management better diagnosis of vulnerabilities and strengthen local leadership and response Building economic and social resilience Reflects African realities and priorities - poverty reduction and community benefits Reduced emissions for deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)

29 The Climate Negotiations Issues at Stake for Africa Inclusion of AFOLU in the final text of Copenhagen (current text- AFOLU-13x, LULUCF 27x, REDD-PLUS 8x Food Security 10x) Provision of finance, technology and capacity building for developing countries Adaptation and Mitigation should go hand in hand gains made could be eroded if emissions continue unabated Capacity building Africa has weak institutional, technology, Weak negotiating capacities integrating agriculture to environment agenda-silo approach The emerging divide between G-77 and Africa

30 The Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative Priorities for Africa - Adaptation and Mitigation ADAPTATION starts today! Recognize that most African countries are highly vulnerable to current climate variability Prepare strategically for longer-term change, where necessary and possible Differentiate between adaptation at the local, national and regional level (different timehorizons!) MITIGATION focus on opportunities! Recognize that total CO2 emissions are low, but per capita emissions are high if land-use changes are taken into account Focus on mitigation options which reduce land degradation and thereby also vulnerabilities Take mitigation into account in long-term investments, where there is financing support

31 The Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative Priorities for Africa - Adaptation Sustainable Land Use Management Food Security & environmental sustainability Links of SLUM with climate risk management and mitigation of climate change Reduction of climate vulnerabilities through: Improved land productivity Improved water retention Reduced erosion and top soil loss Reduction of compounding environmental pressures

32 The Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative Priorities for Africa - Mitigation Africa promotes REDD - the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by forest sources REDD provides a unique opportunity for forest nations to be rewarded for forest protection and stewardship Africa promotes AFOLU - carbon sequestration through agriculture, forestry and sustainable land uses

33 The New Economy- Bio-Carbon Initiative Model for Distributing New Money Scale up of community managed environment programmes, e.g. CAMPFIRE communal areas management program for indigenous resources Scale up role of CSOs- watch dog role (give evidence and voice to Farmers, media, women) Smallholder farmers act as environmental custodians - creates jobs - local people are trained and become involved as environmental educators, etc Benefits from carbon finance cement community collective responsibility : - incentive for people to conserve

34 23-27 February 2009, New York, USA Intergovernmental Preparatory Meeting (IPM) of the Seventeenth Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD-17) - Discussed policy options and possible actions to enable the implementation of measures and policies on agriculture, rural development, land, drought, desertification in Africa April 2009 Durban, South Africa SACAU Policy Conference - Developed clear strategy on climate change and agriculture in Southern Africa 6-8 April, Kadoma, Zimbabwe COMESA Zimbabwe Climate Change Roundtable - Developed a consensus on the Africa climate change position 4 6 April 2009, Lusaka, Zambia The Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative Road to Copenhagen Regional Conservation Agriculture Tour - Conservation agriculture s role in mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change promoted

35 The Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative Road to Copenhagen May 2009, Gaborone, Botswana Southern Africa Development Community Meeting on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (SADC- REDD) New partnerships formed on REDD and understanding of SADC agenda around REDD 4 May May rd Implementation Cycle: Policy Session of the Seventeenth Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UN-CSD-17) Secured endorsements of the Africa Bio-carbon Solution May 2009 COMESA Pre-AMCEN Climate Change Scientists Meeting African scientists endorsed the Africa Bio-Carbon May 2009, Nairobi COMESA CSO Pre-AMCEN meeting Planning committee on climate mitigation and adaptation formed May 2009, Nairobi African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) Meeting endorsed the Africa Bio-carbon solution and issued the African common position on climate change. 28 May 5 June 2009, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe COMESA Policy Organs meeting and Summit of Heads of State and Government Summit endorsed the Africa Bio-carbon solution.

36 The Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative Lessons for Barcelona Include CSOs in main national negotiating delegations and form coalitions Highlight where Agriculture can be included & reinforced in negotiating text Ensure integration of African media in COP15 delegations to amplify African voice and hold governments accountable Support negotiating teams pre- and during negotiations Press conference and side meeting at COP15

37 Conclusion Agriculture is the back-bone of Africa s livelihoods. A climate change deal must include include Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) COP 15 -NO Agriculture is NO GLOBAL DEAL To endorse- Visit