Weed control in maize
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- Elaine Morris
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1 Weed control in maize Current & future challenges of physical and cultural weed control in economic and sustainable maize production Hilfred Huiting, Marleen Riemens & Rommie van der Weide EWRS Workshop Nyon 3-5 April 2017
2 Presentation outline Setting the scene Influence herbicide reduction on maize yield Experiences in long-year experiment in Lelystad
3 NL maize production setting the scene Challenges! to maintain organic matter content and soil quality to prevent runoff and leaching of pesticides (mostly herbicides) to increase (soil) biodiversity to maintain yield level (quantity & quality) So drivers to produce more, with less input, within narrower boundaries
4 NL maize production practice The dairy farmer s focus is on the cow, not the land Maize production outsourced to contractors However increasing awareness for challenges addressed So, research and extension work to do to implement several sustainability issues in every day practice Demonstrate possibilities Test new approaches
5 Possibilities to influence farmer s demand? Towards farmers: focus on the wins! Short term; easy money Longer term; Relation soil quality and yield potential Anticipate on stricter guidelines and regulations Contractors will adjust to new realities, and easier to create impact
6 Selectivity trial herbicides - background Maize production outsourced to contractors Herbicide cocktail often fits-all for an area Herbicides often applied in single pass, c. 6 leaf stage; deemed efficient and most cost-effective However possible crop influence if applied late
7 Selectivity trial herbicides - options Compose tailor-made herbicide cocktail Apply as early as possible Split applications Implement mechanical control
8 Selectivity trial herbicides - treatments Starting point of each treatment was a clean result A. Practice late; 1 treatment, 6-8 leaf stage 1245 g a.i./ha B. Soil herbicide before emergence + ⅓ rate 2-3 leaf stage 524 g a.i./ha C. Low rates split application; ⅓ rate leaf stage 967 g a.i./ha D. Cross compliance ; harrowing + ⅓ rate 4-6 leaf stage 483 g a.i./ha E. Untreated: mechanical weed control; harrowing + hoeing
9 Selectivity trial herbicides - dates Sowing date: 18 May A. Spraying: 24 June B. Spraying: 26 May + 16 June C. Spraying: June D. Harrowing: May Spraying: 16 June E. Harrowing: May Hoeing + finger weeding: June
10 An impression
11 Crop height on two dates, relative to practice LSD ras DS: 0.7 LSD ras VEM: 0.8 Interacties: n.s. 11/Jul 09/Sep
12 Dry matter and feeding quality (VEM), relative to practice LSD ras DS: 0.7 LSD ras VEM: 0.8 Interacties: n.s. Dry matter Quality
13 Conclusions selectivity trial All weed control strategies delivered the clean result desired All test strategies showed improved crop development and higher yield than late practice Reduction of input is well possible Savings on herbicide compensate for labour cost So financial benefit! This case only?
14 Long-term experiment maize, since 2009 Main treatments, 3 replicates, grassland previous crop A. Plough Spring B. Non inversion tillage (NI) C. Ridge till (RT) D. No till (of topsoil; NT) E. Strip tillage (ST) Sub treatments 5 green manure crops in fallow 2 weed control strategies In total 180 plots, trial surface c. 2 hectare Marine loam soil, c. 25% clay
15 Challenges for us researchers Implementing experimental systems New systems for NL New systems at all New combinations Which machines How to adjust them???
16 Basic approach weed control Use flex-tine harrow as much as possible High working capacity Control weeds in germination phase; very little effort needed Followed by hoe + finger or torsion weeder
17 Plough and NI - basic approach Works quite well for ploughing system, despite 40% clay soil Equal or even better results at non-inversion tillage
18 NI tillage system
19 NI tillage system
20 RT different approach Theory...
21 RT different approach Theory... Practice...
22 RT different approach Theory... Practice...
23 RT different approach Theory... Practice...
24 RT conclusion Crop development OK Weed development OK too Extra passes needed to make the system successful System deleted from trial after 2015
25 NT conflicting mechanical control
26 NT conflicting mechanical control How to apply mechanical weed control in a system based on application of chemicals? Pre-emergence hoeing in-row Try harrowing But still... Successful cover crops reduce weed pressure But still...
27 ST different approach System based on glyfosate treated grassland
28 ST different approach But, can we keep the grass? Would serve as cover crop after the maize How to manage the grass? Mowing?
29 ST different approach But, can we keep the grass? Would serve as cover crop after the maize How to manage the grass? Mowing? Flaming?
30 ST different approach But, can we keep the grass? Would serve as cover crop after the maize How to manage the grass? Mowing? Flaming? Herbicide?
31 Remarks long-term trial so far Reducing tillage = increasing non-chemical weed control challenge Possibilities cover crops to control weeds whilst maintaining crop yield level need more exploration Every systems need optimisation of mechanisation!
32 One last experiment... System tried by sunlfower grower in Austria Zaai Voortjes op de rij Voortjes Aanaardend (8-9 cm diep) (4 cm diep) dicht schoffelen schoffelen 3 passes with hoe only Effects in 2015 and 2016 encouraging
33 Thank you! any questions? 33
*Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Switzerland
Reduced tillage in organic farming systems in Europe: lessons learnt from the TILMAN- ORG project Paul Mäder, FiBL* (paul.maeder@fibl.org) Christophe David, ISARA Andreas Fliessbach, FiBL* Paolo Bàrberi,
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