Pregon Pesticide Use!Estimates for Iredirtirt. 712 September Oregon State University Extension Service

Transcription

1 Pregon Pesticide Use!Estimates for 1981 Iredirtirt 712 September 1984 Oregon State University Extension Service

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures 2 Introduction 1981 Oregon Pesticide Use Estimates by Crop or Site A. Grains 5 B. Hay and Forage 6 C. Grass and Legume Seeds 7 D. Field Crops 8 E. Tree Fruits and Nuts 11 F. Small Fruits and Berries 14 G. Vegetable and Truck Crops 16 H. Specialty Products 18 I. Miscellaneous Sites 18 II Procedures, Sources, and Problems in Estimating Pesticide Use 23 III Problems in Extrapolating Pesticide Use Amounts 31 IV Pesticide Use Estimate Comparisons 35 V Summary and Conclusions 39 VI Appendices 41 I Ranking (pounds) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon 42 II Listing (alphabetical) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon 47 III Survey Questionnaire Forms 51 Bibliography 54 1

3 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1. Some Pesticides Commonly Applied to Wheat 32 Table 2. Some Pesticides Commonly Applied to Potatoes 33 Table 3. Some Pesticides Commonly Applied to Pears 34 Table 4. General Pesticide Use Estimate Comparisons 35 Table D Wheat Use from Table D Forest Use from Table 7. Pesticide Use on (traditional) Agricultural Crops 36 Table 8. Pesticides Used on Pears in Medford 36 Table 9. Pesticides Used on Onions in Oregon 37 Table 10. Pesticides Used on Potatoes in Oregon 37 Table 11. Pesticides Used on Green Peas in Oregon 37 Table 12. Ten Pesticides Most Widely Used in Oregon 39 Figure 1. 2,4-D Use in Oregon 26 Figure 2. Use of Herbicides on Rights of Way 29 Figure 3. Seven Agricultural Areas 31 Figure 4. Use of Soil Fumigants Telone and D-D on Potatoes 33 Figure 5. Total Pesticide Use in Oregon 39 2

4 INTRODUCTION The Oregon/USDA Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (PIAP) provides information defining pesticide use in Oregon with regard to the amount of a pesticide used and the site of use (crop, location) and an evaluation of the benefits and risks from employment of pesticides. Such information assists National Pesticide Assessment Teams and contribute to decisions by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding modification of registrations or cancellations of registrations of existing pesticides. This report estimates the amount of such pesticides used in Oregon, ranks them according to amount, and estimates the amount of each pesticide used on each of the major crops in Oregon. On some crops the amounts used are segregated by geographic location within the state. This collected information has not been heretofore available in Oregon because there is no system or requirement which compiles or even records the overall uses or sales of pesticides, in spite of the fact that agricultural, industry, and public interest groups are constantly seeking this information. This use inventory is for the 1981 season. Uses of individual pesticides (insecticides more so than herbicides or fungicides) will change significantly each year as pest population density fluctuates and as different pesticides are available. Many crops such as wheat, sugar beets for seed and lily bulbs are planted during the fall and are harvested during the following summer. Pesticide use on these, as well as all crops, follow the 1981 calendar year not the crop year. This report records estimates by active ingredient rather than formulation. An active ingredient is the actual pure or technical grade product which produces the effect. For example, formulator may dilute a garden dust such as captan to 5%. As a result a five pound can of dust would contain only one-quarter pound of captan; in other words, one-quarter pound of active ingredients in five pounds of formulation. Use of formulation instead of active ingredient would give misleading pesticide use estimates. To assist in recognition of pesticides, trade name have been given along with common names for clarity. To illustrate, bleach is a common name, but Purex and Clorox are trade names. Trade names are used when: 1) a single product is registered, e.g. Hoelon; 2) several products are used but one or two dominate the market, e.g. FIA Trade names are not used when: 1) numerous products are registered, e.g. Esteron, Weedone, Weedmaster, and Weed N' Feed: 2) common names and trade names are identical, e.g. chlordane. 3

5 I THE PESTICIDES AND THEIR AMOUNTS IN POUNDS USED ON MAJOR CROPS AND SITES IN OREGON CALENDAR YEAR 1981 Crop Common Name Trade Name* A. Grains Pounds Used Small Grains (wheat, oats, barley, rye) Western Oregon (345,550 acres) Diuron Karmex 400,000 Diclofop methyl Hoelon 286,000 2,4-D 162,000 MCPA Chiptox, Rhomene 40,000 Carboxin Vitavax 39,000 Lindane 29,000 Difenzoquat Avenge 23,000 Diallate Avadex 18,000 Dicamba Banvel 11,000 Dimethoate Cygon, DeFend 7,000 Glyphosate Roundup 3,000 Dinoseb Dow General 2,000 Metribuzin Sencor, Lexone 1,000 Thiram Vitavax Formaldehyde Formalin Captan Chlorothalonil Bravo 1,021,000 Eastern Oregon (1,193,000 acres) 2,4-D 560,000 Bromoxynil Brominal, Buctril 305,000 Terbutryn Igran 130,000 Dicamba Banvel 115,000 Carboxin Vitavax 114,000 MCPA Chiptox, Rhomene 111,000 Propham Chem Hoe 100,000 Glyphosate Roundup 50,000 Disulfoton Disyston 45,000 Benomyl Benlate 30,000 Trifluralin Treflan 30,000 Lindane 30,000 Metribuzin Lexone, Sencor 25,000 Dimethoate Cygon, DeFend 10,000 Methoxychlor Marlate 2,000 Parathion, M-parathion Penncap M, Parathion 1,000 Malathion Cythion 1,000 Barban Carbyne 700 PCNB Captan Thiram Vitavax 1,659,700 * See Introduction, page 3 5

6 6 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Field Corn (22,000 acres) Atrazine AAtrex 18,000 Alachlor Lasso 18,000 EPTC Eptam 7,500 Phorate Thimet 6,000 Glyphosate Roundup 5,500 Butylate Sutan 3,500 Propargite Comite 2,600 2,000 2,4-D Vernolate Surpass, Vernam 1,500 Carbaryl Sevin 1,500 Methomyl Lannate, Nudrin ,000 Grain Storage Carbon tetrachloride FIA 80-20, Vertifume 150,000 Malathion Cythion 50,000 Carbon disulfide FIA 80-20, Vertifume 30,000 Aluminum phosphide Phostoxin 5,000 Methyl bromide Dowfume 1, ,000 B. Hay and Forage Alfalfa Hay (425,000 acres) EPTC Eptam 102,000 Chlorpropham Furloe 25,000 Simazine Princep 13,000 Phosmet Imidan 13,000 Carbofuran Furadan 10,000 Propham Furloe 10,000 Metribuzin Sencor, Lexone 8,000 Profluralin Tolban 7,000 Pronamide Kerb 7,000 4,000 Parathion 3,000 Paraquat Bethrodine Balan 1, ,000 All Other Hay (635,000 acres) 25,000 2,4-D MCPA Chiptox, Rhomene 6,000 Dicamba Banvel 1,600 Picloram Tordon 1,000 33,600 Silage Corn (29,000 acres) Atrazine AAtrex 35,000 Vernolate Surpass 35,000 Alachlor Lasso 23,000 Captan 93,000

7 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used C. Grass & Legume Seed Austrian Winter Peas (6,900 acres) Dinoseb Trifluralin Triallate Dow General Treflan Fargo 21,000 3,000 2,000 26,000 Grass Seed Crops (220,975 acres) Perennial Ryegrass and Bluegrass Mancozeb Nickel sulfate Atrazine Diuron Triadimefon Ethofumesate Propham Chlorpropham Chlorothalonil AAtrex Karmex Bayleton Nortron Chem Hoe Furloe Bravo 110, ,000 95,000 39,000 25,000 24,000 20,000 20,000 5, ,000 All Grass Seed Crops 2,4-D MSMA _ Diazinon Dicamba MCPA Bromoxynil Alfalfa Seed Crop (7,710 acres) Glyphosate Trichlorfon Dinoseb Oxydemeton methyl Demeton Naled Propargite Toxaphene Endosulfan Paraquat Diquat Carbofuran Dimethoate Methidathion Bueno 6, Mesamate 600 Banvel Chiptox, Rhomene Brominal, Buctril Roundup Dylox Dow General MSR Systox Dibrom Comite, Omite Attac Thiodan Furadan Cygon, DeFend Supracide 83,000 12,000 10,000 7,000 6,000 3, ,000 20,000 17,800 15,200 5,300 5,300 3,900 2,900 1,100 1, ,500 Crimson and Red Clover Seed Crop (More than 50,000 acres) Pronamide Kerb MCPA Chiptox, Rhomene 10,000 2,000 12,000 7

8 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Vetch Seed Crop (5,000 acres) Methoxychlor Diuron D. Field Crops Potato Storage Chlorpropham Thiabendazole Potatoes (54,000 total state acres) Malheur County (10,000 acres) Dichloropropane/ dichloropropene Aldicarb Maleic hydrazide Maneb EPTC Alachlor Fonofos Chlorothalonil Metribuzin Carbofuran Phorate Captan Trifluralin Methamidophos Marlate Karmex CIPC, Sprout Nip TBZ, Mertect D-D, Telone Temik MH-30 Eptam Lasso Dyfonate Bravo Lexone, Sencor Furadan Thimet Treflan Monitor 6,000 2,000 8,000 30,000 30, ,000 23,000 22,000 21,000 6,900 6,700 3,700 3,100 2,300 1,500 1,300 1, ,600 Columbia Basin and Surrounding Region (28,130 acres) Dichloropropane/ dichloropropene D-D, Telone Metam-sodium Vapam EPTC Eptam Dinoseb Dow General Aldicarb Temik Maneb Phorate Thimet Fonofos Dyfonate Metribuzin Lexone, Sencor Methamidophos Monitor Trifluralin Treflan Pendimethalin Prowl Captan Captafol Difolatan Maleic hydrazide MH-30 Chlorothalonil Bravo Fenvalerate Pydrin 600, , , ,000 93,000 92,000 56,000 30,000 28,000 25,000 22,000 9,000 6,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 1,640,000

9 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Potatoes (continued) Klamath County (9,000 acres) Dichloropropane/ dichloropropene D-D, Telone 1,224,000 Maneb 40,000 EPTC Eptam 15,000 Methamidophos Monitor 10,000 Aldicarb Temik 6,000 Captan 6,000 Metribuzin Lexone, Sencor 4,500 1,305,500 All Other Potatoes (6,700 acres) EPTC Eptam 23,000 Aldicarb Temik 18,000 Maneb 18,000 Fonofos Dyfonate 8,000 Metribuzin Lexone, Sencor 6,000 Maleic hydrazide MB-30 6,000 Methamidophos Monitor 4,000 Trifluralin Treflan 4,000 Captan 4,000 Dinoseb Dow General 3,000 Copper hydroxide Kocide 2,400 Captafol Difolatan 2,000 Carbofuran Furadan 1,100 Phorate Thimet 1,000 Chlorothalonil Bravo 1,000 Fenvalerate Pydrin ,900 Mint Western Oregon (20,400 acres) Asulam Asulox 41,000 Fonofos Dyfonate 39,000 Terbacil Sinbar 23,000 Dinoseb Dow General 21,000 Bentazon Basagran 17,000 Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 12,000 Carbofuran Furadan 9,000 Paraquat 9,000 Acephate Orthene 8,000 Propargite Omite, Comite 7,000 Oxamyl Vydate 5,000 Dicofol Kelthane 3,000 Methomyl Lannate, Nudrin 1,000 Napropamide Devrinol 1, ,000 9

10 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Mint (continued) Eastern Oregon (16,780 acres) Bentazon Terbacil Propargite Acephate Methomyl Carbofuran Oxamyl Basagran Sinbar Omite, Comite Orthene Lannate, Nudrin Furadan Vydate 34,000 21,000 6,000 3,000 1,200 1, ,500 Hops (7,000 acres) Dinoseb Cyhexatin Dicofol Paraquat Diazinon Propargite Zineb Oxydemeton methyl Metalaxyl Demeton Dow General 9,000 Plictran 3,000 Kelthane 2,000 2,000 2,000 Omite, Comite 2,000 1,000 MSR Ridomil Systox 21,000 Sugar Beet Seed Crop (6,350 ac-res) Sulfur Cycloate Fonofos Endothall Phenmedipham Pronamide Chlorothalonil Ro:Neet Dyfonate Herbicide 273 Betanal Kerb Bravo 46,000 15,000 8,000 8,000 5,000 4,000 1,000 87,000 Dry Peas (10,850 acres) Dinoseb Trifluralin Triallate Captan Dow General 38,000 Treflan 5,000 Fargo 2,000 45,000 Dry Field Beans (15,230 acres) Dinoseb EPTC Trifluralin Carbaryl Captan Dow General Eptam Treflan Sevin 46,000 23,000 4,000 3,000 76,000 10

11 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used E. Tree Fruits & Nuts Peaches and Apricots (1,814 acres) Sulfur 48,000 Ziram 18,000 Captan 18,000 Copper hydroxide Kocide 15,000 Carbaryl Sevin 4,000 Dodine Cyprex 4,000 Benomyl Benlate 2,000 Oil 2,000 Diazinon 2,000 Endosulfan Thiodan 1, ,000 Apples (Hood River 4,700 acres) Oil 107,000 Dodine Cyprex 28,000 Ziram 24,000 Carbaryl Sevin 7,100 Azinphos-methyl Guthion 5,300 Phosmet Imidan 4,700 Dinocap Karathane 4,700 Cyhexatin Plictran 3,800 DNOC Elgetol 3,100 Parathion 2,900 Endosulfan Thiodan 2,400 Oryzalin Surflan 2,000 Diazinon 1,700 Methidathion Supracide 1,400 Ethion 1,200 Phosalone Zolone 1,200 Glyphosate Roundup 1,200 NAA Fruitone N ,300 Pears Hood River (9765 acres) Oil 240,000 Ziram 31,000 Amitraz BAAM 18,000 Phosmet Imidan 11,700 Dinocap Karathane 9,800 Oxythioquinox Morestan 9,300 Cyhexatin Plictran 8,800 Azinphos-methyl Guthion 5,900 Endosulfan Thiodan 3,900 Fenvalerate Pydrin 3,300 Oryzalin Surflan 3,000 Streptomycin Agri-Strep 300 gallons 344,700 11

12 12 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Pears (continued) Rogue Valley (7,900 acres) Oil 213,000 Dodine Cyprex 31,000 Calcium polysulfide Lime sulfur 30,000 Phosmet Imidan 28,000 Zineb Dithane Z-78 27,000 Z Tram 22,000 Azinphos-methyl Guthion 17,000 Cyhexatin Plictran 12,000 Amitraz BAAM 7,200 Diazinon 6,300 Oryzalin Surflan 2,000 Fenvalerate- Pydrin 1,600 Parathion 1,600 Methidathion Supracide 1,200 Dinocap Karathane 800 Ethion 200 Fenbutatin oxide Vendex Streptomycin Agri-Strep 500 gallons 402,500 Other Pears and Apples (230 acres pears; 1,400 acres apples) Oil 32,000 Ziram 7,300 Dodine Cyprex 5,500 Carbaryl Sevin 2,200 Azinphos-methyl Guthion 1,600 Phosmet Imidan 1,400 Dinocap Karathane 1,400 Cyhexatin Plictran 1,100 DNOC Elgetol 1,000 53,500 Filberts (21,779 acres) Carbaryl Sevin 174,000 Bordeaux 18,000 Simazine Princep 15,200 Diazinon 15,000 Oil 7,800 Phosalone Zolone 7,100 Tribasic copper 5,000 Copper hydroxide Kocide 4,700 Endosulfan Thiodan 3,200 Paraquat 2,500 Dimethoate Cygon, DeFend 2,000 Glyphosate Roundup 1,200 Oryzalin Surflan 1,000 2,4-D ,200

13 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Cherries, Sweet and Tart Western Oregon (8,583 acre) Captan 129,000 Sulfur 61,000 Copper hydroxide Kocide 35,000 Diazinon 25,000 Oil 20,000 Ziram 15,000 Carbaryl Sevin 14,000 Methiocarb Mesurol 5,000 Malathion Cythion 5,000 Dodine Cyprex 3,000 Benomyl Benlate 3,000 Endosulfan Thiodan 3,000 Parathion 1,000 Glyphosate Roundup ,600 Wasco and Hood River (6,050 acres) Oil 30,000 Malathion Cythion 13,600 Parathion 5,800 Methidathion Supracide 3,000 Diazinon 3,000 Copper hydroxide Kocide ,600 All Other Areas (1,185 acres) Oil 5,600 Malathion Cythion 2,500 Captan 1,700 Parathion 1,000 Sulfur 800 Diazinon 700 Methidathion Supracide 500 Copper hydroxide Kocide 400 Carbaryl Sevin 400 Ziram 200 Dodine Cyprex 200 Methiocarb Mesurol ,100 Prunes and Plums (6,913 acres) Sulfur 42,000 Oil 8,300 Diazinon 4,000 Captan 2,800 Benomyl Benlate 1,700 Dicofol Kelthane 700 Endosulfan Thiodan 700 Propargite Omite, Comite ,700 13

14 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Grapes (1,500 acres) Sulfur Captan Napropamide Oryzalin Glyphosate Simazine Benomyl Triadimefon. Small Fruits and Berries 30,000 2,500 Devrinol 2,000 Surflan 2,000 Roundup 1,000 Princep 1,000 Benlate 700 Bayleton ,400 Cranberries (850 acres) Bordeaux 4,600 Maneb 3,500 Chlorpropham Furloe 2,000 Diazinon 2,000 Dichlobenil Casoron 1,800 Copper hydroxide Kocide 1,800 Captafol Difolatan 1,800 Norflurazon Evital 1,500 Ferbam Carbamate 1,400 Sulfur 1,400 Captan -700 Simazine Princep 700 Zineb Dithane Z Glyphosate Roundup 450 Parathion 300 2,4-D 250 Azinphos-methyl Guthion 120 Malathion Cythion 40 Dalapon Dowpon 40 25,000 Blueberries (400 acres) Copper hydroxide Kocide 2,000 Tribasic copper Microcop 2,000 Captan 1,500 Methiocarb Mesurol 1,300 Simazine Princep 1,000 Dichlobenil Casoron 1,000 Diuron Karmex 300 Carbaryl Sevin 300 Azinphos-methyl Guthion 300 Methoxychlor Marlate 300 Malathion Cythion 300 Terbacil Sinbar 150 Pronamide Kerb ,550 14

15 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Caneberries (9,083 acres) Oil 72,000 Sulfur 50,000 Dinoseb Dow General 45,000 Copper hydroxide Kocide 35,000 Captan 30,000 Napropamide Devrinol 27,000 Diazinon 12,000 Pronamide Kerb 10,000 Carbaryl Sevin 7,000 Simazine Princep 6,000 Diuron Karmex 6,000 Malathion Cythion 5,000 Cyhexatin Plictran 3,000 Benomyl Benlate 3,000 Methomyl Lannate, Nudrin 2,000 Vinclozolin Ronilan 2,000 Methoxychlor Marlate 2,000 Terbacil Sinbar 1,000 Diphenamid Enide 1,000 Dicofol Kelthane 1,000 Azinphos-methyl Guthion 1,000 Metalaxyl Ridomil ,500 Strawberries (5,500 acres) Dichloropropane/ dichloropropene D-D, Telone 85,000 Ethylene dibromide Soilbrome 50,000 Captan 35,000 Napropamide Devrinol 10,500 Oxydemeton-methyl MSR 8,500 Benomyl Benlate 5,000 Endosulfan Thiodan 4,000 Simazine Princep 4,000 Carbofuran Furadan 4,000 Carbaryl Sevin 2,500 Metalaxyl Ridomil 2,250 Cyhexatin Plictran 2,000 Azinphos-methyl Guthion 2,000 Vinclozolin Ronilan 2,000 Glyphosate Roundup 1,500 Diazinon 1,000 Propargite Omite, Comite ,850 15

16 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used G. Vegetable and Truck Crops Onions Western Oregon (2,300 acres) Zineb Dithane Z-78 22,000 Nitrofen Tok 18,000 Maneb 15,000 Propachlor Ramrod 8,000 CDAA Randox 4,000 Diazinon 2,000 Fonofos Dyfonate 2,000 Methyl parathion 1,000 Paraquat 1,000 Fensulfothion Dasanit 500 Formaldehyde Formalin 73,500 Eastern Oregon (6,000 acres) Dichloropropane/ dichloropropene D-D, Telone 758,000 DCPA Dachtal 50,000 Toxaphene Attac 27,000 Mancozeb 24,000 Maleic hydrazide MH-30 15,000 Parathion 8,800 Trifluralin Treflan 3,100 Nitrofen Tok 2, ,700 Garlic (880 acres) Chloroxuron Tenoran 2,600 DCNA Botran 1,800 Sulfur 1,300 Paraquat 400 Bromoxynil Brominal, Buctril 400 Pronamide Kerb 400 Chlorothalonil Bravo 400 Fonofos Dyfonate 200 7,500 Table Beets (3,000 acres) Cycloate Ro-Neet 9,000 Pyrazon Pyramin 8,000 Trichlorfon Dylox 3,000 Fonofos Dyfonate 1,000 Carbaryl Sevin 1,000 Captan 22,000 16

17 Crop Common Name Trade Name Snap Beans (29,680 acres) EPTC Eptam Dinoseb Dow General Fonofos Dyfonate Carbaryl Sevin Benomyl Benlate Glyphosate Roundup Trifluralin Treflan Diazinon Captan Profluralin Tolban DCNA Botran Ziram Chlorothalonil Bravo Disulfoton Disyston Sweet Corn (43,795 acres) Atrazine AAtrex Alachlor Lasso Vernolate Surpass, Vernam Fonofos Dyfonate Dinoseb Dow General Butylate Sutan Demeton Systox EPTC Eptam, Eradicane Captan Pounds Used 87,000 84,000 19,000 11,000 10,000 3,000 2,800 2,700 1,800 1,700 1, ,700 34,000 34,000 28,000 27,000 5,200 2,600 1,500 1, ,400 Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower (4,020 acres) Disulfoton Disyston Parathion Carbaryl Sevin Trifluralin Treflan Methamidophos Monitor Fonofos Dyfonate Methomyl Lannate, Nudrin Toxaphene Attac Fenvalerate Pydrin Bacillus thuringiensis Thuricide, Dipel Green Peas (26,730 acres) Dinoseb Dow General Trifluralin Treflan Parathion Diallate Avadex 22,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,800 1, quarts 17,600 30,000 13,000 8,000 4,000 55,

18 1R Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Squash and Pumpkins (2,000 acres) Bensulide Betasan 6,000 Chloramben Amiben 5,000 Dinoseb Dow General 2,000 Captan 13,000 Cantaloupes, Cucumbers, Watermelons (2,842 acres) Naptalam Alanap 3,000 Chloramben Amiben 3,000 Paraquat 1,000 TrifIuralin Treflan 1,000 8,000 H. Specialty Products Lily Bulbs (125 acres) Bordeaux 88,000 Dichloropropane/ dichloropropene D-D, Telone 63,000 Ferbam Carbamate 14,000 PCNB Terrachlor 14,000 Aldicarb Temik 1,500 Benomyl Benlate 1,400 Simazine Princep 1,300 Chlorpropham Furloe 500 Paraquat 300 Oxydemeton-methyl MSR ,100 I. Miscellaneous Sites Vector Control (Mosquitoes) Oil Golden Bear Oil 328,000 Malathion Cythion 14,000 Fenthion Baytex 6,800 Naled Dibrom 200 Temephos Abate 100 Chlorpyrifos Dursban 70 Pyrethrum 30 Diazinon 20 Methoprene Altosid 20 Dimethoate Cygon 20 Coumaphos Co-Ral 20 Benzalkonium chloride Roccal-D ,300

19 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Home Use Captan 80,000 Sulfur 80,000 2,4-D 70,000 Carbaryl Sevin 75,000 Oil 60,000 Malathion 40,000 Diazinon 31,000 Calcium polysulfide Lime sulfur 15,000 Metaldehyde Bugetta, Cory Slug Bait 10,000 Tribasic copper Microcop 8,000 Chlordane 8,000 MCPA 6,000 Dodine Cyprex 4,000 Zinc Moss Kil 3,000 Amitrole Amitrol T 3,000 Dicofol Kelthane 3,000 Rotenone 3,000 Simazine 2,000 Acephate Orthene 2,000 Glyphosate Knoxout 2,000 Benomyl Benlate 1,500 Dichlobenil Casoron 1,500 Sodium fluosilicate Sluabait 1,000 DCPA Dachtal 1,000 2,4-DP 1,000 Sodium chlorate Noxall 1,000 Sodium metaborate Noxall 1,000 Methoxychlor 500 Zineb 500 Endosulfan Thiodan 500 Chlorpyrifos Dursban 500 DDVP Vapona 500 Oxydemeton-methyl MSR 500 Trichlorfon 500 Dicamba 500 Ferric sulfate anhydrous Moss Out 500 Prometon 500 Propoxur ,500 Department of Fish and Wildlife 2,4-D 6,400 Atrazine AAtrex 600 Dicamba Banvel 500 Rotenone 300 Glyphosate Roundup 200 Simazine Princep 100 Pronamide Kerb 100 Dalapon Dowpon 50 Picloram Tordon

20 20 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Rights-of-Way State Highways Diuron Simazine Amitrole Atrazine Fosamine ammonium Bromacil 2,4-D 2,4-DP Dichlobenil Glyphosate Dalapon Pronamide Tebuthiuron Fenac Picloram Prometon Oxadiazon Dicamba Mefluidide Chlorflurecol County Roads Atrazine Simazine 2,4-D Diuron Amitrole Glyphosate Bromacil Fosamine ammonium Triclopyr Dalapon Dicamba 2,4-DP Fenac Prometon Dichlobenil MSMA Sodium cacodylate Tebuthiuron Picloram Asulam Karmex Princep Amitrol T, Cytrol AAtrex Krenite Hyvar, Krovar Casoron Roundup Dowpon Kerb Spike Tordon Pramitol Ronstar Banvel Embark Maintain CF AAtrex Princep Karmex, Krovar Amitrol T Roundup Hyvar, Krovar Krenite Garlon Dowpon Banvel Pramitol Casoron Bueno 6, Mesamate 600 Phytar Spike Tordon Asulox 34,000 26,000 20,000 19,000 17,000 13,000 13,000 9,500 3,200 1,400 1, ,940 45,000 37,000 22,000 14,000 9,900 4,900 4,000 2,800 2,500 2, ,520

21 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Rights-of-Way (continued) Railroads Atrazine AAtrex 16,800 Tebuthiuron Spike 9,600 Bromacil Hyvar, Krovar 5,100 Diuron Karmex, Krovar 4,900 2,4-D 3,200 Glyphosate Roundup 3,000 Pronamide Kerb 1,100 Amitrole Amitrol T 1,000 Dicamba Banvel ,950 Power Lines 2,4-D 28,000 2,4-DP 6,200 Picloram Tordon 3,600 Dicamba Banvel 2,100 Terbuthiuron Spike 1,200 Atrazine AAtrex 600 Diuron Karmex, Krovar 400 Simazine Princep 400 Sodium metaborate 300 Amitrole Amitrol T 300 Prometon Pramitol 50 Monuron 20 Dichlobenil Casoron 20 43,190 Fence Rows and Other Rights-of-Way Diuron Karmex, Krovar 25,000 Bromacil Hyvar, Krovar 20,000 Dichlobenil Casoron 3,000 Picloram Tordon 1,700 Sodium metaborate 900 Sodium chlorate Hibor, Monobor-chlorate 500 2,4-DP 300 Prometon Pramitol ,500 Wood Preservatives Creosote 15,000,000 Pentachlorphenol PCP, Penta 1,590,000 Chromated copper arsenate CCA 1,000,000 Ammoniacal copper arsenate ACA 230,000 Acid copper chromate ACC 17,000 17,837,000 21

22 Crop Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Forestland (USFS, OSDF, Private) 2,4-D Glyphosate Atrazine Fosamine ammonium Hexazinone 2,4-DP Methyl bromide Picloram Chloropicrin Putrified egg solids Amitrole Dalapon Triclopyr Dimethoate Chlorothalonil Diazinon Chlorpyrifos Strychnine Luretape strips Roundup AAtrex Krenite Velpar Tordon Big Game Repellant Amitrol T Dowpon Garlon Cygon, DeFend Daconil Lorsban 130,000 37,000 22,000 21,000 20,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 7,000 5,800 1, ,000 strips 287,560 Bureau of Land Management 2,4-D Atrazine Simazine AAtrex Princep 33,000 2,700 1,200 36,900 Noxious Weed Control 2, 4-D Dicamba Dalapon Picloram Glyphosate 2,4,5-T Asulam Sodium chlorate Sodium metaborate 2,4-DP Bifenox Diphenamide Bromacil Fosamine ammonium Amitrole Diuron Dichlobenil Banvel DOWp011 Tordon Roundup Esteron 245 Asulox Hibor, Monobor chlorate Modown Enide Dymid Hyvar, Krovar Krenite Amitrol T Karmex, Krovar Casoron 37,000 7,200 7,100 3,600 1,900 1,400 1, ,930

23 H PROCEDURES, SOURCES, AND PROBLEMS In making pesticide use estimates, three practical steps appropriate to the limited funding and time available were used. The project required about 20 working weeks, though the actual time was protracted for well over a year Ṫhe first step was consulting reports and publications prepared by public agencies and private firms. Recent documents used included: The Importance of 2,4-D in Oregon (Oregon PIAP), Oregon's Pesticide Use Clearinghouse 1981 (OSDA), Proceedings of American Wood Preservative Association, 1982, Pesticide Use Summary, 1981 (Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.) and 1979 Pesticide Use on Vegetables in the Northwest (USDA). The second step was conducting surveys to obtain pesticide use estimates for those crops or sites about which no individual or organization had adequate knowledge. These included surveys for determining the use of grain protectants in major grain terminals and the inland grain elevators in the Pacific Northwest, the use of fumigants for treating grain in Oregon, herbicide use on county road rights-of-way, herbicide use in the county noxious weed programs, as well as a census for determining all insecticides used by the Oregon Vector Control Districts, for mosquito control and other programs. The third step, the most important and significant source of data, was conducting interviews in person, by telephone, and by letter with persons who had expert knowledge in specific areas of pesticide use. These persons included consultants for pesticide dealers, food processors, commodity organizations, and private agricultural firms, as well as Extension agents, Oregon State University Experiment Station researchers, and pest control specialists, pesticide applicators, pesticide manufacturers, and other knowledgeable persons. Because many individuals were unwilling to divulge confidential information unless protected by having it appear only in summary, no names of individual sources appear in this report. To clarify the qualifications of the individuals, they are designated by one of the following four titles: Pesticide Consultant, those working for private organizations but not intimately involved in pesticide sales, e.g., food processors, agricultural "consulting" businesses, commodity associations and seed companies. Pesticide Salesman, those directly involved with the sales of agricultural pesticides, e.g., the formulators' salesmen, as well as pesticide distributors and dealers, many ground and aerial pesticide applicators and PCOs (Pesticide Control Operator). Extension Specialists, those employed by the Oregon Extension Service with a good knowledge of pesticide use, e.g., certain county agents and Extension central staff. Agricultural Researcher, those actively involved in research either at the Oregon State University campus or one of the several Agricultural Experiment Stations throughout the state. Ninety-six knowledgeable people submitted data to this report, and this included 22 Extension specialists or agents, 17 agricultural researchers, 23 pesticide consultants, 33 pesticide salesmen, and one farmer. Other states and Federal agencies have conducted surveys, census, or estimates of pesticide use in various formats for a variety of purposes. The earliest and longest continuing set of data are the annual The Pesticide Review (1) published by the USDA-ASCS. This gives production, import and export data on national pesticides use in the U.S. by categories of pesticides. The categories are often so broad and the use data 23

24 (production plus imports minus exports and inventory) so broad (in tnat they apply to the entire U.S.) that they limit the utility of the data. These are reports do have the virtue that their data are probably the most accurate of the various kinds of surveys or census of pesticide use. The USDA-ERS makes various kinds of surveys or estimates of pesticide use by crop, commodity, and region (2). They also make periodic surveys of all farmers' pesticide use on a national basis (3). The USDA has made estimates of specific pesticides during the RPAR process under the assessment team publications (4). The EPA has made estimates of specific pesticide use in conjunction with their continuing review of benefits and risks of pesticide use (5). They also occasionally develop a full review of pesticide uses (6). Individual states occasionally report pesticide uses within their state. This is usually done by either pest control specialists or through the state managed Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. U.S. territories produce similar use reports (8). Broad US government publications include pesticide production and foreign trade amounts (9), as well as import and export amounts (10). Private associations sometimes survey their clientele (11). In general the state surveys were conducted by either taking a sample of farm operations or of all farmers certified for restricted pesticide use and mailing a questionnaire regarding crops grown and pesticide use. Usually 20-30% of the questionnaires are returned. The data collected is normalized for acres of each crop in the region or state and used to derive statewide use figures. These surveys are most often carried out where a limited variety of crops are grown or of interest. The California survey is unique. Use data on all restricted pesticides are automatically collected through the county Agricultural Commissioner operated permit system. For that category of pesticides, their data will be complete. The ERS surveys utilize questionnaires also but usually employ direct interview procedures. These data are also normalized for total acreage of the crop or region under consideration. The EPA surveys tend to utilize the judgment of various experts and/or rinf"a In Oregon we have perceived that data collected by different systems or by different groups on what is apparently the same pesticide use pattern result in values which differ from two-fold to ten-fold. Few if any pesticide use survey systems build a control into the survey instrument which permits an estimation of the validity or variance of the result. The ERS claims to achieve results valid to within 3 to 5%, but offers no data or evidence to support this claim. It seems to be based on the same widely accepted claim as is a public opinion poll, that a small but statistically correct sample of the population will produce statistically significant results. However, asking individuals 24

25 their opinion is one thing, and asking them to correctly identify actual events such as their pesticide use is quite another. The validity of this latter type of poll or survey should be separately established. There is considerable variation among farmers as to which pesticides they actually used, the amounts used, when they were used, and on what fields. Some growers keep no records, some keep them in a cigar box, and some keep them on Apple computers and can give you printouts on any variable you want. One cannot assume that misperceptions, poor memories, poor records, and good records will all somehow "average out" with a good sample. Commercial pest control applicators keep better records, but we have found them to be somewhat incorrect, even to the extent of incorrect billing (billing for Ronilan where in fact captan was used) on occasion. Because we have perceived that incorrect data can result from questioning growers, we conducted our survey of 1981 pesticide use in Oregon by direct contact with knowledgeable persons in a variety of categories (consultants, chemical company representatives, pest control specialists, applicators, and researchers, county agents, etc.). In a few cases it was possible to directly compare the results from different sources in order to make an estimate of the level of error. This is shown on pages_30 to 32. Where serious differences appeared we resolved them with further inquiry and follow up. This can be described as utilizing a "modified Delphi" method of survey. When the initial survey was completed we mailed the estimates of use in Oregon to the principal manufacturers of each pesticide. We asked them to correct the data if they desired, or or to comment as to whether they thought our error was within 20%, 200%, or some other value. Given the fact that proprietary companies consider sales or use data confidential and proprietary for competitive reasons, the response was gratifying. Some companies were glad to see our data because while they knew their sales on at least a regional basis they were not able to array them on the basis of political boundaries, ie in a state, or on a crop basis. Most companies felt our results were valid to within 20% or at least "fit the picture." Our best estimate based on the fit between various sources and the response of proprietary companies is that, for 1981, these values are valid to within 20%. In each area in Oregon some variations in the procedure, sources and problems in making the estimates for this report exist; consequently, a detailed discussion by crop or site follows. 25

26 SMALL GRAINS/GRAIN STORAGE Several distinct wheat growing areas exist in Oregon; however, for simplicity the state was divided into two regions, the drier area east of the Cascade Mountains and the wetter area west of the Cascade Mountains reported as eastern Oregon and western Oregon in the tabulated figures The 1981 acres of harvested grain as recorded by the OSU Crop Reporting Service was 1,538,550 acres which is the sum of the 345,000 acres in the 2,4-D Use in Oregon west and 1,193,000 in the east. Six salesmen, two con- Figure 1 sultants, and one researcher, and the PIAP's report The Importance of 2,4-D in Oregon provided input for the estimates. The 2,4-D and MCPA projections from the PIAP report used the increase in acreage as the basis. In the case of small grains, the suspension of 2,4,5-T in 1979 did not affect the use of 2,4-D as it did for other applications. The 1977 figures were not used for 1981 because 1977, being a drought year, was not similar to the 1981 season. Of the two surveys on fumigants in 1981, one encompassed the Pacific Northwest and the other Oregon. The Pacific Northwest survey, conducted through a large grain association, requested from inland and terminal grain operators the kind of grain storage insecticide used, the month and year used, the total amount used and the amount of grain treated (see Appendix V for sample questionnaire). The response was poor, 15 out of 375 questionnaires, but perhaps did establish general trends. Applicators treated most incomin g wheat with malathion between harvest (July-August) and early October. In contrast, during the containing winter and spring they treated infected grain with liquid fumigants carbon tetrachloride and often carbon disulfide treatments. Aluminum phosphide pellets (Phostoxin) Were wre e also applied. Licensed grain fumigators in Oregon received the second survey. The survey asked these applicators what brands of fumigants were applied to Site Small Grains Forest Grass Seed Crop Noxious Weed Control Home Rights of Way Other Uses Total Pounds Used 722, ,000 83,000 70,000 70,000 66,200 34,150 1,175,350

27 stored grain, and how much was applied between 1978 and 1980 (see Appendix V for sample questionnaire). The results from a moderate return of questionnaires, 41% or 40 out of 98, indicated that a large variance exists from year to year on amounts of fumigants used. Accordingly, attempts to extrapolate data would not be meaningful. However, the three year average was about 150,000 pounds of carbon tetrachloride, 30,000 pounds of carbon disulfide, 1000 pounds of methyl bromide, 40,000 pounds of malathion, and 3000 pounds of aluminum phosphide. Two salesmen believed 30,000 pounds of malathion and 5,000 pounds of aluminum phosphide was a better estimate. SMALL FRUITS/TREE FRUITS The Willamette Valley growers produce caneberries and strawberries while those in the coastal area around Brookings raise the cranberries. A processor fieldman estimated the use of pesticides on strawberries and caneberries. The cranberry estimates were taken from the 1981 Pesticide Summary printed by Ocean Spray, Inc. The mid-willamette Valley, the area around The Dalles, and a portion of Umatilla county produce most cherries in Oregon. Three salesmen, two cherry consultants, and one researcher, provided the estimates. The Willamette Valley and Umatilla County produce most of the prunes and plums in Oregon. An Extension agent and fruit tree researcher provided the data. - The Hood River Valley grows most of the apples in Oregon although other areas have some producing acres. Hood River, the Rogue Valley, and the area around Medford in southern Oregon, grow most of the pears in Oregon. Two fruit tree researchers as well as two salesmen provided estimates. Estimates from the salesmen are fairly well in agreement, but where there is a significant difference, as with oil, the figures from the more experienced salesman were used. POTATOES/ONIONS The lowlands just north of Salem, called Lake Labish, and the region surrounding Ontario, grow most of the onions in Oregon. An Extension specialist gave estimates for pesticide use on Lake Labish, while an Extension agent, an Extension specialist, and an agricultural researcher provided estimates for eastern Oregon that is, Ontario. Growers treated approximately 4000 acres of onion land with fumigants for pink root fungus in eastern Oregon while no fumigation took place in western Oregon. Three regions grow most of the 54,000 acres of potatoes in Oregon. The three regions are the Columbia basin, Malheur County, and the Klamath basin. Two consultants, four salesmen, two researchers, and five Extension specialists furnished information for potatoes. Use of fumigants varied among the regions. In the Columbia region, metam-sodium (Vapam) use was displacing Telone and D-D. While Vapam was popular in the Columbia basin, the Klamath and Malheur growers retained use of Telone and D-D. The remaining 6,870 acres elsewhere in the state did not receive fumigants. The following table lists estimates for six groups of pesticides applied to potatoes. OTHER CROPS/SITES A garlic grower reviewed what pesticides he used during 1981 on this crop. These figures were extrapolated to the full acreage. A researcher at an experiment station and one in crop science gave pesticide use estimates for hops and lily bulbs. 27

28 The Willamette Valley produces the sugar beet seed crop for Oregon and a seed company provided the estimates. County agents and Extension specialists estimated pesticide use on the following crops: Field corn Mint Table beets Alfalfa hay Green peas Broccoli Other hay Austrian winter peas Cabbage Peaches Dry beans Cauliflower Apricots Squash Home use Filberts Pumpkins Malheur County, which borders Idaho, and central Oregon, produce much of the alfalfa seed crop in Oregon. A field consultant who examined about one-quarter of the seed acreage in 1981 submitted estimates for that area. These use figures were extrapolated for the total acreage grown in The Willamette Valley produces most of the snap beans grown in Oregon. Two Extension specialists and a salesman estimated pesticide use on this crop. Sweet corn, also grown in the Willamette Valley, received its estimates from a field consultant, as well as a salesman. The Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture published the preliminary report, 1979 Pesticide Use on Vegetables in the Northwest, and in that report produced estimates on crops including sweet corn and snap beans. These figures were extrapolated to These extrapolated figures differed somewhat from the estimates received from the two Extension specialists, two salesmen and one fieldman. Where these estimates differed the average was taken. Vector control districts in Oregon primarily control mosquitoes. Each of the 21 districts censused as to the use of insecticides, responded to the questionnaire (see Appendix V for sample questionnaire). BLM/FOREST/FOREST PRODUCTS This same report provided estimates for pesticide use by the Oregon State Department of Forestry and the U.S. Forest Service. The private use estimate was an extrapolation of these figures. The Bureau of Land Management oversees much rangeland and forestland. The Operations Report of Oregon's Pesticide Use Clearinghouse, 1981, provided estimates of pesticide use by the BLM. The forest products industry in Oregon use a great deal of wood preservatives. The use estimates came from the 1982 Proceedings of the American Wood Preservers Association. Since these estimates were for the Pacific region, i.e., Washington, Oregon and California, a researcher in forest products estimated that Oregon was 33% of the total region's use. GOVERNMENT WEED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS Consideration of use of pesticides on rights-of-way was divided into three areas: powerlines, roads, and railroads. Burlington Northern, Union Pacific, and Southern Pacific railroads, which are the major railroads in Oregon provided estimates. The 1981 Oregon's Pesticide Use Clearinghouse report listed estimates of herbicide use by Consumer's Power, Curry Electric Coop., Hood River Electric Coop., and the Bonnieville Power Administration. Pacific Power and Light and Portland General Electric, provided estimates separately. A state-wide survey of each Oregon county requested information on county road herbicide use for weed control (see Appendix V for sample questionnaire). Of the 36 counties surveyed, 22 (or 61%) returned the 28

29 questionnaire. Estimates for the entire state are an extrapolation from these on the basis of county road miles. The 1981 Oregon's Pesticide Use Clearinghouse report gave estimates for herbicide use on state highways. Oregon controls many weeds through county noxious weed programs. Of the 36 counties questioned, 21 replied to the survey or 58% (see Appendix V for sample questionnaire). The use estimates were separated into eastern and western Oregon counties since vegetation growth is significantly different in those two areas. The final use estimates were an extrapolation of the survey results based upon county acreages. The Department of Fish and Wildlife used some pesticides in their management programs. Usage estimates came from the 1981 Oregon's Pesticide Use Clearinghouse report. Figure 2 Use of Herbicides on Rights of Way Site Pounds Used State Highways 158,940 County Roads 146,520 Fence Rows 51,500 Railroads 44,950 Power Lines 43,190 Total 445,100 29

30 III PROBLEMS IN EXTRAPOLATING PESTICIDE USE AMOUNTS A survey which relies on a small but "statistically valid" sample may indeed be useful in a state which is relatively uniform in geography and crop distribution such as, perhaps Iowa, but will be woefully inadequate in a state such as Oregon where there is a great deal of diversity and isolation from valley to valley. If indirect estimates are used, ie, small sample sizes, extrapolation from one region to all the acreage for that crop in the state, or applying the use pattern from one year to subsequent years, many errors may result. Figure 3 Seven Agricultural Areas Will,t4!UT MUT 4C cet" o vraz ROW PALLEY HOOD RIVER PALMY 40" g-14 P NUAGITN MS/II COMMAS WM 4.40.en 4>.clEASORE VALLEY If a state is reasonably small or uniform, existing variability among regions would likely be small. Where climatic, soil, geographic, and economic conditions vary, significant differences in pesticide use occur. Oregon has seven distinct agricultural regions, namely the Willamette Valley, Rogue Valley, Hood River Valley, Treasure valley, Columbia basin, Klamath basin, and central basin, each with different climatological and topographical features. Mountain ranges and high deserts isolate these one from another creating unique environments. The crops wheat, pears, and potatoes, as examples, demonstrate that these regions produce differences in pesticide use. SMALL GRAINS The Willamette Valley, about 50 miles wide and 150 miles long, is an intense agricultural area in which wheat is a major crop. This valley has a milder and wetter climate than the eastern portion of the state. Weather patterns divide the Columbia basin in eastern Oregon into an annual cropping region lying adjacent to the Wallowa Mountains on the east, and a dry land farming region extending 150 miles to the west meeting the Cascade Mountains. This region, which extends north into Washington, is about 50 miles, deep with ravines and various other geogra phical impediments ending any possible farming continuum. A high percentage of Oregon's wheat acreage lies here with nearly half in fallow each year awaiting winter rains to increase soil moisture. In order to appreciate how the environment of these two areas affect pesticide use in wheat, we will examine the four pesticides bromoxynil, diuron, diclofop, and propham. Soon after fall planting the late season flush of weeds appear, competing among the wheat. Growers in eastern Oregon typically apply bromoxynil often in combination with dicamba, to control broadleaf seedlings and some perennials. Continued further weed germination halts until spring as temperatures decline. In the following spring phenoxies 31

31 control any newly emerging or remaining broadleaf plants. In contrast, Willamette Valley weed emergence is protracted over the fall and winter, rendering one application of bromoxynil insufficient. Moreover, certain weeds common to western Oregon are resistant to bromoxynil. For these reasons the Willamette Valley growers predominately use diuron to control germinating broadleaf weeds. Diuron has little efficacy against some common eastern Oregon weeds such as downy brome and blue mustard, and may damage wheat plants when applied to sandy soils common to the Columbia basin. Diclofop controls annual ryegrass, a major weed of the Willamette Valley, but of no consequence in the basin. A large portion of the basin wheat land remains fallow, and in order to conserve moisture, weed control is required. Fallow land weed control occurs only in eastern Oregon and propham is a major part of that program. The amounts of pesticides used on wheat, shown on table 1, reflect these different environmental factors. Table 1. Some Pesticides Commonly Applied to Wheat PESTICIDE COLUMBIA WILLAMETTE Bromoxynil Propham Dicamba Diclofop Diuron 305,000 lbs 100,000 lbs 115,000 lbs none reported none reported none reported none reported 11,000 lbs 286,000 lbs 400,000 lbs POTATOES A second crop, potatoes, also reveals how different environments show that determining pesticide use by extrapolation can produce wrong estimates. The three regions Columbia basin, Treasure Valley, and Klamath basin produce most the Oregon potatoes. The Treasure Valley is a dry region extending from western Idaho about 50 miles into Oregon. The rainfall is less than 10 inches per year and the altitude is just over 2000 feet compared to 500 to 1500 feet in the Columbia basin. The Klamath basin is surrounded by mountains at the southern border of Oregon adjacent to California in the high desert region. This valley is narrow, about 10 miles wide, and 70 miles long, extending well into California. Because of the altitude, over 4000 feet, seasons are short, and early frosts are the rule. Growers apply fumigants in each of these regions. The Columbia basin uses the largest amount of dichloropropane/propene mixture (Telone, D-D) and is the only region which applies metam-sodium (Vapam). Center pivot irrigation spurs this use because metam-sodium is readily applied through the sprinkler. Because center pivot irrigation has not flourished in the other two regions, no metam-sodium use was reported outside the Columbia basin. Dichloropropane/propene mixture use in the Treasure Valley appears far less than what one may expect by extrapolating use from the other regions. Crop rotation in this valley causes this difference. Onion and potato land are often treated before planting and in the case of onions growers applied 758,000 lbs of fumigant in Some onion acreage treated in previous years for pink root was in 1981 in potato production, and because treatment for pink root also is efficacious for verticillium wilt, a disease affecting potatoes but unrelated to onions, no treatment was necessary for the 1981 potato crop. Herbicides like metribuzin become ineffective in the Columbia basin later in the season. Newly emerging weeds have ample time to mature, but 32

32 this doesn't constitute a serious problem where seasons are shorter in the other two regions. As a result growers often apply EPTC as a side dressing during the season to control weeds which have emerged late. EPTC in combination with other herbicides controls hairy nightshade which is a particularly bad problem in the Columbia basin and the Figure 4 Use of Sod Fumigants Telone Treasure Valley. We do not and D-D on Potatoes know whether these differences account for all the varied use. Potato harvesters require a relatively unobstructed path while digging potatoes. In a normal year the Klamath basin and Treasure Valley potato vines die back because of frost, or are physically crushed with a roller allowing senescence to follow. In the Columbia basin however, lush vine growth remains and requires desiccation. Growers normally apply dinoseb. These differences are listed in table 2. Table 2 Some Pesticides Commonly Applied to Potatoes PESTICIDE TREASURE VALLEY COLUMBIA BASIN KLAMATH BASIN Dichloropropane/ dichloropropene 208,000 lbs 600,000 lbs 1,224,000 lbs Metam-sodium none reported 440,000 lbs none reported Dinoseb none reported 102,000 lbs none reported EPTC 6,900 lbs 130,000 lbs 15,000 lbs PEARS The third crop, pears, also exhibits the error of extrapolation, and grows in two valleys, one in the north and the other in the south. The Hood River Valley, located in the north near the center of the Cascade Range adjacent to Washington, is about 25 miles long and 10 miles wide and boasts about 9000 acres of pears. It is encompassed by mountains and has a precipitation gradient which diminishes by 10 inches per year moving from west under the rain shadow of the Cascades to the east where the forest changes from predominantly fir to pine. The Rogue Valley in southern Oregon produces pears among other crops and like the Hood River Valley is encompassed by mountains, but receives less rainfall. These two regions are demographically different in that 350 growers produce 90% of the pears in Hood River, while only 20 growers produce 90% the the Rogue Valley despite the similarity in planted acres. Pesticide use in the Rogue and Hood River valleys, except for calcium polysulfides (lime-sulfur) and zineb are quite similar. These differences, especially in the use of calcium polysulfides, arise apparently as a consequence of grower acceptance over a long period of time. Since very few growers produce pears for the Rogue Valley market, any use they might prefer would dominate the area. Zineb is 33

33 34 used in the Rogue Valley for control of pear psylla, fire blight, and various post harvest root rots. No definitive reasons were given for its apparent lack of use in Hood River. These pesticides are listed on table 3. Table 3. Some Pesticides Commonly Applied to Pears Pesticide Hood River 344,700 lbs Total Calcium polysulfides none reported none reported Zineb Rogue Valley 392,500 lbs 30,000 lbs 27,000 lbs CONCLUSIONS Numerous factors alter the use of pesticides across regions. The following represent many that predominate in wheat, pears, and potatoes: Pesticide application methods, phytotoxicity to crop, pesticide residual among weeds, pest abundance or absence, precipitation activity, selectivity or drought, length of season, temperature, grower preference, historical use, soil type, crop rotation, and fallow land.

34 IV PESTICIDE USE ESTIMATE COMPARISONS The initial stimulus for this survey of pesticide use was the appearance of a report, Pesticide Use in Oregon (1980), sponsored by the National Science Foundation and conducted by the Amity Foundation of Eugene, Oregon (12). This report concluded that the total pesticide use in Oregon was 4,600,000 pounds. Our perception was that this figure was too low and that the report was inadequate in many respects. This report reflects the manner in which incorrect pesticide use figures can become widely used. STANDARDS FOR ESTIMATE RELIABILITY Pesticide use surveys have been conducted by many different processess: compilation from applicator registries or permit registries (where applicable); projections from complex survey questionnaires administered on a randomized basis; simplified questionnaires widely distributed to most growers; educated guesses by professionals in various aspects of the industry; census of all growers where acreage is limited, and so on. One of the problems associated with any of these methods is that provision for establishing the error limits of the data generated is difficult to construct and are seldom employed. This set of use estimates suffers from the same liability, but some comparisons of results generated by different groups and/or by different procedures is possible. The results of these comparisons are shown in table 1 and the details are in tables 2-8. Table 4. General Pesticide Use Estimate Comparisons Internal versus OPIAP 1. Pears OPIAP #1 OPIAP #2 Mean Dev. from X 375,000 lbs 390,000 lbs 382,500 lbs 2.0% 2. Forestry IFA OPIAP (2,4-D) 135,000 lbs 113,000 lbs 124,000 lbs 8.9% 3. Wheat OWL OPIAP (2,4-D) 560,000 lbs 607,000 lbs 583,500 lbs 4.0% 4. Ag. Crops Draft Final 11,381,050 lbs 11,922,300 lbs 11,651,675 lbs 2.3% 4.3% USDA versus OPIAP USDA OPIAP Mean Dev. from 5. Potatoes 2,018,000 3,588,800 2,803, % 6. Green Peas 10,100 55,000 32, % 7. Onions 280, , , % 48.3% INTERNAL CHECKS In 1980 the OPIAP conducted a survey of pesticide sellers and determined the amount of 2,4-D sold for use on wheat and forest land. The survey covered 89.6% of the sellers which included all the major ones. The Oregon Wheat League surveyed 2,4-D use in Oregon by requesting estimates from regional experts (table 2). The Industrial Foresters Association conducted an in-house survey of users in which at least 90% of the industrial land holders were contacted as well as the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and the Oregon State Forest Service. Their tabluations record use figures (table 3). In November 1982, a preliminary 35

35 draft was distributed to 25 persons which included agricultural consultants and pesticide company representatives. Some of these persons had contributed estimates to the preliminary report. These cooperators revised estimates according to their experience or sales records of what are the traditional agricultural uses, that is hay and forage, grains, grass and legume seeds, field crops, tree fruits and nuts, small fruits and berries, vegetables and truck crops, and speciality products (table 4). A final comparison of internal OPIAP survey checks revealed differences between two knowledgeable pear fieldmen from Medford (table 5). The results are as follows. Table 5. 2,4-D Wheat Use from Year OPIAP 1981 Estimates Oregon Wheat Lea gue Estimates Dev. from T( 462, lbs ,000 lbs ,000 lbs ,000 lbs 560,000 lbs 4.03% Average 607,000 lbs Table 6. 2,4-D Forest Use Industrial Foresters Assoc. Dev. from X Year OPIAP 1981 Estimates 146,000 lbs 10.61% ,000 lbs 113,000 lbs 16.49% ,000 lbs 147,000 lbs 2.80% ,000 lbs 135,000 lbs 8.87% Average 113,000 lbs Table 7 Pesticide Use on (traditional) Agricultural Crops First Draft Final Draft Crop 2,947,000 2,983,700 Grains 303, ,600 Hay and Forage Grass and Legume Seeds 619, ,500 3,848,700 3,870,500 Field Crops Tree Fruits and Nuts 1,805,800 1,863,600 Small Fruits and Berries 381, ,900 Vegetables and Truck Crops 1,291,100 1,444, , ,100 Specialty Crops 11,381,050 11,932,300 Total Table 8. Pesticides Used on Pears in Medford Fieldman 'A' Fem i ld an 'B' Dev. from X Pesticide 64,000 lbs 67,000 lbs 2.30% Insecticides 62,000 lbs 110,000 lbs 27.91% Fungicides 15.58% 249,000 lbs 213,000 lbs Oil 375,000 lbs 390,000, lbs 1.96% Total EXTERNAL CHECKS The OPIAP 1981 estimates when compared to USDA estimates derived by a survey of farmers, offers comaprison between two survey methods, two independent survey groups, and two years (1979 and 1981). The USDA surveys are lengthy, dealing with numerous items including pesticide use amounts. Their method requires enumerators to interview farmers who form a group which are statistically usable for state data. Data came from the following USDA reports: 1979 Fall Potato Pesticide Use in the Western Region, 1979 Pesticide Use on Vegetables in the Northwest, A Preliminar y Report. 36 Dev. from X 0.62% 4.11% 4.62% 0.23% 1.58% 20.42% 5.60% 0.00% 2.36%

36 Table 9. Pesticides Used on Onions in Oregon Pesticide OPIAP 1981 Estimates USDA 1979 Estimates Dev. from X Herbicides 87,400 lbs 44,000 lbs 33.03% Insecticides 40,800 lbs 9,000 lbs 63.86% Fungicides 61,000 lbs 10,000 lbs 71.83% Fumigants 758,000 lbs 212,000 lbs 56.29% Growth Regulators 15,000 lbs 5,900 lbs 43.54% Total 962,200 lbs 280,900 lbs 54.81% Table 10 Pesticide Use on Potatoes in Oregon Pesticide OPIAP 1981 Estimates USDA 1979 Estimates Dev. from X Herbicides 258,000 lbs 56,000 lbs 64.33% Fungicides 200,500 lbs 1,000 lbs 99.01% Insecticides 283,500 lbs 237,000 lbs 8.93% Fumigants 2,472,000 lbs 1,541,000 lbs 23.20% Desiccants 105,000 lbs 34,000 lbs 51.08% Growth Regulators 30,000 lbs 19,000 lbs 22.45% Total 3,349,000 lbs 2,018,000 lbs 24.80% Table 11 Pesticide Pesticide Herbicides Insecticides Total Use on Green Peas in OPIAP 1981 Estimates 47,000 lbs 8,000 lbs 55,000 lbs Oregon USDA 1979 Estimates 6,900 lbs 3,200 lbs 10,100 lbs Dev. from X 74.40% 42.86% 68.97% 37

37 V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS This report estimates that in 1981 the amount of pesticides used in Oregon was about 31,418,940 lbs. The forest wood products industry and related enterprises used over half of this amount (57%), that is 17,837,000 pounds of wood preservatives of which creosote held the largest share, 15,000,000 pounds. Growers applied an estimated 3,428,000 pounds of soil fumigants to potato, onion and lily bulb fields, or 11% of all pesticides used in Oregon. The top ten pesticides, ranked in order of use below, account for 24,613,750 pounds or about three-quarters, 78.4% of the state use. Potato fields received the most pesticides of all the agricultural sites with around 3,349,000 pounds applied on 54,000 acres. Wheat was second with 2,680,700 pounds followed by onions with about 962,200 pounds. Historically orchardist and small fruit growers have used much oil, but with high petroleum prices the oil use has dropped and now stands at an estimated Figure 5 Total Pesticide Use in Oregon Site Wood Preservatives Herbicides Soil and Space Fumigants Insecticides Fungicides Miscellaneous Total Pounds Used 17,837,000 5,293,880 3,635,000 2,806,240 1,774,520 72,300 31,418,940 Table 12. Ten Pesticides Most Widely Used in Oregon Pesticide Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used % of Total Creosote Creosote 15,000, Dichloropropane/dichloropropene Telone, D-D 2,938, Pentachlorphenol Penta 1,590, ,4-D 1,175, Oil 1,125, Chromated Copper Aresenate 1,000, Diuron Karmex 525, Metam-sodium Vapam 440, Dinitro, dinoseb Dow General 423, EPTC Eptam 395,

38 797,700 pounds. The mosquito abatement program used an additional 328,000 pounds of oil. Lily bulb farms receive more pesticide per acre than any other crops, with an estimated 184,100 pounds used on 125 acres which comes to about 1,473 pounds per acre. Most of this was Bordeaux and the soil fumigants D-D and Telone. State, Federal, and private forest land received about 287,560 pounds of pesticide of which 130,000 pounds (45.2%) was 2,4-D. This amount is less than one-half 1% of the state use of all pesticides. 40

39 VI APPENDICES I Ranking (pounds) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon II Listing (alphabetical) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon III Survey Questionnaire Forms 41

40 42 APPENDIX I Ranking (pounds) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon Rank Common Name Trade Name* Pounds Used Sulfur Creosote Dichloropropane/propene Pentachlorphenol 2,4-D Oil Chromated copper arsenate Diuron Metam-sodium Dinoseb EPTC Captan Bromoxynil Carbaryl Atrazine Diclofop-methyl Ammoniacal copper arsenate Maneb MCPA Carboxin Carbon tetrachloride Dicamba Aldicarb Fonofos Glyphosate Mancozeb Malathion Terbutryn Propham 30 Diazinon D-D, Telone PCP, Penta Karmex Vapam Dow General EptaM, Eradicane Buctril, Brominal Sevin AAtrex Hoelon ACA Chiptox, Rhomene Vitavax Vertifume, FIA Banvel Temik Dyfonate Roundup Cythion Igran IPC, Chem Hoe 15,000,000 2,938,000 1,590,000 1,175,350 1,125,700 1,000, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Ziram 110, Bordeaux 33 Simazine Princep 108, , Nickel sulfate 35 Copper hydroxide Kocide 96, Trifluralin Treflan 90, Alachlor Lasso 81, Chlorpropham CIPC, Furloe, Sprout Nip 77, Dodine Cyprex 75, Metribuzin Lexone, Sencor 74,800 * See Introduction, page 3

41 Appendix I cont. Ranking (pounds) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon Rank Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used 41 Vernolate Surpass 64, Phorate Thimet 64, Lindane 59, Phosmet Imidan 58, Benomyl Benlate 58, Zineb Dithane Z-78 51, DCPA Dachtal 51, Bentazon Basagran 51, Ethylene dibromide EDB, Soilbrome 50, Disulfoton Disyston 49, Terbacil Sinbar 45, Calcium polysulfide Lime sulfur 45, Maleic hydrazide MH-30 45, Bromacil Krovar, Hyvar 42, Asulam Asulox 42, Methamidophos Monitor 41, Fosamine ammonium Krenite 41, Napropamide Devrinol 40, Parathion 37, Amitrole Amitrol T 35, Cyhexatin Plictran 35, ,4-DP 34, Azinphos-methyl Guthion 33, Pronamide Kerb 33, Carbon disulfide Vertifume, FIA , Toxaphene Attac 29, Carbofuran Furadan 27, Amitraz BAAM 25, Triadimefon Bayleton 25, Ethofumesate Nortron 24, Cycloate Ro-Neet 24, Difenzoquat Avenge 23, Picloram Tordon 22, Diallate Avadex 22, Propargite Omite, Comite 21, Trichlorfon Dylox 21, Nitrofen Tok 20, Hexazinone Velpar 20, Paraquat 19, Endosulfan Thiodan 19,700 43

42 Appendix I cont. Ranking (pounds) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon Rank Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used 81 Dimethoate Cygon, DeFend 19, Acid copper chromate ACC 17, Dinocap Karathane 16, Ferbam Carbamate 15, Tribasic copper Microcop 15, Methyl bromide Dowfume 15, Oxydemeton-methyl MSR 14, PCNB Terrachlor 14, Acephate Orthene 13, Chlorpyrifos Dursban, Lorsban 12, Chlorothalonil Bravo, Daconil 12, MSMA Bueno 6, Mesamate , Tebuthiuron Spike 11, Dalapon Dowpon 11, Methoxychlor Mar late 10, Dichlobenil Ca so son 10, Metaldehyde Cory Slug Bait, Bugetta 10, Oryzalin Surf lan 10, Dicofol Kelthane 9, Oxythioquinox Morestan 8, Pendimethalin Prowl 9, Profluralin Tolban 8, Phosalone Zolone 8, Endothall Herbicide 273 8, Chloramben Amiben 8, Pyrazon Pyramin 8, Chlordane 8, Propachlor Ramrod 8, Fenvalerate Pydrin 7, Chloropicrin Terr-O-Cide, Terr-O-Gas 7, Methomyl Lannate, Nudrin 6, Fenthion Baytex 6, Demeton Systox 6, Captafol Difolatan 6, Methiocarb Mesurol 6, Methidathion Supracide 6, Butylate Sutan 6, Bensulide Betasan 6, Eggs, putrified Big Game Repellant (BGR) 5, Oxamyl Vydate 5,300 44

43 Appendix I cont. Ranking (pounds) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon Rank Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used 121 Phenmedipham Betanal 5, Aluminum phosphide Phostoxin 5, DNOC Elgetol 4, Naled Dibrom 4, CDAA Randox 4, Triallate Fargo 4, Vinclozolin Ronilan 4, Rotenone 3, Triclopyr Garlon 3, Naptalam Alanap 3, Zinc 3, Sodium metaborate 2, DCNA Botran 2, Metalaxyl Ridomil 2, Chloroxuron Tenoran 2, Sodium chlorate 2, Norflurazon Evital 1, Diphenamid Enide, Dymid 1, ,4,5-T Esteron 1, Ethion 1, Sodium fluosilicate 1, Bethrodine 1,000 Pesticides Whose Recorded Use was Less Than 1000 Pounds 143 Prometon Pramitol 144 NAA Fruitone N 145 Diquat 146 Propoxur Baygon 147 DDVP Vapona 148 Ferric sulfate 149 Fenac 150 Fensulfothion Dasanit 151 Oxadiazon Ronstar 152 Temephos Abate 153 Sodium cacodylate 154 Monuron 155 Pyrethrins/pyrethrums 156 Mefluidide 157 Strychnine 158 Methoprene Altosid 159 Chlorflurecol Maintain CF 160 Coumaphos Co-Ral 45

44 Appendix I cont. Ranking (pounds) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon Rank Common Name 161 Benzalkonium chloride 162 Thiabendazole 163 Fenbutatin oxide 164 Formaldehyde 165 Thriam 166 Barban 167 Bifenox Trade Name Vendex Formal in Carbyne Pesticides Whose Active Ingredient Amounts are Trivial or are not measured in Pounds. 168 Bacillus thuringiensis 169 Streptomycin 170 Diphacinone 171 Polyisobutylenes Dipel, Thuricide 2,000 quarts Agri-strep 3,200 quarts Ramik Green/Brown 5,000 lbs. bait Roost No More 10 cases 46

45 APPENDIX II Listing (alphabetical) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon The letter in () following each common name in Column 1 designates the pesticide class in which it falls. F = Fungicide H = Herbicide I = Insecticide 0 = Other Common Name Trade Name* Pounds Used Acephate (I) Acid copper chromate (0) Alachlor (H) Aldicarb (I) Aluminum phosphide (0) Amitraz (I) Amitrole (H) Ammoniacal copper arsenate (0) Asulam (H) Atrazine (H) Azinphos-methyl (I) Bacillus thuringiensis (I) Barban (H) Benomyl (F) Bensulide (H) Bentazon (H) Benzalkonium chloride (0) Bethrodine (H) Bifenox (H) Bordeaux (F) Bromacil (H) Bromoxynil (H) Butylate (H) Orthene ACC Lasso Temik Phostoxin BAAM Amitrol T ACA Asulox AAtrex Guthion Dipel, Thuricide Carbyne Benlate Betasan Basagran Roccal-D Balan Modown Bordeaux Krovar, Hyvar Brominal, Buctril Sutan 13,000 17,000 81, ,500 5,000 25,200 35, ,000 42, ,700 33,220 2,000 quarts less than 1,000 58,300 6,000 51,000 less than 1,000 1,000 less than 1, , , ,400 6,100 Captafol (F) Carbofuran (I) Captan (F) Carbaryl (I) Carbon disulfide (0) Carbon tetrachloride (0) Carboxin (I) CDAA (H) Chloramben (H) Chlordane (I) Chlorflurecol (0) Chloropicrin (0) Chlorthalonil (F) Chloroxuron (H) Chlorpropham (H) Chlorpyrifos (I) Chromated copper arsenate (0) Coumaphos (I) Creosote (0) * See Introduction, page 3 Difolatan Furadan Sevin, Savit Vertifume, FIA Vertifume, FIA Vitavax Randox Amiben Maintain CF Bravo, Daconil Tenoran CIPC, Furloe, Sprout Nip Dursban, Lorsban CCA Co-Ral 47 6,800 27, , ,000 30, , ,000 4,000 8,000 8,000 less than 1,000 7,000 12,120 2,600 77,500 12,600 1,000,000 less than 1,000 15,000,000

46 Appendix II cont. Listing ( alphabetical) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon. Common Name Copper hydroxide (F) Cycloate (H) Cyhexatin (I) Calcium polysulfide (F) 2,4-D (H) Dalapon (H) DCNA (F) DCPA (H) DDVP (I) Demeton (I) Diallate (H) Diazinon (I) Dicamba (H) Dichloropropane/propene (0) Diclobenil (H) Di clofop-methyl (H) Dicofol (I) Difenzoquat (H) Dimethoate (I) Dinocap (F) Dinoseb (H) Diphacinone (0) Diphenamid (H) Diquat (H) Disulfoton (I) Diuron (H) DNOC (0) Dodine (F) 2,4-DP (H) Eggs, putrified (0) Endosulfan (I) Endothall (H) EPTC (H) Ethion (I) Ethofumesate (H) Ethylene dibromide (0) Fenac (H) Fenbutatin oxide (I) Fensulfothion (H) Fenthion (I) Fenvalerate (I) Ferbam (F) Ferric sulfate anhydrous (H) Fonofos (I) Formaldehyde (F) Fosamine ammonium (H) Trade Name Kocide Ro-Neet Plictran Lime sulfur Dowpon Botran Dacthal Vapona Systox Avadex Banvel D-D, Telone Casoron Hoelon Kelthane Avenge Cygon, DeFend Karathane Dow General Ramik Green/Brown Enide, Dymid Disyston Karmex Elgetol Cyprex Big Game Repellant (BGR) Thiodan Herbicide 273 Eptam, Eradicane Nortron EDB, Soilbrome Vendex Dasanit Baytex Pydrin Carbamate Moss Out Dyfonate Formal in Krenite Pounds Used 96,500 24,000 35,300 45,000 1,175,350 11,190 2,800 51,000 less than 1,000 6,800 22, , ,950 2,938,000 10, ,000 9,700 23,000 19,570 16, ,400 5,000 lbs. bait 1,500 less than 1,000 49, ,800 4,100 75,700 34,200 5, , ,500 1,400 24,000 50,000 less than 1,000 less than 1,000 6,800 7,100 15,400 less than 1, ,900 41,200 48

47 Appendix II cont. Listing (alphabetical) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon. Common Name Glyphosate (H) Hexazinone (H) Lindane (I) Trade Name Roundup Velpar Pounds Used 137,850 20,000 59,000 Malathion (I) Maleic hydrazide (0) Mancozeb (F) Maneb (F) MCPA (H) Mefluidide (0) Metalaxyl (I) Metaldehyde (0) Metam-sodium (0) Methamidophos (I) Methidathion (I) Methiocarb (0) Methomyl (I) Methoprene (I) Methoxychlor (I) Methyl bromide (0) Metribuzfn (H) Monuron (H) MSMA (H) Cythion MH-30 Chiptox, Rhomene Embark Ridomil Cory Slug Bait, Bugetta Vapam Monitor Supracide Mesurol Lannate, Nudrin Altosid Marlate Dowfume Lexone, Sencor Bueno 6, Mesamate ,440 45, , , ,000 less than 1,000 2,750 10, ,000 41,500 6,300 6,400 6,900 less than 1,000 10,800 15,000 74,800 less than 1,000 12,100 NAA (0) Naled (I) Napropamide (H) Naptalam (H) Nickel sulfate (F) Nitrofen (H) Norflurazon (H) Oil (I) Oryzalin (I) Oxadiazon (H) Oxamyl (I) Oxydemeton-methyl (I) Oxythioquinox (I) Paraquat (H) Parathion (I) PCNB (F) Pendimethalin (H) Pentachlorphenol (0) Phenmedipham (H) Phorate (I) Phosalone (I) Phosmet (I) Fruitone N Dibrom Devrinol Ala nap Tok Evital Surflan Ronstar Vydate MSR Morestan Parathion, Penncap M, Terrachlor Prowl Penta, PCP Betanal Thimet Zolone Imidan less than 1,000 4,100 40,500 3, ,000 20,800 1,500 1,125,700 10,000 less than 1,000 5,300 14,400 9,300 19,700 37,400 14,000 9,000 1,590,000 5,000 64,300 8,300 58,800 49

48 Appendix II cont. Listing (alphabetical) of 1981 Pesticide Uses in Oregon. Common Name Trade Name Pounds Used Picloram (H) Tordon 22,200 Polyisobutylenes (0) Roost-No-More 10 cases Profluralin (H) Tolban 8,700 Prometon (H) Pramitol less than 1,000 Pronamide (H) Kerb 33,200 Propachlor (H) Ramrod 8,000 Propargite (I) Omite, Comite 21,600 Propham (H) IPC, Chem Hoe 130,000 Propoxur (I) Baygon less than 1,000 Pyrazon (H) Pyramin 8,000 Pyrethrin/pyrethrum (I) less than 1,000 Rotenone (I) 3,300 Simazine (H) Princep 108,900 Sodium cacodylate (H) Phytar less than 1,000 Sodium chlorate (H) Hibor, Monobor-chlorate 2,200 Sodium fluosilicate (0) 1,000 Sodium metaborate (H) 2,900 Streptomycin (0) Agri-Strep 3,200 quarts Strychnine (0) less than 1,000 Sulfur (F) 360,500 2,4,5-T (H) Esteron 245 1,400 Tebuthiuron (H) Spike 11,250 Temephos (I) Abate less than 1,000 Terbacil (H) Sinbar 45,150 Terbutryn (H) Igran 130,000 Thiram (F) Vitavax Toxaphene (I) Attac 29,100 Triadimefon (F) Bayleton 25,200 Triallate (H) Fargo 4,000 Tribasic copper (F) Microcop 15,000 Trichlorfon (I) Dylox 21,300 Triclopyr (H) Garlon 3,200 Trifluralin (H) Treflan 90,500 Thiabendazole (F) TBZ, Mertect Vernolate (H) Vinclozolin (F) Zinc (F) Zineb (F) Ziram (F) Surpass Ronilon Dithane Z-78 64,500 4,000 3,000 51, ,300 50

49 APPENDIX Survey Questionnaire Forms The questionnaires developed by the Oregon Pesticide Impact Assessment Program simplify collecting pesticide data by asking questions which the responder has the ability to answer. The persons surveyed understand pesticide use. Moreover, experience proved that mailed questionnaires which have one question generate a good response. Conversely as surveys become more complex, response diminishes significantly, but if this occurs, telephone calls to the non-responder provide more complete data. It was not the intent of these surveys to ask involved questions probing into many areas other than pesticide use, as for instance does the USDA. Their surveys enlist a staff of enumerators who interview many persons, sometimes with mammoth forms. Such surveys, state, regional, and national generate a great deal of data. The following five questionnaire forms provided some data for this report. 1. Pacific Northwest Grain Storage Insect Control Survey 2. County Roadside Weed Control Survey 3. Oregon Grain Fumigation Survey 4. Vector Control District Census 5. Noxious Weed Control Survey 51

50 Pacific Northwest Grain Storage Insect Control Survey Survey instructions: List each time a grain storage insecticide was used to control weevils or bran bugs since the beginning of 1976 in your storage facilities. If possible, write the month or at least the season as well as the year. How much pesticide was applied? For example, total pounds, pounds per 1000 cubic feet, number of drums or number of units, etc. What was the name of the pesticide used. How much grain was treated with this insecticide for weevil or bran bugs? Year and month of application Amount of Name of Pesticide Used Pesticide Amount of grain treated for weevil or bran bugs County Roadside Weed Control Survey Survey instructions: Estimate the amount of herbicides used in 1981 for weed control along your county roads. Please note whether you state the amount used as pounds active ingredient or as formulated product. Herbicide Amino triazole, amitrole Amount Used in 1981 Atrazine Bromacil Casoron 2,4-D Dalapon Diuron 2,4-DP Krenite Round Up Simazine Other (list) 52

51 Oregon Grain Fumigation Survey Survey instructions: What brands of fumigants did you apply to stored grain and how much, roughly estimated, of each did you apply in Oregon from 1978 to Brand Name of Fumigant Estimated Amount Applied Vector Control District Census Census instructions: Estimate the amount of pesticides used in 1981 for the mosquito abatement as well as other vector control programs. Please note whether you state the amount used as pounds active ingredient or as formulated product. Pesticide Amount Used in 1981 Noxious Weed Control Survey Survey instructions: Estimate the amount of herbicide used in 1981 for noxious weed control within your district. Please note whether you state the amount used as pounds active ingredient or as formulated project. Herbicide Amount Used in 1981 Amino traizole, amitrole Atrazine Banvel Bromacil Casoson 2,4-D Round Up Tordon Other (list) 53

52 BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) USDA ASCS Publications The Pesticide Situation, 1952 to 1965 The Pesticide Review, 1966 to 1982 (2) USDA ERS Publications 1979 Pesticide Use on Vegetables in Five Regions, September 1983, ERS Staff Report No. AGES830920, Ferguson, Walter L Fall Potato Pesticide Use in the Western Region, January 1982, ERS Staff Report No. AGES820504, Parks, John R Pesticide Use on Vegetables in the Northwest, A Preliminary Report, March 1982, ERS Staff Report No. AGES Kuntz, B. Ted; Ferguson, Walter L Pesticide Use on Florida Vegetables, A Preliminary Report, July 1981, ERS Staff Report No. AGESS810708, Ferguson, Walter L.; McCalla, Iris, E. Preliminary Data: Pesticide Use on Selected Decidious Fruits in the United States, 1978, July 1981, ERS Staff Report No. AGESS810626, Webb, Shwu-Eng H Herbicide, Defoliant, and Desiccant Use on Cotton in the United States, May 1982, ERS Staff Report No. AGES820504, Rich, Peter R. Pesticide Use on Fall Potatoes in the United States, 1979, Jan 1983 ERS Staff Report No. AGES830113, Parks, John R. Insecticide Use on Cotton in the United States, 1979, May 1982 ERS Staff Report No. AGES820519, McDowell, Robert; et.al. The Biologic and Economic Assessment of Amitraz, Interim Progress Report, 1980 Crop Year, May 1983, ERS Staff Report No. AGES830614, Kuntz, Ted B.; Delvo, Herman W. (3) USDA ERS Publications Implications of Pesticide Regulations, August 1981, ERS Staff Report No. AGESS810730, Schaub, John R. et.al. Evaluation of Pesticide Supplies and Demand for 1977, Ag. Econ. Report No. 366, February 1977, Andrilenas, Paul A.; Eichers, Theodore R. Farm Pesticide Supply-Demand Trends, 1982, Ag. Econ Report 485, April 82, Eichers, Theodore R.; Serletis, William S. Farmers Use of Pesticide in 1976, Ag. Econ. Report No. 418, Dec Eichers, Theodore R. et.al. 54

53 Quantaties of Pesticides Used by Farmers in 1964, Ag. Econ. Report No. 131, January 1968, Eichers, Theodore R. et.al. Quantaties of Pesticides Used by Farmers in 1966, Ag. Econ. Report No. 179, April 1970, Eichers, Theodore R. et.al. Extent of Farm Pesticide Use on Crops in 1966, Ag. Econ. Report No. 147, October 1968, Eichers, Theodore R. et.al. Farmers Use of Pesticides in 1971, Ag. Econ. Report No. 252, July 1974, Andrilenas, Paul A. Economic Impact of Discontinuing Farm Use of Chlordane, Ag. Econ. Report No. 231, August 1972, Jenkins, Robert P. et.al. Farmers Use of Pesticides in 1976, Ag. Econ. Report No. 418, Dec. 1978, Eichers, Theodore R. et.al. Pesticide Use and Practices, 1982, Ag. Information Bull. No. 462, September 1983, Duffy, Michael (4) EPA Publications The Use of Pesticides for Rangeland Sagebruch Control, Office of Water Programs, May 1972, Hylton, A.R.; Savage, G.R. Chlordane and Heptachlor in Relation to Man and the Environment, A Further Review , EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, August 1976, EPA 540/ , Fairchild, Homer, E. PhD. EPA Actions to Cancel and Suspend Uses of Chlordane and Heptachlor as Pesticides, Economic and Social Implications, EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, August 1976, EPA-540/ , Aspelin, A. L. PhD. et.al. Initial Scientific and Minieconomic Review of : Aldicarb, May 1975 Malathion, March 1975 Bromacil, March 1975 MCPA, December 1975 Cacodylic Acid, December 1975 Methyl Parathion, February 1975 Captan, April 1975 MSMA/DSMA, December 1975 Catbofuran, July, 1976 Crotoxyphos, June 1975 Parathion, January 1975 PCNB, April 1976 Dacthal, July 1975 EPA Office of Pesticide and Toxic Substances Position Documents: DBCP Final PD, Captan PD 1, Lindane PD 1 Trifluralin PD 1/2/3 Silvex PD 1/2/3, Creosote PD 2/3 Ethylene Dibromide PD 2/3 Inorganic Arsenicals, Pentachlorophenol PD 2/3, Lindane PD 2/3, Dimethoate PD 2/3 Strychnine PD 2/3, Chlorbenzilate PD 3 55

54 (5) USDA PIAP Assessment Team Reports: The Biologic and Economic Assessment of: DBCP, USDA Tech. Bull July 1978 Maleic Hydrazide, USDA Tech. Bull Pentachlorophenol, Inorganic Aresnicals, Creosote Vols. I and II, USDA Tech Bull 1658-I and , November 1980 Amitraz, Tech. Bull. 1637, August 1978 Endrin, Tech. Bull. 1623, June 1980 Toxaphene, Tech. Bull. 1652, November 1978 Dimethoate, Tech. Bull. 1663, June 1979 Lindane, Tech. Bull. 1647, March 1980 Diallate, Tech. Bull. 1620, September ,4,5-T, Tech. Bull. 1671, February ,4,5-T Supplement, Tech. Bull. 1671, August 1983 (6) EPA Publications Production, Distribution, Use and Environmental Impact Potential of Selected Pesticides, 1975, Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA 540/ , Rumker, Rosmarie von PhD. et.al. Pesticide Use on the Non-irrigated Cropland of the Midwest, Office of Water Programs, June 1972, Tech. Study Report TS , Reese, Charles D. (7) State Publications 1982 Illinois Major Crop Pesticide Use and Pest Survey Report, 1983 Pike, David R. Pesticide Use by Illinois Farmers, 1976 IIEQ Doc. No. 77/1, July 1977 Kendall, James R. Illinois Agricultural Statistics, Annual Summary, Ill. Coop. Crop Reporting Ser. Bull. 65-1, 66-1, 69-1, 70-1, 71-1, Moats, Robert; 72-1, 73-1, Kendall, James Survey of Pesticide Usage by Livestock Producers in Indiana, Purdue University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 964, 1980, Williams, Ralph E., et. al. Evaluation of Pesticide Usage by Livestock Producers in Kansas, Pennsylvania State University and Kansas State University, Department of Entomology, 1978, Pitts, C. W. and H. W. Huston Pesticide Use by Kentucky Certified Applicators 1979, University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, 1981 Rodriquez, L.D. et.al. Pesticide Use on Michigan Field Crops, Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station/Michigan Department of Agriculture/ Michigan Agricultural Reporting Service, 1978, Ruppel, R. F. et.al. Nebraska Pesticide Use Survey -- Grain Handling and Processing, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Report No. 2, June 1979, Kamble 56

55 Pesticide Use on Major Crops in Ohio 1978, Ext. Bull. 666, April 1980, Waldron, Acie C. PhD. et.al. Pesticide Use on Major Field Crops in Ohio , OCES Bulletin 715, OARDC Bulletin 1157, Waldron, Acie C. PhD. et.al. Use of Pesticides on Major Crops in Oklahoma, 1981, Research Report P-833, December 1982, Cochrane, John E. The Importance of 2,4-D in Oregon, unpublished, 1981, Rinehold, J. Pesticide Usage by Livestock Producers in Texas, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, D-1209, April 1983, Thomas J. K., et. al. Pesticide Use in Wyoming, 1979 R-J 155, April 1980, Gale, Alvin. PhD. et.al. Jackson County Weed Control, published annually, Squire, Don Operations Report of Oregon's Pesticide Use Clearinghouse, 1981, published annually, Oregon State Dept. of Agriculture, 1971 to 1982, Wehr, Michael PhD. Pesticide Use Report, California Dept. of Agriculture, Annual Report California's Rebuttal to Presumption Against Registration of: Captan, 1980 Toxaphene, September 1977 Compound 1080 and Strychnine, March 1977 Dimethoate, January 1978 (8) Pesticide Use and Crop Survey of Guam Farmers, 1983, Bjork, Claron D. PhD. (9) Agriculture Statistics, USDA, 1936 to 1982 (No data recorded in years 1943, 46, 47, 48, 49) (10) U.S. Production and Sales of Pesticides and Related Products, U.S. Tariff Commission U.S. Export of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise, U.S. Bureau of Census 1945 to present (Appears under different titles after 1968) (11) Proceedings, American Wood Preservers' Association (12) Amity Report, Amity Foundation, Eugene, Oregon. Dr. Michael Conner, NSF Grant No. OSS

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