A Weed Scientist s Perspective on Cover Crops in Missouri. Kevin Bradley University of Missouri
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1 A Weed Scientist s Perspective on Cover Crops in Missouri Kevin Bradley University of Missouri
2 Introduction Economic incentives (~$25-38/A) have led to increased interest in Midwest crop production systems A variety of cover crop species are discussed; little is known about their suitability for use in Missouri corn /soybean rotations
3 From a weed scientist s perspective 1. We must be able to effectively kill whatever cover crop species we are planting. 2. We must have a real understanding of what cover crops actually do for weed control. 3. We must know which corn or soybean herbicides are most likely to carryover and cause injury to cover crop species.
4 Materials and Methods General: Individual plots 10 x 30 ft, arranged in a RCB or split plot design with 4 replications Planting Dates: September 5-6, 2012; September 11, 2013 Seeding Rates (lbs/a): Wheat = 120 Cereal Rye = 110 Italian ryegrass = 25 Oats = 70 Crimson Clover = 30 Austrian Winter Pea = 50 Hairy Vetch = 20 Tillage Radish = 8 Herbicide Applications: Made with a CO 2 -powered backpack sprayer delivering 15 GPA with XR8002 flat fan nozzles
5 All cover crops should not be viewed equally Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri
6 Italian Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum a.k.a. Annual Ryegrass or just Ryegrass NOT Annual Rye Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri
7 Common Denominator? Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri
8 Top 15 Resistant Weeds According to # of Herbicide Modes of Action Rigid Ryegrass Barnyardgrass Annual Bluegrass Goosegrass Blackgrass Waterhemp Junglerice Italian Ryegrass Palmer Amaranth Common Ragweed Wild Oat Horseweed Redroot Pigweed Downy Brome Common Lambsquarters weedscience.org, Dr. Ian Heap, 11/2013
9 Herbicide Resistance in Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Group 1 / ACCase Group 2 / ALS Group 9 / Glyphosate Group 10 / Liberty Group 15 / Chloroacetamides Dr. Kevin Bradley
10 Herbicide Resistance in Annual/Italian Ryegrass (Worldwide, 2014) Group 1 / ACCase Group 2 / ALS Group 9 / Glyphosate Group 10 / Glufosinate Group 15 / Chloroacetamides, etc. Group 7 / Ureas, Amides Dr. Kevin Bradley
11 Influence of Herbicide Treatments and Timings on the Control of an Italian Ryegrass Cover Crop (Columbia, Missouri 2013) Herbicide Treatment Rate ---product/a--- Early (April 2) 5.75 ; Tillering Application Timing Mid (April 22) 14 ; Pre-boot Late (May 16) 36 ; Boot --% Ital. Ryegrass Biomass Reduction 28 DAT-- Roundup PowerMax 36 fl ozs Roundup PowerMax + 2,4-D 36 fl ozs + 1 pt Roundup PowerMax + Clarity 36 fl ozs + 1 pt Roundup PowerMax + Sharpen 36 fl ozs + 1 fl oz Roundup PowerMax + Aatrex 36 fl ozs + 1 qt Roundup PowerMax + Canopy 36 fl ozs + 4 ozs Roundup PowerMax + Basis Blend 36 fl ozs ozs Roundup PowerMax 72 fl ozs Gramoxone Inteon 4 pts Gramoxone Inteon + 2,4-D 4 pts + 1 pt Gramoxone Inteon + Aatrex 4 pts + 1 qt Gramoxone Inteon + Lorox 4 pts + 24 ozs Gramoxone Inteon + Sencor + 2,4-D 4 pts + 4 ozs + 1 pt Liberty 29 fl ozs Liberty + Atrazine 29 fl ozs + 1 qt LSD0.05 (treatments x timings):
12 You decide. Is it worth the Risk? Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri
13 Effective Kill of Cover Crop Species Proper herbicide timing (late March/early April) is important regardless of the species Species that are likely to winter kill in central Missouri = tillage radish, oats Species that have proven difficult to control = wheat, crimson clover, Italian ryegrass Species that are fairly easy to control = cereal rye, Austrian winter pea, hairy vetch
14 What kind of weed control can we expect from cover crops?
15 My Perspective Based on our research and the results of other PUBLISHED studies, the ability of cover crops to reduce the emergence of WINTER ANNUAL weed species: Is variable and rarely 100% Is dependent on the time of winter annual weed emergence Is dependent on the cover crop species and/or mix selected
16 My Perspective Based on our research and the results of other PUBLISHED studies, the ability of cover crops to reduce the emergence of SUMMER ANNUAL weed species is determined by the: 1. Cover crop species selected 2. Amt. of cover crop biomass accumulated 3. Time of cover crop termination 4. Type of weed species
17 Influence of Cover Crops vs. Herbicide Treatments on Cumulative Summer Annual Weed Emergence (Columbia, MO 2013) Nontreated Control Late Spring Burndown (Rndup+2,4-D) Fall Trtmt (Rndup+2,4-D+AthrtyXL) Austrian Pea Cereal Rye/H. Vetch Hairy Vetch Crimson Clover Tillage Radish Oats Italian Ryegrass Cereal Rye Wheat Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri Cumulative Summer Ann Weed Emergence (#/m 2 )
18 Influence of Cover Crops vs. Herbicide Treatments on Cumulative Resistant Waterhemp Emergence (Moberly, MO 2013) Nontreated Control Late Spring Burndown (Rndup+2,4-D) Fall Trtmt (Rndup+2,4-D+AthrtyXL) Austrian Pea Cereal Rye/H. Vetch Hairy Vetch Crimson Clover Tillage Radish Oats Italian Ryegrass Cereal Rye Wheat Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri Cumulative Summer Ann Weed Emergence (#/m 2 )
19 Influence of Cover Crops on Pigweed Emergence in Georgia Early June Late July - Cereal + Cereal - Cereal + Cereal Legume Cover Crop Rye Rye Rye Rye ---Palmer Pigweed Density (#/m 2 )--- Austrian Winter Pea Vetch Crimson Clover None LSD Webster et al Crop Protection 52:
20 Summary / Final Thoughts Species Selection: We really need to think about this Burndown: Timely herbicide applications are required to achieve acceptable kill of certain cover crop species, especially Italian ryegrass, wheat, and crimson clover. Effects on Weed Emergence: Only cereal rye and wheat provided substantial reductions in the emergence of summer annual weeds.
21 Website:
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