Dryland Pastures. 24 June 2015 Professor Derrick Moot. Website: Blog:
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1 Dryland Pastures 24 June 2015 Professor Derrick Moot Website: Blog:
2 Rain fed mm East coast - summer dry
3 By Drier: Drought increased duration and frequency
4 Experiment site Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3
5 Growth rates (2 year means) D-N 120 I-N 21.9 t/ha Growth rate (kg/ha/d) D+N I+N 6.3 t/ha 9.8 t/ha 15.7 t/ha 0 J A S O N D J F M A M J J Month Mills et al. 2006, 2009
6 Winter temperature response Photo: KM Pollock Lincoln University
7 The Nitrogen gap 30 I +N I N DM yield (t/ha) y = 7.0 kg DM/ha/ o Cd 21.9 t/ha 9.8 t/ha y = 3.3 kg DM/ha/ o Cd Thermal time ( Cd) Mills et al. 2006; 2009
8 Water and nitrogen = ryegrass Photo: Dr WR Scott Lincoln University
9 Cattle and deer numbers in Canterbury Stock numbers (millions) Dairy cattle Beef cattle Deer Year
10 Sheep numbers in Canterbury 12 Sheep (millions) Total sheep Lambing (tailed/marked) Year
11 Nitrogen fertiliser use NZ Fertiliser Manufacturers Association
12 Nitrogen deficient pasture 1000 kg N/ha
13 Redrawn from Dymond et al Regional annual nitrate losses Regional nitrate leaching per year (tonnes) Tasman West Coast Southland Marlborough Otago Canterbury Year
14 High feeding value pastures have; - high legume content - high leaf content - low stem content - young herbage age
15 Sheep prefer 70% legume, 30% grass Photo: Jo Grigg Tempello Marlborough
16 Nitrogen fixation kg N/t DM Lucas et al. 2010
17 Summer moisture response Mills 2007
18 Water stress effect on yield 30 I+N D+N 21.9 t/ha DM yield (t/ha) y = 7.0 kg DM/ha/ o Cd 21 Nov 30 Jan 15.7 t/ha Thermal time Mills et al. 2006
19 Soil moisture deficit 2003/04 Rainfall (mm) Deficit (mm) D+N D-N Total rain = 520 mm Thermal time ( Cd) Mills 2007
20 Moot et al Spring WUE Accumulated DM (t/ha) Lucerne Grass/clover Grass only 20 kg DM/ha/mm 13 kg DM/ha/mm Water use (mm) 28 kg DM/ha/mm
21 Subterranean clover - annual Subterranean Clover
22 Brown et al Seasonal clover growth 80 Wet summer Sub clover Dry summer Growth rate (kg/ha/d) White clover 0 Jul-04 Jan-05 Jul-05 Jan-06
23 LEGUMES AT MEADOWBANK We re in clover Will Grigg Website: Field Day handouts and presentations page (20 June 2013)
24
25 Grazing after shutting up for sub clover seeding.
26 Close up of germinating clover seedlings on 1 May
27 WHAT S HAPPENED TO PRODUCTION AT MEADOWBANK? Similar stock numbers, better fed. Ewe efficiency increased 40% since Change Ewe Lambing% 121% 142% 21% Hogget Lambing% 60% 81% 21% Weaning weight 28 kg/hd 34 kg/hd 21% Return $730/ha $2640/ha $1910/ha (>260%)
28 Photo: D Hollander Lincoln University Lucerne ~8 months after sowing > 1.5 m length
29 Drilling seed with fertiliser Direct drilling = seed + fertiliser Kearney et al. 2010
30 Over 60,000 ha sown and doubling of lucerne seed sales over 10 years 28-35% Rate of return on investment
31 Case study Bonavaree farm, Marlborough Over grazed high erosion risk Photo: Bonavaree
32 Photo: Bonavaree
33 Salt bush Young lucerne Photo: Bonavaree Chemically fallowed land
34 Resilience through change Landscape farming Where to plant
35 Moot & Avery 2013 Bonavaree production change over 10 years Change Land area (ha) % Sheep numbers % Lambing (%) % Lamb weights (kg) % Lamb sold (kg) % Wool (kg) % Sheep:cattle 70:30 50:50 Gross trading profit (ha) $317 $ %
36 Photo: Bonavaree
37 With better income we can focus on the environment and preserve it for generations to come Doug Avery
38 Resilient drought-proofed landscape SI Farmer of the Year 2010
39 Photo: Bog Roy Station Anderson et al. 2014
40 Landscape farming Photo: Bog Roy Station
41 Soil ph & exchangeable Aluminium 2.5 Exchangeable Soil Aluminium (me/100g) y = /(1+(x/5.5) 23.5 )) R 2 = 0.73 Change Point Soil ph Moir & Moot, 2010
42 No Lime - Lucerne
43 Lupins tolerate aluminium
44 Transforming dryland regions S - profitable, resilient, legume based W - new skills, no political profile O - 2M ha, east coast NZ T - Overseer, dairy industry
45 Sustainable transformation Farmers with incentives to change economic, land sustainability, social. Appropriate research - on-farm application to reduce complexity of intensification Mutual integrity and trust between scientist and farmers
46 References & Links Lincoln University Dryland Pastures Website: Lincoln University Dryland Pastures Blog: Anderson, D., Anderson, L., Moot, D. J. and Ogle, G. I Integrating lucerne into a high country merino system. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 76, Brown, H. E., Moot, D. J., Lucas, R. J. and Smith, M Sub clover, cocksfoot and lucerne combine to improve dryland stock production. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 68, Carberry, P. S Are science rigour and industry relevance both achievable in participatory action research? In: B. Rowe, D. Donaghy, N. Mendham (Eds.). "Science and Technology: Delivering Results for Agriculture?". Proceedings of the 10 th Australian Agronomy Conference, January 2001,. 29 Jan - 1 Feb 2001, Hobart, Tasmania. Australian Agronomy Society. Online: Cosgrove G Novel grazing management: making better use of white clover. Proceedings of the 2005 SIDE Conference. Department of Statistics Agriculture Variable by Regional Council. Date Accessed: 22/6/ Last Updated: Not Specified. Dymond, J. R., Ausseil, A. G. E., Parfitt, R. L., Herzig, A. and McDowell, R. W Nitrate and phosphorus leaching in New Zealand: a national perspective. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 56, Kearney, J. K., Moot, D. J. and Pollock, K. M Dryland lucerne production in Central Otago. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, Lucas, R. J., Smith, M. C., Jarvis, P., Mills, A. and Moot, D. J Nitrogen fixation by subterranean and white clovers in dryland cocksfoot pastures. Proceedings of the New ZealandGrassland Association, 72, Mills, A Understanding constraints to cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) based pasture production, PhD thesis, Lincoln University, Canterbury. Online access: pp. Mills, A., Moot, D. J. and Jamieson, P. D Quantifying the effect of nitrogen of productivity of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) pastures. European Journal of Agronomy, 30, Mills, A., Moot, D. J. and McKenzie, B. A Cocksfoot pasture production in relation to environmental variables. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 68, Moir, J. L. and Moot, D. J Soil ph, exchangeable aluminium and lucerne yield responses to lime in a South Island high country soil. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, Moot, D. J An overview of dryland legume research in New Zealand. Crop and Pasture Science, 63, Moot, D. J. and Avery, D Sustainable intensification of livestock grazing systems in low rainfall regions of New Zealand. In: First International Conference on Global Food Security, 29 September - 2 October 2013, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Elsevier Ltd. p O3.O3 (4 pgs). Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E., Pollock, K. and Mills, A Yield and water use of temperate pastures in summer dry environments. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 70, New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association Annual update (New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association). 15 pp. Date Accessed: 5/5/ Last Updated: Dec NIWA CliFlo Database - National Climate database. Date Accessed: 31/08/14. Last Updated: Not Specified.
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