SoCoProject. «Soil Conservation Agriculture : An Answer to European Challenges» Konrad Schreiber Engineer in CA Development 2008, May, the 22 nd

Transcription

1 SoCoProject «Soil Conservation Agriculture : An Answer to European Challenges» Konrad Schreiber Engineer in CA Development 2008, May, the 22 nd

2 EU : New challenges Taking part in international food production Feeding 9 billions people in 2050 Preserving environment and natural resources Soil, Water, Air Preserving biodiversity Genetical resources and pharmacology Decreasing EU dependence for non-renewable energy Reduce consumption fuel and gaz Increasing soil carbon storage Decreasing Greenhouse emission Create carbon pool in soil Promoting sustainable agriculture International cooperation

3 EU : Problems in the Future Dependence for food and feed production. Import almost than 70 % of protein needs Energetical dependence Oil import and influence on commercial European scales Reduce of purchase power, salary stagnation and inflation How many poor persons? Salaried employees Jobless Retired Homeless Hypothesis : 15 % of population Urban poverty French Population = 65 millions +/- 10 millions of poor? European population = 500 millions +/- 75 millions of poor? = France

4 What s european international future? Without protein independence Without energetic independence Agriculture,Society No food security Which independence in development? Which European place on the international nation concert?

5 EU : European Response Source: RÈGLEMENT (CE) N 1782/2003 DU CONSEIL 2003, september, 29th EU Request Water Directive 80/68/CEE 91/676/CEE Biodiversity Directive 79/409/CEE 92/43/CEE Pesticide Directive 91/414/CEE Reach Soil Directive 86/278/CEE +2008? Kyoto Protocol 2005 National Transcription Application Settling Norm adjustment Structural cost Control Check in 2008 Increasing of production cost Dropping of production quality No-resolution of environmental issues (Nitrogen directive,, Soils ) Results do not match European requests

6 EU : Responses of the countries Technical responses Integrated/biological farming Regulation Certification Traceability Modulation /CAP Control Penalization Suspicion Results Without conclusive results Nitrogen in water (+ ou -) Erosion Pesticides in water Organic matter in water Greenhouse Gas emission Phosphore and green seeweed Penalties for countries No conclusive results of European countries Difficulties to respect the 5 main directives

7 EU : Results in France Consequences for farmers Loss in production potential Administrative complexity Cost increases Proceedings and structure Loss in capital Lack of freedom, punishment Desertion of the production Consequences for Society Economical losses Lack of attractivity Loss in resources and expertise Lack of credibility Loss in production potential «Bad food» syndrom Food crisis Difficulties to reply to the new European Challenges

8 EU : Solutions in Soco Project Potential of Soil Conservation Agriculture Results Network APAD/BASE Water protection : NO 3 2 Soils protection : Erosion Biodiversity development : x 6 Air protection : Carbon sequestration Food production : = Biomass and Energy production : Energy saving : 3 Carbon sequestration : 1 to 4 T/ha/year Inputs efficiency : x 2 Environmental benefits :

9 Principle of a Sustainable Agriculture Present Future Conservation Agriculture : Cover, Produce, Conserve, Recycle

10 Sustainable Agriculture Ecosystem model Water cycle Mineral Carbon Solar energy Renewable Production Organic matter Consumption Biodiversity and waste 100 % Biodegradable Recycling by biological soil communities A living soil, with preserved functions, allows to solve environmental issues

11 Concept of Conservation Agriculture

12 Concept of Conservation Agriculture Exchanges Production Life quality Workers Product Training Fuel Equipment Économy Produce

13 Concept of Conservation Agriculture Excabges Production Life quality Workers Product Training Fuel Equipment Economy Produce Biodiversity Water Run-off Pesticides Phosphorus Soil Porosity Erosion Nitrogen Environment Recycle

14 Concept of Conservation Agriculture Exchanges Production Life quality Workers Biodiversity Water Run-off Pesticides Product Training Fuel Equipment Phosphorus Soil Porosity Erosion Nitrogen Économy Produce Society Consume Environment Recycle

15 Hypothesis : Soil Resource degradation Tillage allows to exploit the initial Carbon stock by increase in organic matter mineralization «Nothing lost, Nothing created, all is transforming» Organic Matter C + N photosynthesis and biological activity allow to increase C and N storage Tillage + oxygen + energy + = CO 2 + NO3- Green House effect Nitrogen leaching General equation of pollution in Agriculture

16 Soil Degradation Reality Source: laboratoire d analyse Coopagri Bretagne, Landerneau - 29 (Hypothesis for bulk density soil = 1) Plow Reduced Tillage No-Till ph 6,8 6 6 OM g/kg 29,6 34,4 33,6 OM t/ha Loss of 2,8 t OM/ha/year OM % N total g/kg 1,8 2,1 2,1 N total kg/ha Loss of 180 kg N/ha/year C/N 9,7 9,7 9,5 C en t/ha Loss of 1,8 t C/ha/year C ha en % Loss of 15 % in 5 year CEC Saturation % General equation of Environment degradation in Agriculture is confirmed in the trial «Comparative Fields» in Maure de Bretagne (35 France)

17 EU : Principle and Solutions High production potential with CO 2 captation, allowed by Soil Conservation Technologies 1) Covered soil all the year ( basic = ecosystem model) 2) Intensify CO 2 captation by photosynthesis 3) Organic matter soil management 4) Recycle carbon for the society = Improvement of food and biomass production Biodiversity Livestock Feed Energy production Energetic biomass Biofuel 1 st and 2 nd génération Protein (Food and feed independence)

18

19 Successfull sequence APAD/BASE Crop production : farming system of 60 ha SCV = No tillage on permanent covered soil (Source : CIRAD) 5 years rotation Today SCV = Biomass and biodiversity Corn Peas CC Barley CC Wheat CC Wheat CC

20 Successfull sequence APAD/BASE Crop production : farming system of 60 ha SCV = No tillage on permanent covered soil (Source : CIRAD) 5 years rotation Today SCV = Biomass and biodiversity Corn Peas CC Barley CC Wheat CC Wheat CC Turnip fodder = 2 T grain/ha Early Soya = 2 T grain/ha Buckwheat = 2 T grain/ha Early Sorghum = T biomass/ha Tomorow SCV = Biomass and energy

21 Succeed sequence APAD/BASE Crop production : farming system of 60 ha SCV = No tillage on permanent covered soil (Source : CIRAD) 5 years rotation Today SCV = Biomass and biodiversity Corn Peas CC Barley CC Wheat CC Wheat CC Turnip fodder = 2 T grain/ha Early Soya = 2 T grain/ha Buckwheat = 2 T grain/ha Early Sorghum = T biomass/ha Tomorow SCV = Biomass and energy Potential 6 T grain/ha/5years 10 T biomass/ha/5years = 1,2 T/ha/year = 72 T/year year(60 ha) = 2T/ha/year = 120 T/year (60 ha)

22 Extrapolation France SCV Breeding 18,5 millions ha of arable soils in France (Source : agreste. Agriculture) Development of SCV Energy 30 % total area = 6 millions ha SCV Energy SCV Environment Potential energy production 7 millions metric tons of grain = 2 millions tons Biofuel 1 st génération = 5 millions tons of cake, and 12 millions tons of biomass

23 Extrapolation European Union 97 millions ha of arable soils in Europe (25) (Source : agreste. Agriculture) SCV Breeding Development of SCV Energy 50 % total area? = 50 millions ha Potential energy production SCV Energy SCV Environment 60 millions metric tons of grain = 20 millions tons Biofuel 1 st génération = 40 millions tons of cake, and 100 millions tons of biomass

24 Conclusion To developp SoCo Project A tool = soil protection A policy : soil protection Carbon sequestration Allows during 20 years to adapt agriculture to climate change + Associated ecological services

25 Carbon Cycle Carbon in with photosynthesis Carbon out with respiration C Environmental benefit spin-offs - increased water holding capacity - increased water use efficiency - increased cation exchange capacity - reduced soil erosion - improved water quality - improved infiltration, less runoff - decreased soil compaction - improved soil tilth and structure - reduced air pollution - reduced fertilizer inputs - increased soil buffer capacity - increased biological activity - increased nutrient cycling and storage - increased diversity of microflora - increased adsorption of pesticides - gives soil aesthetic appeal - increased capacity to handle manure and other wastes - more wildlife Ecological services D.C. Reicosky USDA ARS MWA, 2002

26 SoCo Project European Experts Farmers Associations experimenting Conservation Agriculture A collaborative project for the future of Agriculture in Europe