The environmental role of protein crops in the new common agricultural policy

Transcription

1 The environmental role of protein crops in the new common agricultural policy Donal Murphy-Bokern Andrea Bues Sara Preißel Fred Stoddard Peter Zander Tom Kuhlman Kristina Lindström Moritz Reckling Kairsty Topp 1

2 Protein crops Pea Faba bean Aspects of the protein deficit Resource effects Environmental effects Lentil Competitiveness Policy implications and options Lupin 2

3 Forage legumes 3

4 Cereal production is remarkably stable in Europe Area cropped (million ha) Grain legumes Arable forage legumes Source: FAOstat 2013 Cereals Rapeseed and sunflower Sugar beet and potatoes Forage maize 4

5 Europe is one of the world s largest users of soy Net import (million t) Price (USD/t) Source: FAOstat 2013 Soya cake imports Soya bean imports Soya bean price Soya cake price 5

6 Growth in poultry and pig meat consumption is the major driver behind increased plant protein imports Million t Beef Poultry meat Net soya import (bean equivalent) Pig meat Grain legume production Fertiliser-N consumption Source: FAOstat

7 Growth in poultry and pig meat consumption is the major driver behind increased plant protein imports Million t Poultry Pigs Beef Milk Beef Poultry meat Net soya import (bean equivalent) Pig meat Grain legume production Fertiliser-N consumption Source: FAOstat

8 European livestock production depends on imported protein and crop land outside Europe Carbohydrate Protein 8 Von Witzke & Noleppe 2010

9 The proportion of EU cropland used for protein crops is low Since 1961 the area has declined from 4.6 to 1.8% of arable land in Europe Source: EuroSTAT

10 This means that the EU is foregoing any resource and environmental effects of legume crops 10

11 Resource protection Protein crops require no nitrogen fertiliser and the need for fertiliser in the following crop is lower Photo: RAUCH Landmaschinenfabrik GmbH 11

12 Resource effects Break crop effect: Reduced crop diseases Improved soil conditions Improved soil fertility 15 25% yield increase in following crop yield 12

13 These are all internal benefits Break crop effect: Reduced crop diseases Improved soil conditions Improved soil fertility 15 25% yield increase in following crop yield 13

14 External environmental benefits nitrogen cycle Lower greenhouse gas emissions (particularly nitrous oxide) Reduced fossil energy CO 2 emissions 14

15 External environmental benefits biodiversity Mass flowering Crop diversity Soil organisms 15

16 External environmental benefits land use change Source: Paula Fridman/Carbis, Business Week May 22,

17 External environmental benefits life cycle Study % change in environmental impact Energy demand GHG emission Ozone Eutrophication Acidification Ecotoxicity Land -use Comparison of soya-based and domestic legume-based feed Sweden, pork Sweden, pork Germany, pork 3-5 Spain, pork France, chicken meat France, eggs Comparison of soya-based and farm-produced feed Germany, pork Cederberg and Flysiö 2004; 2 Eriksson et al. 2005; 3 Van der Werf et al

18 The public benefits of protein crops justify public policy intervention, and farmers respond Area (million ha) : price support for soya bean 1978: price support for pea, faba bean, lupins 1992: MacSharry reform : introduction of Single Payment Scheme : area payment for chickpea, lentil, vetches Common bean Faba bean and other legumes Chickpea, lentil & vetches Pea Lupins Soya bean

19 If we want more legume crops, what do they cost society? 19

20 Crop-level gross margins Case study, year Netherlands, Annual gross margin ( /ha) Gross margin deficit of legume compared to other crop ( /ha) Wheat Maize Barley Rapeseed Pea Faba bean Lupin France Midi Pyrenées, Rainfed loam Soya bean Pea Rainfed clay Soya bean Pea Irrigated loam Soya bean Pea Irrigated clay Soya bean Pea France Ariege, Pea Average Sources: Calculations based on data from: 1 Kamp et al. (2010), 2 Mahmood (2011), 3 Chambre d Agriculture de l Ariege (2009) in Mahmood (2011). 20

21 Cropping sequence gross margins Case study, year Annual gross margin incl. precrop effect ( /ha/yr) Legume rotation Rotation without legume Deficit of legume rotation Regional data, averaged Germany Saxony-Anhalt Germany lower Bavaria Denmark Fyn Switzerland Vaud Spain Castilla y Leon Spain Navarra light soil Spain Navarra deep soil France Barrois France Picardie Regional data averaged France Eure et Loir France Seine Maritime Germany Niedersachsen Spain Castilla-La Mancha UK East Anglia Average Range 53 to to 7 Sources: Calculations based on data from: 1 von Richthofen et al. (2006b) (Considered precrop effects: yield effect on 1st subsequent crop, fertiliser saving, pesticide saving, reduced tillage). 2 LMC International (2009) (Considered precrop effects: Yield effect on 1st subsequent crop, N fertiliser saving) 21

22 European protein crops are high yielding Yield (t/ha) Wheat Pea Faba bean Soya bean Rapeseed Lupins Source: FAOstat

23 Soy yields in the USA and France Yield (t/ha) USA wheat USA soya bean France wheat France soya bean Source: FAOstat

24 European protein crops are high yielding, but Europe is a world champion in growing wheat Yield (t/ha) 8 European wheat has a three-fold yield advantage European and US soya bean and US wheat have similar yields USA wheat France wheat USA soya bean France soya bean 24 24

25 CAP reform: some principles offered 25 25

26 Multiple and complex public effects point to integrated policy development using complementary policy measures. Avoid obligation. Work within a comprehensive protein strategy. Photo: J. Logan 26

27 Policy options within the CAP More stringent crop diversification requirements (greening in Pillar 1) Inclusion of legume crops in ecological focus areas (greening in Pillar 1) Voluntary coupled support schemes (direct support under Pillar 1) 27

28 Policy options within the CAP (continued) Legumes via agri-environment schemes (Pillar 2) Organic farming Investment into research, breeding, and technical progress 28

29 Policy options outside the CAP Climate protection policies Nutrient policies Support producer initiatives Support for technical progress 29

30 Nitrogen on the Table TFRN Website 30

31 Nitrogen on the Table TFRN Website 31

32 Conclusions The plant protein deficit is due to comparative advantage in cereal production combined with self-sufficiency in cereals and livestock for high levels of livestock consumption Increased protein crop production will contribute to the development of more sustainable and balanced agriculture Public intervention is justified Developing better protein crops for farmers enhances their resource conservation and environmental benefits Higher fertiliser and soya prices encourage protein crop production 32

33 Acknowledgements 33