Erich Tasser. Landscape changes in the European Alps

Transcription

1 Erich Tasser Landscape changes in the European Alps

2 Alpine landscapes

3 Alpine landscapes stability / reslience climate nitrogen desposition

4 Alpine landscapes stability / reslience climate nitrogen desposition

5 Background

6 Altitude Spatial framework

7 Population change Social framework

8 Age structure Social framework

9 Emplyment rate Economic framework

10 Economic framework Utiliced agricultural area per farm

11 Political framework Germany Lichtenstein Switzerland Austria Slovenia France Italy

12 Payments (% of agricultural income) Political framework Transfer payments (PSE) Germania ~year 2000 Francia Lichtenstein Svizzera Italia Austria Slovenia ? 0 Austria Germany Switzerland Slovenia France Italy Lichtenstein BFS, 2008

13 Decrease in farms (%) Effects on agricultural structure Streifeneder et al. (2008)

14 Effects on agricultural structure Decrease in farms

15 More information

16 The change of Alpine landscape

17 The change of Alpine landscape

18 The change of Alpine landscape Rocks Alpine grassland Alpine pastures Spruse forest Arable land Hay meadows Montane pastures Broadleaf forests Glacier Lakes Alpine hay meadows Krummholz Ravine forest Mixed forest Rocks Dry grasslands Screen slopes Streets Settlements largely natural pronounced anthropogenic character Hay meadws Permanent cultures result of human cultivation

19 The change of Alpine landscape weitgehend largely natural ursprünglich pronounced durch anthropogenic den Menschen character geprägt result of durch human den cultivation Menschen entstanden MODIS Rapid Response Project at NASA/GSFC, Wikimedia Commons

20 Land-use changes during the 20th century Rural landscape Urban influences End of traditional land use Traditional uses New uses Grasslands open woodlands cultivation Closed woodlands intensive agriculture recreation urban development After: F. Larinier & J-P Cheylan

21 Area (%) Land-use changes during the 20th century Land-use change grassland abandonment Grassland cultivation Arable and grassland cultivation abandonment grassland use arable cultivation permanent cultures forest use settlement continuous grassland farming Urban sprawl specialisation in grassland farming specialisation in vine and fruits continuous arable and grassland use After: Zimmerman et al. (2010)

22 Land-use changes during the 20th century continuous arable and grassland use continuous grassland farming specialisation in grassland farming specialisation in vine and fruits abandonment forest alpine/nival belt lakes and rivers urban sprawl Zimmerhofer et al., 2010 After: Zimmerman et al. (2010)

23 Land-use changes during the 20th century industrialisation/ intensification Traditional agriculture Extensification/ abandonment

24 Land-use changes during the 20th century industrialisation/ intensification Traditional agriculture Extensification/ abandonment

25 Number of tractors (n) Land-use changes during the 20th century Mechanization in Austrian agriculture After Dachs et al. (1997)

26 Fertilizer (1000 t) Land-use changes during the 20th century Use of fertilizer in Austrian agriculture nitrogen phosphoric acid potash After Oö. Grüner Bericht 2005

27 Altitude (m a.s.l.) Land-use changes during the 20th century area (%) Favorable location (example South Tyrol) Unterland/Überetsch vine apple arable land grassland settlement abandoned area forest agr. not usable area

28 Eine Kulturlandschaft im Wandel Industrialisierung/ Intensivierung Traditionelle Landwirtschaft Extensivierung/ Brachlegung

29 Land-use changes during the 20th century industrialisation/ intensification Traditional agriculture Extensification/ abandonment

30 Altitude (m a.s.l.) Land-use changes during the 20th century Abandonment (example South Tyrol) 3000 Used agricultural area 2500 Abandoned agricultural area

31 Land-use changes during the 20th century Abandonment between 1860 and 2010 Sum Land of abanonement use (%) (%) Used used genutzte area abandoned Abandoned area areas Tasser et al., 2007

32 Effects of land-use changes

33 Site conditions Effects of land-use changes Habitat diversity Almgebiet Hanglage Talboden socio-economic conditions decrease no change increase

34 Effects of land-use changes Area (%) Landscape structuring degree no structures 20 structured reforested

35 Site conditions Effects of land-use changes Landscape structuring degree Alm gebiet Hanglage Talboden socio-economic conditions decrease no change increase

36 Effects of land-use changes Example: Stubaital D Innsbruck # A CH I

37 Effects of land-use changes

38 Effects of land-use changes

39 Effects of land-use changes Transition matrices Stakeholder workshop Agro-economic model

40 Effects of land-use changes

41 Effects of land-use changes in combination with climate change

42 Conclusions

43 Conclusions Land use is closely linked to environmental conditions. Important driving forces of land use are also economically and culturally conditioned. Through political decisions, the development of land use and the development of the landscape can be managed sustainably.

44 more Info: