Feed efficiency in swine

Transcription

1 Feed efficiency in swine

2 This project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture

3 Feed efficiency in swine edited by: John F. Patience

4 Buy a print copy of this book at ISBN: e-isbn: DOI: / First published, 2012 Wageningen Academic Publishers The Netherlands, 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher, Wageningen Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 220, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands, copyright@wageningenacademic.com The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the authors. The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could be a result of content derived from this publication.

5 Table of contents Preface Herd management factors that influence whole herd feed efficiency 15 A.M. Gaines, B.A. Peterson and O.F. Mendoza Introduction 15 Are we measuring feed conversion correctly? 16 How do we measure ourselves over time? 17 Is it time to shift our thinking? 20 What is the best way to measure feed efficiency in the sow herd? 20 Factors in a production system that could impact whole herd feed efficiency 23 Sow replacement rate 23 Timing of mortality 24 Impact of birth weight on feed efficiency 26 The effects of weaning weight on feed efficiency 28 Harvest weight 29 Pig removal strategies at marketing 31 Floor and feeder space impacts on feed efficiency 32 Conclusion 35 References Feeding and barn management strategies that maximize feed efficiency 41 M.D. Tokach, R.D. Goodband, J.M. DeRouchey, S.S. Dritz and J.L. Nelssen Introduction 41 Prior to entry 42 Loading the barn 46 Daily chores 48 Unloading the barn 55 Conclusions 58 References Liquid feeding corn-based diets to growing pigs: practical considerations and use of co-products 63 C.F.M. de Lange and C.H. Zhu Introduction 63 Design of liquid feeding systems 64 Liquid feeding practices 66 Effects of liquid feeding corn-based feeds on growth performance and carcass characteristics 68 Use of liquid co-products: corn distillers solubles and corn steep water 71 Use of dry high-fiber co-products: wheat shorts and dried distillers grains with solubles 75 Conclusions and implications 76 Acknowledgements 78 References 78 Feed efficiency in swine 7

6 Table of contents 4. Amino acid nutrition and feed efficiency 81 C.F.M. de Lange, C.L. Levesque and B.J. Kerr Introduction 81 Whole body protein deposition and pig growth performance 82 Biology of amino acid utilization in growing pigs 84 Effect of between-animal variability on optimum dietary amino acid levels for groups of pigs 88 Implications of phase-feeding and compensatory growth for establishing optimum dietary amino acid levels 90 NRC approach to estimating amino acid requirements of growing-finishing pigs 93 Conclusions and implications 97 References The influence of dietary energy on feed efficiency in grow-finish swine 101 J.F. Patience Introduction 101 Defining and expressing feed efficiency 102 Definition of dietary energy 105 Dietary sources of energy 108 Energy systems 110 Dietary energy used for maintenance and for gain 116 Daily energy intake 120 Other considerations 122 Practical approaches to improving feed efficiency 122 Conclusion and implications 125 References Feed processing to maximize feed efficiency 131 C.R. Stark Introduction 131 Ingredient selection and least cost formulation 132 Feed manufacturing quality assurance 135 Feed manufacturing 138 Feed ordering and delivery 148 Conclusion 149 References The genetic and biological basis of residual feed intake as a measure of feed efficiency 153 J.M. Young and J.C.M. Dekkers Introduction 153 The genetic basis of residual feed intake 154 Physiological basis of residual feed intake 154 Selection experiment in Yorkshire pigs to create lines divergent in residual feed intake 156 Conclusions 163 Acknowledgements 163 References Feed efficiency in swine

7 Table of contents 8. Pig breeding for improved feed efficiency 167 P.W. Knap and L. Wang Feed efficiency: past developments 167 Feed efficiency: biological backgrounds 169 Genetic change in production traits and feed efficiency 173 Breeding for improved feed efficiency 175 Implications 178 References Effect of climatic environment on feed efficiency in swine 183 D. Renaudeau, H. Gilbert, and J. Noblet Introduction 183 General aspects 184 Consequences of thermal stress on feed efficiency 187 Strategies for alleviating the effects of thermal stress on feed efficiency 196 Conclusion 203 References Fueling the immune response: what s the cost? 211 R.W. Johnson Introduction 211 Relationship between disease and growth performance 212 How does the immune system sense the pathogenic environment? 215 How does the immune system affect growth? 218 What does it cost to nourish the immune response? 220 Acknowledgements 220 References Influence of health on feed efficiency 225 S.S. Dritz Introduction 225 Direct effects of mortality 226 Chronic immune stimulation 227 Production responses to in-feed antimicrobials in multi-site production 228 Field data 229 Future advances 234 Conclusion 235 References Physiology of feed efficiency in the pig: emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract and specific dietary examples 239 J.R. Pluske Introduction 239 Secretions from the lactating sow and piglet growth efficiency 239 Growth factors in colostrum and milk 242 Changes in feed efficiency associated with weaning 243 Feed efficiency in swine 9

8 Table of contents Relationships between dietary protein source and post-weaning diarrhea 247 ZnO as a growth-promoting compound to enhance feed efficiency after weaning 250 Conclusions 251 References Emerging technologies with the potential to improve feed efficiency in swine 259 F.R. Dunshea Introduction 259 Porcine somatotropin 260 Ractopamine 261 Cysteamine 263 Chromium 264 Betaine 266 Dietary neuroleptics 266 Immunization against GnRF 268 Conclusions 269 References Feed efficiency in swine

9 Preface The world as we know it is changing at an accelerated pace. Continued growth of the human population will put increasing pressure on feed supplies and food production. Coincident with a rising population is a growing demand for pork, as the standard of living rises in many parts of the world. Meeting this demand will be a challenge that farmers must face head-on. Pork producers face other challenges as they adopt new technologies to produce more with less. Unprecedented and unexpected growth of the grain biofuels sector in the past decade has upset the traditional balance of supply and demand in the grain economy. It will take some time for a new equilibrium to be reached. The other competitor for feed resources human food will also expand as the human population grows. Nevertheless, the global pork industry has co-existed with the human food complex for some time, so although it represents another major user of potential feed resources, it is not a new or unfamiliar competitor. Other trends, such as competition from other meat sources like poultry, a decline in arable land in many historically important agricultural regions and uncertainty about the future of irrigation in arid regions will also place greater demands on the pig industry to use feed resources more effectively. It was in this context that Feed efficiency in swine was born. This book evolved from the International Conference on Feed Efficiency in Swine held in November, At that event, the speakers were charged with presenting the newest and most current information available on feed efficiency in swine, covering everything from daily barn management to the adoption of new technologies. This book has the same objective as that conference and uses the speakers as its authors. By bringing together authors with a wide array of backgrounds and roles in the pig industry, the chapters in this book represent a similar diversity, looking at feed efficiency from perspectives in the barn as well as in the laboratory. Feed efficiency in swine covers a broad spectrum of scientific disciplines, including nutrition, genetics, veterinary medicine, physiology, feed processing and many others. The result is a unique book that provides the reader with an abundance of information on a variety of approaches to maximizing feed efficiency in the pork industry today. I want to thank the authors, each of whom enthusiastically accepted the challenge to address their topic thoroughly and proficiently. They validated their selection as authors by the very high quality of the chapters they submitted. I also want to thank Abby Anderson, Holly Schuler and Julie Roberts for their editorial assistance, and convey particular appreciation for the professional assistance provided by Mike Jacobs and his staff at Wageningen Academic Publishers. The quality of this book attests to their efforts. Finally, I want to acknowledge that this book project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant No from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. J.F. Patience, editor Feed efficiency in swine 13