1. Introduction - Sesame is an important agribusiness sector in Ethiopia. Leading top six economically important cash crops under AGP

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2 1. Introduction - Sesame is an important agribusiness sector in Ethiopia Leading top six economically important cash crops under AGP 2 nd most significant foreign currency earning agricultural export commodity Thus, production of sesame has increased by a factor 10 in the last decade Beside to this, sesame has many economic benefits in the country

3 Improve income of farmers Creates additional investment Playing its role in modernizing the trade system Create additional job opportunity Higher source of foreign currency earner following to coffee Generally, the crop is playing a significant role in the economic development of the country

4 However, the crop is susceptible to many losses during the production process or through the sesame value chain Based on this, harvest, storage and transport losses are reported significant and estimated at around 20-30% of the total production But, actual figures are difficult to trace yet and For a better understanding of yields, productivity, and the sources of diffusion of those yields along the supply chain, a more in depth study is required

5 2. Objectives To measure the potential and actual yield of sesame To identify potential sources of yield loss To quantify yield losses of sesame through the supply chain

6 3. Materials and Methods The study was curried out in the North-west part of Ethiopia Humera Metema Table1 Study sites and estimated yields (2013/14 Wore da T/cultivated Sesame Estimated Estima te land (ha) coverage Yield d yield Welkyit 64,160 25, , Tsegede 96,129 32, , K/Humera 376, ,575 1,386, Sub total 536, ,105 1,774, Quara 43, , W/Armacheho 90, , Metema 60, , Sanja 21, , Sub total 216,361 1,361, G. Total 497,466 3,135,

7 Methods of Yield Eastimation Quadrant method / 20 X 20 m/

8 Sources of Sesame PHLs and Methods of Measurement 1. Time of Harvesting (before and after PHM) a. Before PHM Physically immature seed (< weight, shriveled, Quality (<%oil, test, reddish color, aroma,

9 b. After PHM (over maturity) Shattering due to Over maturity

10 2. Drying (Hilla Staking method and time of drying) Staking method Staking method Over drying

11 Wind and untimely rain fall Loss due to shattering

12 3. Threshing and Hilla Transport a. Threshing Hilla staking

13 b. Carrying Hillas from place to place

14 4. Post-harvest pests (Seed bug & Termite) Sesame plant and hillas attacked by termite at the field

15 Sesame seed bug eggs at field and around ware houses

16 5. Transport and storage loss

17 Sesame seed bug during time of high infestation around store houses

18 Loss due to sesame seed bug

19 6. Processing (cleaning) loss

20 Business minded farmers re-cleaning the sesame seeds lost during cleaning

21 Traditional sesame oil extraction are the market destinations for the recleaned seeds

22 % of Sesame Post harvest losses,2013/14

23 The post harvest Economic loss of sesame (ETB) in NWE

24 Conclusion Despite some factors of loss are not covered yet, the current study revealed that post-harvest loss of sesame in the North-west part of Ethiopia exceeds 12%. Drying of bundles of sesame stalks (Hillas) on field (5.54%), carrying hilla from place to place (1.85%), and untimely harvest (3.25%) are the major causes of loss on sesame after harvest. The annual economic loss of sesame from 497,466 ha and an average productivity of 4.5 kg/ha with selling price 4130 birr/qnt exceeded 1 billion ETB in the NW Ethiopia

25 Recommendation Gathering more hillas to one place (> 10 hillas) Use of water permeable plastic or pp bag sheets for stacking of hillas (e.g. use of fertilizer and cement pp bags or used pp bags Use of improved (standardized) storage and store management techniques Use of hermetic storage technologies for long storage and export Improve farmers awareness on post-harvest losses Improve the sampling methods and equipments for grading at both ECX and market centers

26 Cont d Use alternative sesame bundle tying materials like use of threads Stacking hillas parallel to wind direction and on leveled, clean high spot areas (no risk of flooding, termite, weeds ) Changing the sewing method to sewing machine

27 Non-shattering variety development and use of wind break plantation could be used as a long term interventions The highest loss occurred during drying of bundles of sesame stalks (Hillas) was minimized using transparent pp bag sheets, therefore; this method has to be verified for its economic adavantage and needs further study as a solution to minimize the loss both at small and large scale farmers.

28 Cont d The current study has not covered Losses due to green harvest Losses during threshing of hillas Storage loss due to pests (diseases, sesame seed bug, ants, rats, hen ) Storage loss at ECX Transport loss from market center to ECX Transport loss from ECX to Addis Transport loss during Export Grading loss at ECX Therefore, further detailed study is important to have the right figure of sesame post-harvest losses.

29 Best Practices from model farmers

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