Cassava. Lowering food losses on cassava. (Manihot esculenta Grantz.) By Prapit Wongtiem (Thailand)

Transcription

1 Cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz.) Lowering food losses on cassava By Prapit Wongtiem (Thailand)

2 Situation and trends to the production of cassava. 1. situation of cassava World situation of cassava Situation of Thailand Losses in Post-Harvest and in Packing Losses in Processing Losses in Distribution 2. Lowering food losses on cassava Losses in Cost production Losses in Retail Losses in Household Losses in Farming 3. The Cost of Cassava Production 4. Recommendation of cassava

3 Situation and trends to the production of cassava.

4 The importance of cassava Cassava is an important food crop in the world no. 5. Next below from wheat, corn, rice and potatoes. Cassava is an important food crop in tropical countries. Specific countries; Africa and South America. In Asia, Indonesia and India are consuming a lot of cassava. Food Animal feed Other benefits Production (percent)

5 World situation of cassava Other 30% Nigeria 19% Brazil 9% Mozambique 5% India 1% Vietnam 3% Ghana 5% Angora 5% Congo 11% Thailand 6% Indonesia 6% Harvested area in each country (2011)

6 World situation of cassava 1. Nigeria: Million tons 4. Thai: Million tons 2. Brazil: Million tons 3. Indonesia : Million tons 2011, Thailand is no.4 of the world: Production of cassava million tons

7 World situation of cassava Market situation, Consumption and the demand for cassava Cassava producing countries for domestic consumption use 90% of all. except for domestic use 25% in Thailand Cassava consumption/person kg./year Countries World Developing countries Underdeveloped countries Africa source: FAO

8 Situation of Thailand. Situation in 2009 Thailand's cassava production in Asia 2. Deputy of Indonesian Year 2012 harvested area 7.91 million rai*. harvested produced million tons. Yield 3.36 tons Increased from percent in 2011 and and 8.74 respectively. Lower than in 2009, but started experiencing drought and mealy bug infestations. Farmers turn to. Grown maize and sugarcane instead particular Harvested area (million rai*) Production (million tons) Yield (tons) *6.25 rai = 1 Hectare Source: Office of Agricultural Economics

9 Situation of Thailand. Situation in Years the price of farm land at percent per year due to reduced production of cassava. With products such as crop substitution. Maize and wheat prices higher farm price lower than percent last year due to slowing Chinese import cassava chips from Thailand. The cause of the problem is the dust. Combined with the intervention tapioca year 2011/12 the government's delay. Farmers had to sell the project. Growth particular * Rate (%). Price of fresh cassava farm 1/ Export price of pellets 2/ cassava chips export price 2/ Export price of cassava starch 2/ Note: * Estimates as of October Source: 1/ Office of Agricultural Economics 2/ Customs Department

10 Situation of Thailand. Volume: million tons Pellet Cassavachip Starch Modifiedstarch All product Exports of cassava products in Thailand from

11 Situation of Thailand. Value: Million Baht 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 Pellet Cassavachip Starch Modifiedstarch All product 10, Exports of cassava products in Thailand from

12 Lowering food losses on cassava

13 Lowering food losses on cassava Losses in Cost production Losses in Processing Losses in Farming Losses in Distribution Losses in Post-Harvest and in Packing Losses in Retail Losses in Household

14 Losses in cost production. Using the old stems. - low germination rate - no vigor - low productivity ** which needed repairs has grown again.

15 Losses in cost production. Using the clone that high price. Maintenance that incorrect. Crediting exotic technologies that not tested properly.

16 Losses in Farming. At the farm level, food loss falls into 2 categories: (1) Not harvested due to damage caused by: - pests (mealy bug, white fly and red spider mites)

17 Losses in Farming. At the farm level, food loss falls into 2 categories: (1) Not harvested due to damage caused by: - disease (cassava bacterial blight, anthracnose, roots rot.)

18 Losses in Farming. At the farm level, food loss falls into 2 categories: (1) Not harvested due to damage caused by: - weather (excessive rains/floods, and rots from excessive heat) - economics (Product price is too low. Not worth harvesting) Floods in field cassava Production oversupply.

19 Losses in Farming. (2) The losses between harvest and sale such as: - Labor is not quality. - Harvested from plots not all. - Crops rot before selling.

20 Losses in Post-Harvest and in Packing. Screening is not standard output dropped. - Size - Color - Weight not standard - The defect from disease, insect, lesion.

21 Losses in Post-Harvest and in Packing. Postharvest management inefficiencies. Using improper packaging. The rapid post-harvest deterioration of cassava restricts the storage potential of the fresh root to a few days.

22 Losses in Processing. The some roots get rot before being processed. Components. Were trimming out during processing, such as peel and other parts mixed with the peels which was found to cause a loss of about 25-32%.

23 Losses in Processing. Processing into cassava lines. Showed a loss of about 5%, which is caused by wind, rain, animals and drying. The contaminated of starch with waste water.

24 Losses in Distribution. Transport over long distances. Yield rotten in the way.

25 Losses in Distribution. Waiting too long grinding time. Causes fermentation, resulting in a reduced starch content. Being rejected by the purchaser. Because the output is not standardized.

26 Losses in Retail. The majority of the loss was caused by physical losses which occur at retail level in fresh root up to 10%.

27 Losses in Household. Lack of awareness and undervaluing of foods. Confusion over label dates. Spoilage due to improper storage, poor visibility in refrigerators, partially used ingredients, and misjudged food needs.

28 Losses in Household. Poor planning. Lack of meal planning and shopping lists, inaccurate estimates of meal preparation, and impromptu restaurant meals can lead to purchased food spoiling before being used.

29 Approach to reduce losses in cassava. Use true to type. Soak the stem pieces of cassava in insecticide before planting. To prevent disease and insects.

30 Approach to reduce losses in cassava. Management that correct, such as fertilizer use, protection of disease and insects and weeding. To get the maximum yield.

31 Approach to reduce losses in cassava. Harvest in full at maturity. Harvested in the plot out the most.

32 Approach to reduce losses in cassava. Use technology, post-harvest handling. To reduce losses caused by spoilage during storage, transportation, processing.

33 Approach to reduce losses in cassava. Development of machinery to complete the process will can be reduced the costs. Cassava development that is highly valued such as modified starch, cassava bio-plastic pellets, ethanol, etc.

34 Approach to reduce losses in cassava. The waste is used to produce bio-gas. The residual is used to produce animal feed, organic fertilizer.

35 The Cost of Cassava Production.

36 The Cost of Cassava Production. In general, it consists of 2 main costs. 1. Variable costs. 1.1 Labor cost: - Soil preparation - Planting - Attendance - Harvest

37 1. Variable costs. 1.2 material cost: - Clone - Chemical fertilizer - Organic fertilizer - Insecticide and herbicide - Other chemical - Fuel and lubricants - Repair for agriculture equipment 1.3 Interest investment

38 2. Fixed costs. 2.1 Land rent. 2.2 Depreciation agricultural equipment. 2.3 Interest investments agricultural equipment.

39 Table 1 Costs, Prices, Incomes and Profits of cassava farmers in Thailand during Item Costs (baht/rai) 1 2, Variable costs (baht/rai) 2, Fixed costs (baht/rai) Cassava root price (baht/rai) Average yield (ton/rai) Cassava cultivating areas (million rais) Cassava cultivating areas/household (rai) Profits (baht/rai) Profits/year (baht/household) Profits/month (baht/household) Costs (baht/rai) Variable costs (baht/rai) Source: 1 Office of Agricultural Economics, 2012, 2 [cassava root price (baht/ton) yield (ton/rai) ], 3 [cassava cultivating area (rai) / cassava cultivating household (household) ], 4 [income (baht/rai) investment costs (baht/rai) ], 5 [profits (baht/rai) cassava cultivating area (rai/ household)], 6 [profits/year (baht/household) / 12 months]

40 Table 2 The cost of cassava production (Crop year, 2006/2007) in Thailand. List North ($) Northeast ($) Central ($) Nationwide ($) 1.Variable cost: labor cost, soil preparation, Planting, attendance, harvest. 2. Material cost: clone, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, insecticide, herbicide, other chemical, fuel and lubricants, Repair for agriculture equipment. 3. Opportunity cost of investment (1,588.20) (1,883.01) (1,784.17) (1,646.56) (789.30) (856.25) (872.45) (853.85) 5.76 (178.31) 5.91 (182.94) 6.43 (199.25) 6.05 (187.53) 4. Fixed cost (345.11) (332.16) (335.60) (335.11) 5. Total cost (bath/rai*) (2,900.92) (2,954.36) (3,191.47) (3,023.05) 6. Average yield (kilograms/rai*) 7. Average total cost (USD/kilograms) *6.25 rai = 1 Hectare Unit: USD (Bath)/Kg (3,615) (3,607) (3,804) (3,668) 0.01 (0.80) 0.03 (0.82) 0.03 (0.84) 0.03 (0.82) Source: Center for Agricultural Information. Office of the Agricultural Economics

41 How to get the lowest cost of production. - The pieces great varieties and appropriate with areas to increase productivity. - Eliminate Insect Pest. - Use of fertilizers. - Investments with Low interest rates. - The crop insurance at a reasonable rate. - Have water source when drought. - Farmers need to keep it clean, especially sand and small rhizomes. - Farmers have to create storage and drying.

42 Policy of the government to help farmers to reduce costs. Care to improve productivity / ha for high - Species appropriate to the area. - Fertilizer. - Pesticides. - Low interest loans. - Natural disasters, crop insurance. - Registration of farmers. To help real farmers. - Support for tenders to build warehouses. - Develop sources.

43 Recommendation of private sector 1. Increase of an effectiveness of cassava cultivation. 1.1 Increase yield per rai. - identify target areas to cultivate cassava. - Apply a drip irrigation system to farms. the costs of investment are supported by the government. - develop the management system of the cassava cultivation farm.

44 Recommendation of private sector 1.2 Reduce the costs of cultivation. - Use organic fertilizer together with chemical fertilizer in order to save the costs of chemical fertilizers and pesticide. - record required information on a regular basis to save expenses.

45 Recommendation of private sector 2. Promotion of value added on cassava products. 2.1 Promote value added. - Develop cassava cultivar to produce high yield per rai with disease and insect resistance.

46 Recommendation of private sector 2. Promotion of value added on cassava products. 2.1 Promote value added. - Provide funding for the marketing study to increase the effectiveness of variety of cassava processing and to meet the needs of the market or industries, for instance, pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, food industries, food packaging and energy industry, etc.

47 Recommendation of private sector 2. Promotion of value added on cassava products. 2.2 Establish the institute of cassava product processing, e.g. foods, medicines, cosmetic, biodegradable material, beverages, citric acid and alternative energy, etc.

48 Recommendation of private sector 3.Policy on alternative energy should be clearly made in conjunction with promoting the use of alternative energy seriously and continuously, to upgrade and maintain the stability of domestic cassava prices without the intervention of the government.

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