Cover Crop Effects on Soybean. Doug Shoup K-State Research & Extension

Transcription

1 Cover Crop Effects on Soybean Doug Shoup K-State Research & Extension

2 Introduction Cover crops are being utilized by more producers throughout Kansas Reduced erosion, nutrient cycling, weed suppression, compaction alleviation, increased soil organic matter and biological activity K-State has evaluated cover crops for the last two decades Wheat/cover crop/sorghum rotation (Claassen)

3 Legume Cover Crop After Wheat (Claassen) Both cover crops had a positive impact on grain sorghum yield, particularly at N rates of 60 lb/acre or less Yield nearly equal at nitrogen rates of 90 lb/a Carryover effect with the following wheat crop Sorghum yield (bu/acre) Wheat yield (bu/acre) Sorghum Yield After Cover Crop None Soybean Sunn hemp Nitrogen rate (lbs/acre) Wheat Yield Following Sorghum After Cover Crop None Soybean Sunn hemp Nitrogen rate (lbs/acre)

4 Sorghum Response to Cover Crops A similar study is currently being conducted in Manhattan Variety of summer and winter cover crops (Roozeboom)

5 Herbicide resistant weeds are becoming a major problem for growers Glyphosate resistance Marestail resistance in no-till systems Pigweed resistance in both no-till and conventional till Waterhemp in Eastern 1/3 rd of KS (2006) Palmer amaranth in Western 2/3 rd of KS (2011) Cover crops role in weed suppression? Weed Suppression

6 Palmer amaranth Suppression Summer Covers 5 Winter Covers 7 Cover crop biomass (ton/a) Cover crop biomass Palmer amaranth density Palmer amaranth density (plants/ft2) Cover crop biomass (ton/a) Canola 2008 Cover crop biomass Palmer amaranth density Austrian winter pea 2008 Canola 2009 Austrian winter pea Palmer amaranth density (plants/ft2) Every 900 lb/ac increase in cover crop biomass reduced Palmer amaranth biomass by 4% (Petrosino, 2010)

7 Marestail Suppression Marestail suppression in Manhattan from herbicide treatments or cover crops planted after sorghum (Christenson, 2015) Marestail reduction relative Cover crop biomass to untreated control Treatment lb/ac % Annual ryegrass 501 b 27 c Winter wheat 1722 a 294 a Winter barley 1859 a 125 bc Winter rye 2047 a 325 a Winter rye/spring no residual 1949 a 227 ab Fall residual herbicide Fall no residual herbicide Spring no residual herbicide

8 Marestail Suppression Soybean yield following marestail control treatments in Manhattan Soybean yield (bu/a) Cover crops Herbicide only

9 Moisture Concerns? Cover crop effects will differ across the state Water is arguably the most important interaction with cover crops

10 Plant Available Water at Wheat Planting Cover crops in water limiting environments (Holman, KSU) Fallow Method Plant Available Water (PAW) PAW Difference from Fallow Fallow 7.91 a - Hairy Vetch 6.24 b Spring Triticale 5.49 bcd Winter Pea 5.40 bcd S Pea/S Triticale 5.24 cde Hairy Vetch/W Triticale 5.15 def W Pea/W Triticale 4.95 defg W Triticale 4.29 fg W Wheat 3.28 h -4.63

11 Soil Water in Eastern, KS Soil water profiles in Belleville throughout time with approximately 8 of precipitation (Kuykendall, 2015) Nov 10, 2013 July 22, 2014

12 Corn and Soybean Rotation In 2011, a cover crop study was initiated in a soybean and corn rotation in Ottawa Five cover crop treatments planted in the fall ahead of both soybean and corn Cover crops were terminated in spring and crops no-tilled into the standing residue Project funded by the Kansas Soybean Commission

13 Corn Response to Covers at Ottawa Corn yield response has been inconsistent 160 Corn Yield (bu/a) c a ab b Check Radish Rye Rye + Radish b b ab a ab b b b Rye + Radish + Alfalfa Rye + Radish + Alfalfa + Sorg + Turnip + Wheat + Pasja

14 Nutrient Cycling Soil nutrient changes over four years of cover cropping Phosphorus changes No change in organic matter content Soil test P (ppm) a ab abc Phosphorus bc Check Radish Rye Rye and radish bc Rye, radish, alfalfa c Radish, turnip, pasja, rye, wheat, alfalfa sorghum Blend Three spp Rye & radish Rye Radish Check NS Organic matter (%)

15 Soybean Response to Covers at Ottawa Soybean response has been variable Soybean yields following a cover crop planted after corn and terminated in the spring Cover crop Yield bu/ac Check 29.4 a 33.9 b 53.6 a Radish b 54.3 a Rye (wheat 2012) 25.2 b 37.6 a 49.4 b Rye & Radish (turnip 2012) 26.0 b 37.3 a 52.3 ab Blend (1 to 3 species) 27.6 ab 35.7 ab 51.8 ab Blend (3 to 7 species) 27.4 ab 37.2 a 51.6 ab Values followed by a different letter are significantly different at p-value = 0.10.

16 Impact of CC on Soy Yields Five site years of data on soybean response to CC Soy Yield Diff from Check (bu/a) and -17 responses +8 and -18 responses Value Impact of Cover Crop ($/ac) $30 $- $(30) $(60) $(90) $(120) $(150) $0 $10 $20 $30 $40 $8.5/bu soy Consider $20/a herbicide saving Consider $10/a cc planting cost

17 Economics Producers need to know their goals with cover crops Soil erosion/residue, weed suppression, nitrogen credits? Cover crop expenses needs to be considered Seed cost (complexity of mixes), planting cost, risk of effect on next crop Can cover crops be utilized other than for crops?

18 Subsequent Crop Performance No significant yield differences between treatments Grazing or cover crops did not impact soybean yield Soybean Yield Following Cover Crop and Grazing 40 Soybean Yield (bu/a) Cover Crop Cover Crop Grazed No Cover Crop or Graze

19 Questions?

20 Detailed Curriculum Vitae Douglas E. Shoup Assistant Professor Southeast Area Crops and Soils Specialist Kansas State University Phone: Professional Experience: 2008-present: Associate Professor and Extension Crops and Soils Specialist, Southeast Area Research and Extension, Kansas State University : Trait Development Soybean Yield Project Lead, Trait Development, Monsanto Education: Ph.D. Weed Science Kansas State University March 2006 M.S. Weed Science Kansas State University February 2003 B.S. Agronomy Kansas State University December 2000 Professional Society Memberships: North Central Weed Science Society Weed Science Society of America Kansas Soybean Association American Society of Agronomy Kansas Livestock Association

21 Refereed Journal Publications: 1. Shoup, D. E. and E. A. Adee Evaluation of Wheat Planted on 15-Inch Row Spacing in Eastern Kansas. Crop Mgnt. In Press. 2. Mueller, N. D., D. A Ruiz Diaz, A. J. Dille, D. E. Shoup, D. B. Mengel, and L. W. Murray Winter Annual Weed Management and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Corn Yield. Agron. J. 105: Abit, M. J. M., K. Al-Khatib, Olson, B. L., Stahlman, P. W., Geier, P. W., Thompson, C. R, Currie, R. S., Schlegel, A. J., Holman, J. D., Hudson, K. A., Shoup, D. E., Moechnig, M. J., Grichar, W. J., and Bean, B. W Efficacy of Postemergence Herbicides Tankmixes in Aryloxyphenoxypropionate-Resistant Grain Sorghum. J. of Crop Prot. 30: Extension Publication Author or Co-Author 1. Peterson, D., R. Currie, A. Dille, J. Falk, P. Geier, M. Jugulam, D. Shoup, P. Stahlman, and C. Thompson Glyphosate Stewardship: Optimizing and Preserving Glyphosate Performance. MF Shoup, D Controlling Weeds to Conserve Water in Efficient Crop Water Use in Kansas. Pp MF Shoup, D.; Peterson, D.; Thompson, C.; and Martin, K Marestail Control in Kansas. MF DeWolf, E.; W. Bockus; D. Shoup; R. Eddy; S. Duncan; and J. Shroyer Evaluating the Need for Wheat Foliar Fungicides. MF Martin, K.; Shroyer, J.; Shoup, D; Olson, B.; and Stewart, S Estimating Wheat Yield. MF Farm Management Team and Shoup, D Multiple Crop and Forage Cost-Return Budget in Southeast and Southcentral Kansas. Kansas State University Extension Bulletin. MF- (revised annually).