TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 3: PESTICIDE SAFETY PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SELF-TEST QUESTIONS... 27

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1 CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INFORMATION... 1 CHEMICAL FAMILIES... 3 HERBICIDES... 3 INSECTICIDES... 4 FUNGICIDES... 4 Herbicide Families... 4 Insecticide Families... 5 Fungicide Families... 6 Chemical Additives... 7 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS... 8 CHAPTER 2: HUMAN HEALTH... 9 BEFORE WORKING WITH PESTICIDES ORGANOPHOSPHATE AND CARBAMATE PESTICIDES AND YOUR HEALTH The Role of Cholinesterase Cholinesterase Blood Test PRECAUTIONARY STEPS GENERAL PESTICIDE EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH ACUTE PESTICIDE POISONING SYMPTOMS ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES (OPS) Acute Poisoning Symptoms CARBAMATES BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES SYNTHETIC BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES PHENOXY HERBICIDES DITHIOCARBAMATE AND THIOCARBAMATE PESTICIDES PETROLEUM-BASED PRODUCTS PETROLEUM DISTILLATES AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS SELF-TEST QUESTIONS CHAPTER 3: PESTICIDE SAFETY PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SELF-TEST QUESTIONS CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT... 30

2 GUIDELINES TO PROTECT BYSTANDERS FROM PESTICIDES GUIDELINES TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION OF ADJACENT LAND AND WATER BODIES GUIDELINES TO PROTECT NON-TARGET VEGETATION FROM HERBICIDES GUIDELINES TO PREVENT ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF PESTICIDES GUIDELINES TO PREVENT PROPERTY DAMAGE FROM PESTICIDES RESIDUAL ACTIVITY TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES TO NON-TARGET PLANTS SELF-TEST QUESTIONS CHAPTER 5: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT...41 PUTTING IPM INTO PRACTICE SET REALISTIC OBJECTIVES CATEGORIZE SITES ASSEMBLE BACKGROUND INFORMATION ANALYZE ASSEMBLED INFORMATION DRAFT AN IPM PROGRAM IPM PROGRAM REVISIONS SELF-TEST QUESTIONS CHAPTER 6: INSECTS AND MITES...51 LIFE CYCLES OF INSECTS AND MITES INSECT LIFECYCLES Complete Metamorphosis Gradual or Incomplete Metamorphosis: MITE LIFE CYCLES MANAGING INSECTS AND MITES PREVENTION The Planting Rule Select and Maintain Healthy Plants INSECT IDENTIFICATION MONITORING INJURY AND ACTION THRESHOLDS TREATMENTS Physical and Mechanical Control Methods Biological Control Types of Insecticides and Miticides EVALUATION... 66

3 SLUGS AND SNAILS (MOLLUSCS) LIFE CYCLE OF SLUGS AND SNAILS MANAGING SLUGS AND SNAILS PREVENTION IDENTIFICATION AND MONITORING TREATMENTS Physical Control Chemical Control (Molluscicides) COMMON LANDSCAPE INSECT PESTS IN ATLANTIC CANADA SELF-TEST QUESTIONS CHAPTER 7: WEEDS...71 LIFE CYCLES OF WEEDS IDENTIFYING WEEDS LEAF STAGES Leaf Stages of Broadleaf Plants Leaf Stages of Grassy Plants MANAGING WEEDS PREVENTION MONITORING Methods for Counting Weeds in Turf INJURY AND ACTION THRESHOLDS TREATMENTS Physical and Mechanical Controls Biological Control Use of Herbicides Timing of Application Factors Affecting Herbicide Efficacy A SAMPLE IPM PROGRAM FOR BROADLEAF WEEDS IN TURF PREVENTION IDENTIFICATION MONITORING Visual Inspections Counting Methods INJURY AND ACTION THRESHOLDS TREATMENTS Physical and Mechanical Controls Chemical Control EVALUATION SELF-TEST QUESTIONS... 90

4 CHAPTER 8: DISEASES AND DISORDERS...91 DISORDERS...92 DISEASES FUNGI Life Cycles of Fungi BACTERIA VIRUSES NEMATODES DEVELOPING AN IPM PROGRAM FOR PLANT DISEASES PREVENTION IDENTIFICATION MONITORING Visual Inspections Weather Records Assessment Methods INJURY AND ACTION THRESHOLDS TREATMENTS Physical and Mechanical Controls Chemical Control EVALUATION A SAMPLE IPM PROGRAM FOR DISEASES IN DESCRIPTION OF PINK SNOW MOLD BIOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLE PREVENTION MONITORING INJURY AND ACTION THRESHOLDS TREATMENT Chemical Controls SELF-TEST QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTERS 5, 6, 7, REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING FOR CHAPTERS CHAPTER 9: APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY LIQUID APPLICATION EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT SELECTION HAND-HELD PRESSURE SPRAYERS BACKPACK SPRAYERS BOOM SPRAYERS POWER HOSE SPRAYERS AIR-BLAST SPRAYERS WICK APPLICATION EQUIPMENT TREE STEM INJECTORS BRUSH SAW APPLICATION EQUIPMENT

5 GRANULAR APPLICATION EQUIPMENT GRAVITY BROADCAST CENTRIFUGAL AIRBLAST BASIC COMPONENTS OF MOTORIZED SPRAYERS SPRAY TANKS PUMPS AGITATORS STRAINERS CONTROLS PLUMBING BOOM DESIGN PRESSURE GAUGES NOZZLES Spray Angle Flat Fan Nozzles Boomless Nozzles Full (Solid) and Hollow Cone Nozzles Nozzle Pressure Spray Droplet Size Nozzle Materials Nozzle Replacement CLEAN WATER TANKS ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS CALIBRATION SPRAYER CALIBRATION SPRAYER SETUP Determine the Required Sprayer Output Adjusting Sprayer Output Checking the Sprayer Operation MEASURING SPRAYER OUTPUT Using the Test Area Method Using the Timed Output Method ADJUSTING SPRAYER OUTPUT PESTICIDE USE CALCULATIONS Large Area Calculations Small Area Ground Beds Calculations ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR USING BOOM SPRAYERS.152 BUFFER ZONES SPRAY AND VAPOUR DRIFT Increase Droplet Size

6 DRIFT CONTROL Wind Cone Spray Wands Windfoil Spray Booms WATER QUALITY AND PESTICIDE EFFECTIVENESS SPRAYER MAINTENANCE ROUTINE MAINTENANCE TEMPORARY STORAGE OF SPRAY VEHICLES GRANULAR APPLICATION EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS OF GRANULAR APPLICATION EQUIPMENT Storage Hopper Metering Mechanism Distribution System CALIBRATION Application Uniformity Equipment Application Rate GRANULAR APPLICATION EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION Calibration Process Calculations ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRANULAR APPLICATION Weather Conditions Wildlife MAINTENANCE SELF-TEST QUESTIONS CHAPTER 10: PROFESSIONALISM REDUCING BYSTANDER EXPOSURE Advice to the General Public Advice to Clients Precautions to Minimize Exposure SHOWING COMPETENCE SELF-TEST QUESTIONS APPENDIX A: Answers To Self-Test Questions APPENDIX B: Insect Factsheets APPENDIX C: Provincial Legislation APPENDIX C: GLOSSARY...i