Baltic Deal seminar Nutrient Balance Calculations April, 2013 Latvian Rural Advisory and Training Centre Latvia

Transcription

1 Baltic Deal seminar Nutrient Balance Calculations April, 2013 Latvian Rural Advisory and Training Centre Latvia

2 Nutrient Balances and nutrient flows April 2013 Christer Nilsson

3 Two ways of reducing nutrient flows out of farms: Regulation, laws Farm economy analysis May 9, 2013 Christer Nilsson 3

4 N distribution

5 Agricultural nitrogen flows in Sweden 2009 (Central Statistical Bureau, Sweden 2011) IN OUT BALANCE Fertiliser 51 Yield 78 Leaching 18 Manure 29 Straw & remains 2 Ammoniac 11 Grassing Manure 12 Various 3 N-fix 9 Deposition 7 Various 3 Sum

6 Greppa: 5000 farm advisory visits / year Greppa: 46% of all advisory visits are nutrient balance calculations

7 Farm Gate Balance

8 Why nutrient balances? Relatively simple to do and relatively accurate Knowledge: flows and amounts in circulation Best way to measure phosphorous (and K) Actions can be discussed Can be made yearly, trends be analysed Is understandable to society and consumers

9 Tools Many variants, all with incoming flows relative outgoing flows + calculation of N-fix + constant for N-precipitation + soil organic matter formation, mineralisation & denitrification May 9, 2013 Christer Nilsson 9

10 N on farm

11 Main flows Incoming: animals, fodder, seed, fertilisers, bought manure, biogas slurry, waste products, sewage, N-fix, atm deposition Outgoing: animals, animal products, dead animals, sold manure, sold fodder, yields Within system: own fodder, live weight increase, own manure Hidden soil organic matter balance May 9, 2013 Christer Nilsson 11

12 N and P nutrient flows

13 Overview 1 Animals and animal 2 Fodder 3 Inorganic fertilisers Plant products products Roughage, pasture Vegetables Grazing animals Roughage, ley 4 Organic Fertilisers Oil seed Horses Roughage, other By-products Berries Cattle By-products Cattle manure Potatoes Pigs Mineral food Organic NPK Root crops Poultry Cattle feed Organic PK Cereals Sheep Cereals Pig manure Pulses Pig feed Organic NK Seed Poultry feed Sheep manure Ley seed 5 Litter Litter May 9, 2013 Christer Nilsson 13

14 Result Surplus - kg and kg/ha Efficiency - Out /In -% Other key values related to production and economy

15 Nitrogen utilisation ( N yield/n supplied, kgn/ha) 1,75 1,5 1,25 1 0,75 0,5 y = 5,7055x -0,3994 R 2 = 0,9402 Ww heat +Triticale Barley +Wrape 0,25 0 y = 5,1424x -0,4527 R 2 = 0,

16 Efficiency and surplus are not equivalent Fertiliser +100 Deposition + 5 Fodder bought +50 Milk -30 Fertiliser +100 Deposition + 5 Cereals sold -70 Fodder bought +120 Milk -30 Surplus 125 Eff. : 30/155 = 19% Surplus 125 Eff. : 100/225 = 44%

17 N and P nutrient flows

18 Manure analysis: 100 cattle slurry samples from the same region (ammonium N) May 9, 2013 Christer Nilsson 18

19 3.3 Annual deposition flux of total (oxidized + reduced) nitrogen in Units: mg N /m2 y P deposition = 0,5 kg/ha y Source: EMEP Centres Joint Report for HELCOM are based on the modelling and monitoring data presented to the 35th Session of the Steering Body of EMEP in Geneva in September 2011; Chapter 3.

20 RESULTS FROM SWEDISH DEMO- FARMS

21 Surplus nitrogen, different farms kg N / ha Plant prod. Plant prod. and pigs Plant prod. and cows

22 Surplus N (red) and P (blue), kg/ha, poultry farm

23 Pilot farms, Sweden 2011

24 Nitrogen utilisation of a lowland pilot farm in the southern Sweden (no manure) N efficiency, harvested/input, % Surplus kgn/ha

25 Nitrogen demand for the production of 1 ton of grain kg N/ton of grain Wwheat Triticale Barley Wrape kgn/ha

26 N efficiency kgn / ton w wheat

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28 Mean surplus N, kg/ha&y for 10 years of nutrient balances by Greppa näringen Production Low efficiency Mean efficiency High efficiency Plant (< 0.2 DE) Pig (mean 0.9 DE) Diary (mean 1.0 DE)

29 RESULTS FROM FINNISH DEMO-FARMS

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32 POTASSIUM

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34 PHOSPHOROUS

35 Phosphorus cycle

36 Phosphorous in top soil, kg/ha Total in top soil 2000 Organic 1000 Not direct available 800 Available 200 In soil water (available to crop) < 1 General uptake by crop 20 Used during 1900 century (Sweden) 1000

37 P need at different P-classes (mg/100 g dry soil) P-class need of P, kg/ha I (<2) II (2-4) 5-10 III (4-8) 0 IV (8-16) -(5-10) V (>16) -(20-25)

38 P balances on 2274 farms

39 Measures for lower P loss Manure production limited to max 22 kg P/ha Fertilisation with manure to P content and adding N P fertilisation to P class Good soil structure, org C in soil surface Erosion prevention No slurry on very wet soil

40 No of animals / ha for manure spreading 1.6 diary cattle 4.6 cows >1 year 5.8 calves 3 horses 2.2 sows 10.5 fattening pigs 150 laying hens 470 broilers 15 sheep

41 Soil survey map, P

42 Spring sediment transport can be substantial and with it phosphorous and glyphosate

43 Sedimentation through deepening and widenening of a ditch Koncentration av fosfor i vatten 0,6 0,5 mg / liter 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 inflöde utflöde 0,5 0,4 Inflow P conc. Outflow P conc 0 tidp. 1 tidp. 2 tidp. 3 tidp. 4 mg P / L 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Date 1 Date 2

44 Summary P Fertilisation to soil P data Manure P to need + nitrogen No erosion

45 FERTILISATION

46 Fertilisation plans Yield & Fertiliser cost Optimal fertilisation Field trial (crop, region, soil )

47 N -Fertilisation and Leaching Växtpressen

48 Higher application precision and always only on the field

49 Distribution pattern for fertiliser spreaders Växtpressen

50 W rape seed yields at different N levels Seed yield, dt/ha Max Min Fertliser N, kg/ha

51 25000 N economic optimum Gödslingsnetto, kr/ha Vårkorn 5000 Rågvete Höstvete Höstraps Sockerbetor kgn/ha

52 MINERALISATION, NITRATE LEACHING & DINITRIFICATION

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56 Empirical equation for calculating leaching Sum kgn/ha = Basic leaching + soil tillage + +autumn application + ( Sum)spring applications + +autumn seeding + autumn crops st year N supply + following years N supply + deficiency / surplus

57 Yearly precipitation, mm Basic leaching Chosen district, Sweden 0-5% 5-15% clay, clay org soil 15-25% clay 25-40% clay >40% clay FI 677 (Turku) Norrtälje (624) EE 698 (Tallin) LV 633 (Riga) Olofström (672) LT 683 (Vilnius) PL 507 (Poznan) Kristianstad (562) PL 662 (Krakow) Växjö (652) DK 525 (Copenh.) Landskrona (594)

58 Multiplication factors for soil tillage Time of tillage or lifting Organic soil >40% clay Very early (June, July) Early autumn (1 Aug-10 Sept) Mid. autumn (10 Sept-10 Oct) Late autumn (10 Oct-31Dec) Early spring 1 Jan-20 Mar) Spring (20 Mar-31 May) No tillage

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60 Tools N-sensor Handheld N-sensor N-tester

61 Soil mineralisation can be estimated in unfertilized plots

62 Zero - plots Cover plots with a tarpaulin Create zero and normal plots in winter wheat Manure and non-manure farms in the same area Handheld sensor or N-sensor can determine how much N plants have taken up

63 W wheat without N during 10 years

64 Spring barley without N during 10 years and next plot is 30 kg N/ha

65 Nitrogen fertiliser during 15 years, sugar beet 0 kgn/ha 50 kgn/ha 90 kgn/ha 130 kgn/ha

66 0,1 % soil organic matter is 200 kg nitrogen Next year effect of manure is 10 kg N / ton dry matter of manure

67 Measures for lower N leaching Less autumn tillage Reduced tillage Catch crop Slurry in spring Site specific fertilisation Precision application (N sensor) Slurry or solid manure in autumn only to rape Water management (wetland & ponds) Edge shields

68 Summary mineralisation Mineralisation can be kgn/ha y Manure and organic soils Try to find your mineralisation level! No clear relationship to leaching of N Risk increase: High soil nitrate level Soil tillage No crop Autumn fertilisation

69 Estimate of dinitrification Fertiliser N, kg/ha <15% clay 15-25% clay 25-40% clay >40% clay Normal precipitation 1 May to 31 August B l SOM Man < > No Rainy season change Bl = Basic level; SOM = Soil Organic Matter >10%; Man = Manure regularly used in rotation

70 AMMONIAC EVAPORATION

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72 Ammoniac from farms in southern Sweden

73 Ammoniac in stable

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75 Measures for lower NH3 evaporation Less protein in fodder Urine separation in stable, cooling manure channel, lower ph Roof or cover on slurry tank Filling from beneath Soil cover of manure in field < 1 h Spreading of slurry in spring, with trailed hoses (in w wheat)

76 Manure storage capacity is essential

77 Covering the manure tank and filling it from below reduces nitrogen losses

78 Pumping out manure

79 and application in crop: lower losses and lower compaction

80 Summary NH3 Losses highest in application (from store to field) of slurry Machine technology and soil cover No autumn application High store losses from solid manure

81 Thanks for your attention Christer Nilsson