The precision orchard?
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- Beverley Hodges
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1 The precision orchard? Techniques from precision agriculture and their potential application to seed orchard production & management Chuck Bulmer BC FLNRORD, Vernon Presented to: BC Seed Orchard Association, Penticton
2 The precision orchard outline What is precision agriculture? o o o an important element of innovation in crop production an integrated crop management system matching inputs with the crop requirements for small areas of the field. Concepts in precision agriculture 3 ingredients o o o o Information(a) - Digital terrain analysis; Soils Information(b) - Yield monitoring; Remote sensing spectroscopy Technology GPS, GIS, soil and plant sensors, computers, data analysis Management Variable rate technology Potential applications to seed orchard management o A few examples and opportunities
3 What is precision agriculture? Comparetti A, Precision agriculture: past present and future. Keynote presentation to Agricultural Engineering and Environment 2011 Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania,
4 What is precision agriculture? Soil specific management Grid farming Site specific crop management Information intensive agriculture Farming by inch Zone management Variable rate management
5 Survey of 261 farmers in western Canada Steele D Analysis of Precision Agriculture Adoption & Barriers in western Canada. Producer Survey prepared for Agriculture Canada
6 Survey of 261 farmers in western Canada Steele D Analysis of Precision Agriculture Adoption & Barriers in western Canada. Producer Survey prepared for Agriculture Canada
7 Survey of 261 farmers in western Canada Steele D Analysis of Precision Agriculture Adoption & Barriers in western Canada. Producer Survey prepared for Agriculture Canada
8 Survey of 261 farmers in western Canada Steele D Analysis of Precision Agriculture Adoption & Barriers in western Canada. Producer Survey prepared for Agriculture Canada
9 Survey of 261 farmers in western Canada Steele D Analysis of Precision Agriculture Adoption & Barriers in western Canada. Producer Survey prepared for Agriculture Canada
10 The precision orchard outline What is precision agriculture? o o o an important element of innovation in crop production an integrated crop management system matching inputs with the crop requirements for small areas of the field. Concepts in precision agriculture 3 ingredients o o o o Information(a) - Digital terrain analysis; Soils Information(b) - Yield monitoring; Remote sensing spectroscopy Technology GPS, GIS, soil and plant sensors, computers, data analysis Management Variable rate technology Potential applications to seed orchard management o A few examples and opportunities
11 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Soil survey information SIFT soil information finder tool
12 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Site Survey Prepared for Skimikin by Rob Taylor
13 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Grid Chuck B Clare Kooistra
14 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Grid Chuck B Clare Kooistra
15 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Site Survey Prepared for Skimikin by Rob Taylor
16 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Site Survey Prepared for Skimikin by Rob Taylor
17 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Site Survey Prepared for Skimikin by Rob Taylor
18 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Site Survey Prepared for Skimikin by Rob Taylor
19 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils / topo information) Provides a digital elevation model (DEM) Provides information on canopy characteristics
20 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Site Survey Prepared for Skimikin by Rob Taylor
21 Concepts in precision agriculture (lidar)
22 Concepts in precision agriculture (lidar) Not much variation visible here Skimikin lidar from drone: Trevor Doerksen
23 Concepts in precision agriculture (lidar near Savona)
24 Concepts in precision agriculture (lidar near Savona)
25 Concepts in precision agriculture (lidar)
26 Concepts in precision agriculture (lidar)
27 Concepts in precision agriculture (lidar)
28 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) Continuous monitoring Soil water content monitoring at Kal, Bailey, Skimikin
29 Concepts in precision agriculture (soils information) on the go proximal soil sensing V. Adamchuck Precision ag; does it make sense? International Plant nutrition Inst ebindex/af1c7e7f43e3e0ea c0064 3FA6/$file/BC Page-4-6.pdf
30 Concepts in precision agriculture (remote sensing)
31 Concepts in precision agriculture (remote sensing) Plants absorb red, emit NIR A key metric of plant vigour Satellites (Landsat); airplanes; drones; handheld Other wavelength combinations, numerous indices
32 Concepts in precision agriculture (remote sensing)
33 Precision agriculture technologies
34 Precision agriculture technologies Almond trees in Spain. SIF solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence imagebased remote quantification of SIF is directly associated with the photosynthetic rate for detecting vegetation stress CWSI crop water stress index (thermal imaging-- the difference between canopy temperature and air temperature, normalized by the vapor pressure deficit
35 Precision agriculture technologies
36 Precision agriculture technologies
37 Concepts in precision agriculture (yield mapping) Hmmm?? Yes!!
38 Concepts in precision agriculture (technology) GPS global positioning system GIS geographic information system Satellite remote sensing Proximal soil sensors Computers and Software Self-steering tractors
39 Concepts in precision agriculture (data analysis) Zone management Big data decision support systems Develop models of crop performance
40 Concepts in precision agriculture (zone management) The simplest approach; manage each zone Readily available water: Clay loam > 23% Sandy loam >13%
41 Concepts in precision agriculture (zone management) The simplest approach; manage each zone Readily available water: Sandy clay loam > 22% Sandy loam > 13%
42 Concepts in precision agriculture (decision support) Spatial Database It s just like training a model to do soil mapping Establish point locations Attach terrain and other attributes to each point
43 Concepts in precision agriculture (decision support) Spatial Database It s just like training a model to do soil mapping Establish point locations Attach terrain and other attributes to each point
44 Concepts in precision agriculture (decision support)
45 Concepts in precision agriculture (decision support)
46 Concepts in precision agriculture (decision support)
47 Concepts in precision agriculture (decision support)
48 Concepts in precision agriculture (decision support)
49 Concepts in precision agriculture (decision support)
50 Concepts in precision agriculture (decision support) How well does the model reflect yield? - error rate Which attributes drive yield? - variable importance Which trees are good producers? Which ones aren t? What to do about it.
51 Concepts in precision agriculture (model crop performance) Clare Kooistra and John Ensing Nutrition Water Solar radiation Adaptiveness
52 Concepts in precision agriculture (management- apply inputs) Variable rate technology Water Fertilizer
53 Application to BC Seed orchards (where are we at) Item for implementing precision orchards Status Information 1: Soil information not bad Information 2: LIDAR coming soon Information 3: Remote Sensing / weather info within reach / yes Information 4: Yield Monitoring some challenges Interpretation: Zone management information coming along Interpretation: Decision support (tree by tree) maybe Interpretation: Models of crop performance improving Variable rate technology - water some challenges Variable rate technology - nutrients within reach Variable rate technology - risks??
54 Survey of farmers in western Canada $24000 per farm avg Steele D Analysis of Precision Agriculture Adoption & Barriers in western Canada. Producer Survey prepared for Agriculture Canada
55 Conclusions Precision agriculture is practiced in a wide variety of crops Connect crop requirements and inputs over small areas Adoption is increasing.. demand for better results Expertise / Costs / technology improvements It doesn t need to be overly complicated Many of the requirements to create a precision orchard are already in place for BC seed orchards But do we need it? Will it help?
56 Thanks for listening
57 Concepts in precision agriculture Doing the right thing, at the right place, at the right time, In the right way It involves determining variation more precisely, and linking spatial relationships to crop management
58 Concepts in precision agriculture Three things are required for successful application of precision agriculture. 1. field variability (spatial / temporal) 2. the ability to quantify the variability (gps, gis) 3. the ability to reallocate inputs based on (2) Therefore, we need cost effective techniques to determine the information, site specific recommendations and data analysis tools, and the determination of appropriate scale of analysis
59 2. Water Management. Water management has been moved for a fixed time and duration watering to working on the basis of keeping the water available to the trees at all times. This means managing the orchard soils between Field Capacity and Willing Point and watering with these limits in mind. This does allow us to manage for the soil types of the orchards to some degree in the infrastructure permits. Again further work here needs to be done on distribution patterns and water delivery to understand the limitation of our irrigation systems and the impact on plant health and resiliency. Clare Update from Clare Kooistra and John Ensing. 1. Plant Nutrition. Based on the needs of the past and ongoing tissue analysis, the orchards have been receiving more macro and micro nutrients. We are seeing response to this no terms of overall plant health, fully extended foliage, increased foliage retention and better foliage appearance. The tissue results are showing improvements as well but we still have a long way to go in some nutrients, particularly Iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu) in most orchards. Fertilizing earlier in the spring and repeatedly over the season has also shown good results. Significantly the cone production in the Pli orchards has increased although the climatically tough summer last year (2017) resulted in some of the lowest seeds per cone we have seen. There is still lots to be done and our knowledge base still need to grow to match the need.
60 Skimikin
61 Skimikin drone
62 Skimikin drone
63 vineyards
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