The Fight against Chronic Hunger: A Holistic and Entrepreneurial Approach. Hans Eenhoorn 19 September 2011

Transcription

1 The Fight against Chronic Hunger: A Holistic and Entrepreneurial Approach Hans Eenhoorn 19 September 2011

2 U.N.Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 1948 Article 25: Everyone has the RIGHT to a standard of living, adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care Daily, sufficient and healthy food is a Human Right!!!

3 1974, U.N. World Food conference Before the year 2000 hunger must be eradicated By the end of this century no child will go to bed hungry. (Henri Kissinger)

4 1996 United Nations World Food Summit We pledge our political will and our common and national commitment to achieving food security for all and to go to an ongoing effort to eradicate hunger in all countries, with an immediate view to reducing the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015.

5 2000 United Nations Millennium Declaration Millennium Goal 1: To halve poverty and hunger in the world, by 2015

6 1000 Million: chronically hungry Smallholder farms: 50% Forests dwellers, pastoralists, fishermen: 8% The urban poor: 20% The rural landless: 22%

7 Global hunger index

8 Every 10 seconds... 3 people died because of malnutrition!!!!!! per day > per year 50% children < 5 years

9 Morality, Safety, Economics It is morally unacceptable that in this world about 1 billion people live in wealth and have access to so much food, that they get sick of it ( cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, forms of cancer), while at the same time another 1 billion people are so poor, that they get sick of being chronically hungry and are physically and mentally incapacitated. It is dangerous for world-security to neglect 1 billion poor and hungry people, as they are a source for armed conflict, terrorism, refugee streams and the spreading of HIV and TBC. It is economically undesirable to exclude 1 billion potential consumers and producers.

10 Unsustainable and unstable world

11 The UN taskforce on hunger Develop a business plan to halve the number of hungry people by 2015 Science, Politics, Private Sector, NGOs, African Govts. UN Agencies

12 Six strategic thrusts to reduce hunger; Political action Enabling Policy Reforms Synergistic Investments in Hunger Hotspots Increase Productivity of Food- insecure Farmers Market Access and Income Generation Improve Nutrition of the Vulnerable Restore Natural Assets

13 1. Increase Agricultural Productivity Invest in Soil Health Small-scale Water Management Seed Delivery Systems Reinvent Extension

14 2. Improve nutrition with locally-produced food lactating women and young children Pre-school and school feeding Vulnerable groups (HIV-AIDS, tribals)

15 3. Market access Making agricultural markets work Diversification + microenterprise development Rural Infrastructure

16 4. Restore natural assets Local Communities Restoring Degraded Lands Alternatives to Slash & Burn Green Enterprise Development

17 UNHTF main conclusions: The United Nations taskforce on Hunger concluded after 3 years of investigation, that the quickest way to food security is: To help the poor rural smallholder farmer to raise his/her productivity To make markets work for the poor

18 Food security through Smallholder development So many (sub-) subsistence smallholder. Insufficient employment outside agriculture (Africa) No examples of mass poverty reduction, that did not start with sharp rises in employment and self-employment due to the higher productivity in small family farms. No country has ever enjoyed an industrial revolution without first undergoing a revolution in agriculture.

19 Food crisis 2008

20 Food crisis 2011

21 The Food Crisis has created between 2007 and million more hungry people

22 Food riots 2011? (Egypte)

23 Political Will? Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Plan (CAADP) UA: 10% of government budget to Agriculture World Bank: World Development Report 2008 World Food Summit; Rome 2008 UN Comprehensive Framework on the Global food security Crisis; Madrid 2009 G 20: L Aguila ($ 20 bln for food security) Dutch Government development cooperation priorities 2011: Foodsecurity, agriculture, water, entrepreneurship

24 Survival and coping strategies

25 Constrain constraints! A study into real and perceived constraints and opportunities for the development of smallholder farmers in Sub-Sahara Africa.

26 Constraints What constrains the smallholder to become entrepreneurial?

27 Entrepreneurship Planned Production Defined market Profit Objective

28 Clusters of Constraints for Entrepreneurship 1. Production and Processing 2. Risk and Uncertainty 3. Incentives 4. Mindset

29 1. Production and Processing Constraints Capital/Credit Soils, Seed, Water, Labour Technology Knowledge Transport/Traction

30 2. Constraints related to Risk and Uncertainty Market Forces Information/Communication Climate/ Rainfall Corruption and Crime Institutions, Law & Order

31 3. Lack of Incentives Input/Output Ratio Roads/Infrastructure Patron-Client Networks Taxation

32 4. Mindset Culture/Religion Consumption vs. Saving/Investing Ignorance Trust (social capital)

33 General Conclusions Majority of subsistence smallholders live indeed in a Poverty Trap External support is required to overcome constraints Entrepreneurial approach needed for sustainable improvement Holistic approach necessary

34 General Recommendations Think entrepreneurial (planning, markets, profits) Ensure marketing drive Be very generous with Capital injections for a prolonged period Take a Holistic approach to tackle constraints simultaneously Place women at the core of any development programme Ensure that smallholders will benefit from agricultural development programmes Include smallholders in all interventions Realise that fair trade sometimes means protection

35 Holistic and Entrepreneurial Approach Holistic view, looking at challenges (constraints) and opportunities in a wide context Production, processing, external environment Entrepreneurial approach, for sustainable improvement Planned Production, Defined market, Profit Objective

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37 Food security towards 2050 Now: 1 billion hungry people 2050: world population 9 billion

38 Drivers towards permanent food crises 1. Rising populations ( 6.5 -> 9 billion) 2. Rising per capita incomes higher food cons. 3. Growing demand for meat and dairy products 4. Growing demand for biofuels 5. Increasing land scarcity 6. Slowing of productivity increases in agriculture 7. Climate change 8. Increasing water scarcity 9. Fertilizer scarcity (urea, phosphate, potassium) 10.Unfavorable (Public) Mindset

39 OECD-FAO agricultural outlook Wageningen University Forecast 2050 Food security is possible medium and long term but many conditions to be fulfilled double food production with half the input

40 Pre-conditions Invest heavily in agricultural development Lower animal proteine production Mitigate /adapt to climate change Increase agricultural research and education Accept safe GMO s Reduce use of scarce resources (water, energy) Concentrate on 3rd. generation bio-fuels Improve rural infrastructure Reduce post-harvest losses and Fight waste

41 2010 conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change Now is the time to get down to earth and face the daunting challenges our world is facing. Food insecurity, climate change, degradation of ecosystems and the economic recession urge for an integrated worldwide response and an urgent transition of the global economy towards a sustainable, inclusive and resource efficient path. Final declaration: The Hague, Nov. 5 th. 2010

42 Democratic Deficit No political will/sense of urgency No leadership Short term political focus Weak institutions (global and national, developed and developing countries) Little interest within rich populations Little interest for poor populations

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44 Problemen Boven-statelijke oplossingen nodig maar internationale fora e.g. V.N. zijn te zwak Holistische aanpak nodig (landbouw, water, energie, klimaat) maar Internationale coherentie ontbreekt Lange termijn denken nodig maar korte termijn denken prevaleert (democratic deficit) Rijke landen moeten financieren en ecologische foot-print verkleinen, beloven veel, maar doen heel weinig Ontwikkelingslanden moeten kunnen ontvangen, maar de noodzakelijke instituties en infra structuur ontbreken

45 Hunger Hotspots: 20% and 100,000 undernourished

46 Food riots 2011? (Tunesië)

47 Voedselrellen 2011? (Libië)

48 Recommendations on priority areas Generous capital injections Build effective and efficient farmer based organisations Increase vigilance on good governance in rural areas Enable a step-change in agricultural knowledge and knowledge transfer to smallholders Improve drastically rural infrastructures

49 1. Increase Agricultural Productivity: Soil health Fertilizer trees Cover Crops Fertilizers

50 Food security and entrepreneurship Production Sub-subsistence External Environment Subsistence Small Holders Self-supporting Culture Processing Economy Market Surplus staple crops Basic Conservation Differentiation Cottage Industry Policy Small Business Entrepreneur Specialization Large Business