Challenges of Farm Land Conservation US experience

Transcription

1 Challenges of Farm Land Conservation US experience Department of Land Economics National Chengchi University 吉姆 瑞岱爾博士 Dr. Jim Riddell

2 Land and Economy Post revolution and the need for money Sale of land the main source Treaty of Paris 1783 Northwest Territory One establishes rights by destroying nature Land ownership and civil rights

3 Land Sales and Settlement Demarcation and survey

4 Homestead Act 1862 Oregon Territory 1846 Alaska purchase 1867 Hawaiian Islands 1898 Louisiana Purchase 1803 Treaty of Guadalupe 1848, Gadsden Purchase 1854

5 Manifest Destiny: and the Destiny of Our Manifest The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America 1964 Leo Marx U.S. Department of Agriculture s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) America Farmland Trust (1980) Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA)1981 Each State has its own program

6 U.S. Department of Agriculture s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Agricultural Management Assistance Animal Feeding Operations Colorado River Basin Salinity Control (EQIP) Community Planning Conservation Compliance - Highly Erodible Land and Wetland Conservation Conservation Effects Assessment Project Conservation Innovation Grants (EQIP) Conservation Planning Conservation of Private Grazing Lands Conservation Program Appeals Conservation Program Appeals Training, Net Meeting Playback Conservation Program Mediation Conservation Reserve Program (USDA Farm Service Agency) Conservation Security Program Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) Conservation Technical Assistance Cooperative Conservation Partnership Initiative Customer Service Toolkit Emergency Watershed Protection Program (Floodplain Easements) Emergency Watershed Protection Program (Recovery) Environmental Justice Environmental Quality Incentives Program Equitable Relief Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program Farmland Protection Policy Act Grassland Reserve Program Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative Healthy Forests Reserve Program International Programs Klamath Basin Program (EQIP) Limited Resource Farmer/Rancher Self- Determination Tool National Animal Agriculture Conservation Framework National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Documents National Resources Inventory Rapid Basin Assessment Resource Conservation and Development Program Small, Limited, and Beginning Farmer Assistance Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting Soil Survey Program State Technical Committees Tribal Government Assistance Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Program - Watershed Surveys and Planning - Watershed Operations - Watershed Rehabilitation Wetlands Reserve Program Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program

7 US Subsidies to Agriculture Between US$18 40B/year 2009 $2.8B $0.2B $8+ B $5+ B Conservation Disaster relief Commodity support Crop insurance

8 Potential Nitrogen Leaching into Ground Water

9 Potential Delivery of Nitrogen to Surface Water

10 Potential Pesticide Runoff from Cropland

11 Potential Sediments in Water

12 Rural-urban: Dichotomy v. Continuum

13 Urban Agriculture Mithun s concept for the Center for Urban Agriculture would have greenhouses, rooftop gardens and a chicken farm.

14 Multi-functionality of Urban Space Perkins + Will s State Office Building would produce its own energy, and treat and reuse water on site.

15 Percentage of Land Classified as Agricultural, 2007

16 Percentage of Farmland Lost:

17 Minnesota Farmland Preservation Legislation Metropolitan Agricultural Preserves Program (Minn. Stat. Ch. 473H) (1980) Protect farms close to cities Local government runs program Minnesota Agricultural Land Preservation Program (Minn. Stat. Ch. 40A) 1984 farmers receive property tax credits, protection for normal agricultural practices, and other benefits. County level planning State Agricultural Land Preservation and Conservation Policy (Minn. Stat ) 1982 Cannot convert without state level approval Only three counties participate

18 Minnesota (2) Minnesota Agricultural Property Tax Law (the Green Acres Differential Property Tax Assessment Law, Minn. Stat )1967 Protect farmers from being taxed off land Right-to-Farm Law (Minn. Stat ) Nuisance liability of agricultural operations Can t re-zone to make farmers sell land Purchase of Development Rights and Transfer of Development Rights 1997 Conservation easement Notice of Residential Development on Certain Agricultural Land (Minn. Stat ) 1997 Can t build housing without notifying all surrounding agricultural operations.

19 Green Acres Property Tax Relief Green Acres property owners will owe less in property taxes, and the remaining properties in the taxing jurisdiction will bear slightly higher tax burdens to make up the difference. owner of 76 agricultural acres in a central Dakota County township owed property taxes of $422 in 2007, 46 percent less than the $778 he would have owed if not enrolled in Green Acres Land located near more developed areas realize even greater equalization benefits. owner of 33 agricultural acres across from a housing development in the city of Rosemount owed $624 in 2007 property taxes, 94 percent less than the $10,128 he would have owed if the land were not in the program.

20 Eligibility Criteria for Green Acres Program, 2007 Owner, resident for at least 7 years At least 1/3 of income (corporations 80%) At least $US300 income from property Zoned as agriculture Minimum 10 acres (4ha.) Land primarily devoted to agriculture, green houses, nursery C. 13% of state farms in program. There is little incentive for farms away from urban centers to participate. Administered at county level. Standardized valuation criteria At the very best, modest returns for the cost and effort for all preservation programs. Participation has been declining for some time.

21 Thank you