Wet soils and Soybean Blights

Transcription

1 Double crop soybean yield response to seeding rate Wet soils and Soybean Blights Chad Gossman July 6, 2016

2 Presentation Outline Background Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements

3 Background

4 Hometown: Massena, Iowa You can take the boy off the farm but you can t take the farm out of the boy.

5 Education Background Graduated from Iowa State University Bachelors of Science - Agricultural Studies

6 Ag Retail Experience Dedham Co-op FC Co-op

7 District Sales Manager Channel: West Central Iowa Asgrow Dekalb: Southern Illinois

8 Introduction

9 Introduction Double-crop soybeans have a long history in Southern Illinois More than 80 percent of Illinois wheat is produced in the southern half of Illinois The longer growing season makes a wheat-soybean rotation possible; although good management is key to realizing the best returns. Planting date and seeding rate are agronomic decisions that growers can use to maximize soybean seed yield and economic return. Current information on the response to planting date and seeding rate may underestimate the yield penalty for delayed planting in and overestimate the seeding rate required to optimize yield.

10 Constraints: There is a good opportunity to improve soybean yield with better management Growers do not see double crop soybeans as a high value crop resulting in poor management and low investment Changing mindset is difficult and there are no simple solutions to increasing yield: Growers are afraid to invest in technology Growers are reluctant to apply good management Impacts of soil type - clay pan and timber soils limit soybean yields

11 Opportunities Wheat in the rotation is good for soil conservation Double crop rotations plays a role in water quality and soil conservation Opportunity to increase profitability over a single crop Growers employ good management practices are profitable New early-season wheat varieties allow soybeans to be planted earlier Increasing yield potential Potential of expanding double-crop acreage further north

12 Agronomy issues that limit production Environment: Low soil ph limits soybean yield Investment: Growers are less willing to fully invest in double crop beans Lack of weed management Seed treatments are not valued for double crop Reduced seeding rates Seed selection Price drives selection Little consideration given to variety selection and placement Management Practices: Limited research and understanding of best management practices What is the right maturity for double crop? What is better 15, 30, or 7.5 drilled? How does disease pressure impact yield? What is the best phenotypic type tall and bushy, quick growth, drought tolerant Poor residue management leads to poor seed-to-soil contact

13 Key Messages to Communicate to the Grower Double-crop soybeans can be profitable! Management pays treat double crop like you treat your full-season beans Harvest wheat on time and immediately plant soybeans Manage residue properly Select soybeans that perform well in double-crop system Plant tall and bushy beans Increase the seeding rate Plant, don t drill for a better stand

14 Identifying the optimal seeding rate is key to profitability Grain yield does not always increase as plant population increases As the number of plants per acre increases, each plant captures less light, which limits each plant s growth and development Increased plant populations can have some advantages: Quicker canopy closure, greater light interception, and lower weed competition

15 Select a 3.8 to 4.8 bean According to Illinois Grower s Guide to Superior Soybean Production a maturity variety is best suited for double crop soybeans in Southern Illinois. Soybean Maturity Zones

16 Seeding Rate Variability in grain yield over years and environments in soybean response to planting date Planting in the first half of May typically produces the best yields Planting in April can reduce yield, planting delayed at the end of May regularly carries moderate penalties, while planting in June results in larger yield penalties

17 High Soybean Population Advantages Quicker canopy closure Greater light interception Lower weed competition Disadvantages Yield does not always increase as plant population increases Each plant captures less light Increased competition for nutrients and water

18 Seeding Rate For late-planted soybeans, consider increasing the seeding rate. If planting is delayed to June 10, increase seeding rate by 10 to 15 percent, If planting is delayed to June 20, increase seeding rate by 20 to 30 percent, and If planting is delayed to July 1, increase seeding rate by 50 percent.

19 Frost Dates Double-crop soybean varieties must mature soon enough to avoid yield losses due to frost. Soybean needs at least 90 days prior to the fall freeze to mature enough for a harvestable crop. If the median fall freeze is October 15, then the last planting date for your soybeans would be near July 15. Many areas in Southern Illinois typically do not experience the first freeze until October 20.

20 Objectives The objective of this research was to determine the effect of seeding rate on soybean seed yield in a no-till wheat-soybean double crop system. The economic value of seeding rate of soybean in a no-till wheat-soybean double cropping will also be evaluated.

21 Materials and Methods

22 Field Trial Location Field Trial Location SW Washington County, IL Soil Types in the Field Oconee-Darmstadt-Coulterville Silt Loams Oconee Fine, smectitic, mesic Udollic Endoaqualfs Darmstadt Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Natrudalfs Coulterville Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs Phosphorous and potassium levels at optimum levels with a soil ph of 6.8.

23 Trial Layout Randomized complete block design Three soybean varieties: Asgrow 3936 Asgrow 4232 Asgrow 4632 Treated with Acceleron fungicide and insecticide seed treatment. Three seeding rates (plants/acre): 140, , ,000 Plot length of 200 ft. Each individual treatment was replicated three times Replicate Variety Population X 1,000 AG , 220, AG , 140, 220 AG , 180, 220 AG , 140, AG , 220, 180 AG , 220, 140 AG , 140, AG , 220, 140 AG , 180, 140

24 Trial layout Wheat was harvested on July 1, 2015 and Gramoxone Inteon applied preplant on July 2, 2015 at a rate of 48 fl oz/acre. No-till planted at 1 inch depth into the wheat stubble using a 7-row, 15-inch row spacing Kinze 2000 planter on July 6, 2015 Roundup PowerMAX was applied post-emergent at a rate of 28 fl oz/acre on July 25, 2015 for in-season weed control.

25 Variety Selection AG3936 AG4232 AG4632 Maturity Group Adapted later full-season maturity Indeterminate growth habit Taller plant height Emergence Good standability No-till adaptability Disease tolerance/resistance Relative Maturity Herbicide Tolerant Trait GENRR2Y RR2Y/STS RR2Y/STS Growth Habit Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Flower Color Purple Purple Purple Pubescence Color Gray Light Tawny Light Tawny Imperfect Hilum Color Black Black Black Pod Wall Color Brown Tan Brown Plant Height Category Medium-Tall Medium-Tall Tall Emergence Standability No-till Adaptability Iron Chlorosis Soybean Cyst Nematode MR3 R3 MR3 PRR Resistance RSP1c RSP1a RSP1a PRR Field Tolerance White Mold Brown Stem Rot Sudden Death Syndrome Southern Stem Canker Frogeye Leaf Spot Aerial Blight Southern Root Knot S S S

26 Early Observations Three early plant observations July 16, 2015 Early stand count Seedling vigor Seedling emergence Determined three times per treatment replication on randomly selected areas of the center two rows. Plants on the end of the treatment plots (four plants from the end of each row) were excluded to minimize any end-row effects.

27 Stand Count Total number of plants emerged within a 36-inch diameter hoop Toss the hoop in five randomly selected locations Count the plants within each hoop Calculate average Multiply average by hoop factor (6165)

28 Seedling Vigor Seed properties which determine the potential for rapid uniform emergence and development of normal seedlings Varieties were rated on a 1-9 scale, a 1 rating being where all plants emerged and were at the same growth stage, and were healthy while a 9 rating would be where no plants emerged. Ratings taken between V2- V4 growth stages.

29 Seedling Emergence How even the center four rows emerged from the soil based on a 1-9 scale Soybean seedling emergence representing a 3 on rating scale

30 In-season observations

31 Rainfall and Temperature Rainfall - Measured from the Climate Corporation Tracks current weather and forecasts. Collects rainfall data from radar systems Temperature - Measured from the Climate Corporation. Uses temperature values reported from temperature stations.

32 Disease, Insect, and Weed Pressure Disease pressure - Evaluate disease presence typically observed during the growing season. Insect pressure - Amount and species present from emergence to harvest. Weed pressure - Amount of weeds present that could prevent optimal growth and inhibit growth.

33 Trial harvest Par-Kan weigh wagon used to determine grain yield Gleaner R65 combine used to harvest soybean plots DICKEY-john GAC 2100 moisture tester

34 Harvest observations Plant height Measured from soil to top pod on the plant at R8 (Full Maturity). Lodging - Number of plants that lean over and do not stand upright. Scored on a scale of representing plants completely flat 1 representing standing completely straight.

35 Results and Discussion

36 Climate Climate provides the major portion of the environmental influence on soybean development and yield. Soybeans are best adapted to warm summers with plenty of sunshine and sufficient rainfall. Yield well with temperatures in the upper 80's if moisture is sufficient and have a daily mean temperature of o F during the summer.

37 Climate Overview 2015 climate was cooler and wetter when compared to the 30-year average Rainfall for the month prior to planting was 4.7 inches greater than the 30-year average while receiving 4.06 inches more of rain from planting to harvest compared to the 30-year average Temperature was cooler for the average low and average high being 5 F and 4.7 F less, respectively Typically growers can plant their doublecrop soybeans the first week in June in Southern Illinois. Due to excessive moisture, planting was delayed until July 6th Rainfall (inches) 2015 June 6th - July 6th (preplant rainfall) 30-year average Planting date to harvest Temperature First killing frost (30 F) Average high temperature: June 6-July 6 Average low temperature: June 6-July 6 Average high temperature: July 6-harvest October 17 October F 88 F 65.4 F 70.1 F 78 F 82 F

38 Grain Yield For grain yield, main treatments of variety and plant population were significant; however, there was a significant variety x plant population interaction for grain yield Plants/acre AG3936 AG4232 AG4632 Average Bu/acre K 44.1 b 34.7 c 43.1 b K 50.3 a 51.7 a 52.7 a K 44.3 b 42.9 b 50.8 a 46.0 Average

39 Grain Yield No significant yield differences across soybean varieties at the 180,000 population and at the 180,000 plant population, the yield was the highest for all three varieties. The 140,000 population yields for all three soybean varieties were significantly lower than the 180,000 population yields. When the plant population was increased to 220,000, there was a significant decrease in grain yield with two of the soybean varieties (AG3936 and AG4232) compared to AG4632 which showed a similar yield at the 180,000 and 220,000 planting population. At the 140,000 plant population, AG4232 showed significant yield reduction compared to the AG3936 and AG4632 varieties.

40 Plant Height AG4632 (34.0 in.) was significantly taller than the other two soybean varieties (AG3936 at 30.7 in. and AG4232 at 31.7 in.) Soybean plant height significantly increased with each incremental increase in plant population Variety Mean Plant Height Plants per acre Mean Plant Height AG3936 AG4232 AG b 31.7 b 34.0 a 140, c 180, b 220, a

41 Plant Height Plant height showed a significant variety and plant population response but there was no variety x plant population interaction. AG4632 (34.0 in.) was significantly taller than the other two soybean varieties (AG3936 at 30.7 in. and AG4232 at 31.7 in.). Soybean plant height significantly increased with each incremental increase in plant population.

42 Stand Count Only plant population showed a significant increase in number as the planting population increased, as would be expected. Plants/acre Mean Stand Count Percent Stand Loss 140, ,111 c , ,944 b , ,222 a 4.5 No variety or variety x plant population interaction for stand count Variety AG3936 AG4232 AG4632 Mean Stand Count 170,722 a 171,333 a 172,222 a

43 Plant Lodging Soybean varieties in this study had no significant effect on the lodging score at the end of the season just prior to harvest. Variety AG3936 AG4232 AG4632 Mean Lodging Score 2.3 a 2.7 a 2.3 a There were significant differences in the mean lodging scores across planting populations. There was a significant difference between the AG4632 (48.9 bu/a) and AG4232 (43.1 bu/a) primarily resulting from a higher lodging score Higher mean lodging score with the 220,000 plants per acre, the plants at the 220,000 planting rate were taller than the 140,000 and 180,000 rates which may account for the increase in lodging. Plants/acre Mean Lodging Score 140, b 180, b 220, a

44 Plant Lodging

45 Economics Increased soybean populations brings increased seed costs that may or may not outweigh the benefits when yields are calculated. Average revenue less the seed, herbicide, planting, and harvesting costs were most efficient with the 180,000 planting rate at $ per acre. $95.72 advantage over the 140,000 planting rate and $70.29 advantage compared with the 220,000 rate. Economic of different soybean planting populations Planting Population (seeds/acre) Seed Cost ($) Average Yield (bu/acre) Soybean Price ($/bu) Average Revenue ($) Average Revenue Less Seed Cost 140, $ , $ , $381.43

46 Conclusions One year of data, increasing plant populations to 180,000 seeds per acre increased yields in comparison to the 140,000 and 220,000 seeding rates. Increasing the seeding rate to 220,000 seeds per acre did not increase grain yields and even for two varieties (AG3936 and AG4232) resulted in a significant yield decrease from the 180,000 seeds per acre rate. Increasing plant populations to 180,000 plants per acre improved profitability in this trial while yields were primarily due to the favorable environmental conditions.

47 Conclusions When comparing to other research data, it was expected to see the highest yield at the 220,000 plants per acre rate would exceed the 180,000 and 140,000 plants per acre. The 140,000 plants per acre seeding rate had lower yields that did not maximize profitability. These results will likely vary in subsequent trials and years, depending on environmental conditions.

48 Future Research Multi-year, multiple location study would help support these findings. This trial should be repeated in time and across locations to be able to recommend the optimum seeding rate for optimum stands across a broad geography with a wheat-soybean double cropping system.

49 Acknowledgements Family Major Professor: Dr. Allan Ciha Program of Study Committee: Dr. Ken Moore Dr. Tom Loynachan Dawn Miller Trial Cooperators: Larry and Brad Hermanns

50 Questions?