Wake Mitigation in the Terminal Area

Transcription

1 Center for Advanced Aviation System Development Wake Mitigation in the Terminal Area Marshall Koch November 18, 2014 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Case Number The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved.

2 Wake Turbulence Basics 2 Wakes are a consequence of lift and are related to the ratio of weight to wingspan Wakes three primary characteristics of interest: Sink - Wakes normally have a predictable sink profile Drift Wakes move with the wind, but can self-transport when near the ground Decay accelerated by winds, turbulent air, and other ambient factors

3 Wake Turbulence Separation Reductions 3 Standards developed decades ago are overly conservative Contribute to delays at busy airports (like the Core 30) Objectives: Reduce the impact of wake on delays at airports Use newly available data (e.g. ASDE-X, Lidar data) and analysis to define new procedures and systems Quantify the benefit How much benefit is achievable in the future, which sites would are most advantageous, and how much benefit has been achieved thus far

4 Strategies for Wake Avoidance 4 Wind L CL < 2500 ft. CL < 2500 ft. R Stay Above Wake Remain Aside Wake L L CL < 2500 ft. CL > 2500 ft. R Be Ahead of Wake Adhere to Rules or Change the Rules R

5 5 The U.S. Wake Team Brands and logos may be trademarked by their respective holder(s)

6 Wake Concepts Span Multiple Timeframes 6 Today RECAT Phase I WTMD RECAT Phase II WTMA-P WTMA-S WTMSR RECAT Phase III

7 Recategorization of Wake Turbulence Categories (RECAT) Phase I 7 Wingspan (ft) Wingspan (ft) RECAT Phase I WTMD Today US U.S. Weight Classes Chart Title RECAT Phase I Classes F D C 72 1H A 8B RJ F4 RJ7 34 RJ1 RJ2 5X B 25 A38 B74 A34 B77 B77 A33 A33 A34 MD B76 A30 B75 B75 B73 B73 B73 B73 A3 A3 A32 A32 B72 MD8 MD8 RECAT Phase II WTMA-P WTMA-S WTMSR RECAT Phase III F B73 B73 B73 E19 GL B7 DC9 DC9 DH8 F10 F7 DH8 AT7 RJ1 RJ8 B46 B46 E17 DH8 DH8 CR AT4 AT4 GL CR SF CR CR E45 E14 E1 E1 B19 C6 H25 C5 Aircraft Type (Decreasing Size ) CatA CatB CatC CatD CatE CatF Lead der r Leade Current Weight Classes Follower A380 Heavy B757 Large Small A380 MRS Heavy MRS B757 MRS Large MRS MRS MRS MRS 4.0 Small MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS RECAT Phase I Separations A B C D E F , Tbl 5-5-2, RECAT Matrix Follower A B C D E F MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS 5.0 MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS 4.0 MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS MRS No Change Separation Decrease for Entire Category Separation Decrease for Part of Category Separation Increase for Entire Category Separation Increase for Part of Category

8 Recategorization of Wake Turbulence Categories (RECAT) Phase I: Post-Implementation t ti Benefits Today 8 RECAT Phase I WTMD RECAT Phase II WTMA-P WTMA-S WTMSR RECAT Phase III 140 MEM Inter-arrival Separations - IMC during Peak Hours - 1 MEM Departure Throughput - Peak 15 Minutes - Average Time in Queue Comparison - Peak Hours ons Number of Observatio Pre RECAT Histogram Post RECAT Histogram Pre RECAT CDF Post RECAT CDF ns Percent of Operation Distance beyond Required RECAT Wake Seperation (NM) 0 ATL Inter-departure Separations - B757 Leading, All Weather - ATL Delays by Volume vs Pre-RECAT (10% Decrease) Post-RECAT (56% Decrease)

9 RECAT Phase I: Benefits Prediction and Implementation Waterfall 9 Today RECAT Phase I WTMD RECAT Phase II WTMA-P WTMA-S WTMSR RECAT Phase III RECAT Phase I implementation timeline is being driven by predicted benefits, as well as other factors (e.g. automation, facility requests) Benefits are highest at airports with high proportions of Heavies and B757s RECAT Phase I Implemented RECAT Phase I Next Sites (Planned, FY15) RECAT Phase I Next Sites (Planned, FY16+) Other Core 30

10 Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Departures (WTMD) 10 Today RECAT Phase I WTMD RECAT Phase II WTMA-P WTMA-S WTMSR RECAT Phase III Currently: Departure off Closely Spaced Parallel Runway (CSPR) is held to allow wake to dissipate Wind Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Departures (WTMD): Allows for departure without wake delay provided tower can observe divergence WTMD Departure at IAH Leader SFO Inter-departure Times - Heavy/B757 Leader - Trailer Probability of Pairs P WTMD Pairs Pre WTMD Post WTMD Background Image courtesy of Google Earth Trailing Time After Heavy Departure

11 JO Today RECAT Phase I WTMD RECAT Phase II WTMA-P WTMA-S WTMSR RECAT Phase III Order is titled 1.5-Nautical Mile Dependent Approaches to Parallel Runways Spaced Less Than 2,500 Feet Apart Standard In-Trail Separation <2500 feet Large or Small Leader Requires changes to glideslopes and traditional runway usage at most airports 9 airports with approved runway pairs Called rates raised by 10%in IMC (from 30 to 33 per hour)

12 RECAT Phase II Today RECAT Phase I WTMD RECAT Phase II WTMA-P WTMA-S WTMSR RECAT Phase III Notional RECAT Phase II Pairwise Matrix Trailing Aircraft Notional Airport-Specific Separation Matrices Trailing Aircraft CatA CatB CatCCatD CatECatF CatA CatB CatC CatD CatE CatF Leading Aircraft SFO ATL BOS Leading Aircraft Trailing Aircraft CatA CatB CatC CatD CatE CatF CatA CatB CatC CatD CatE CatF Trailing Aircraft CatA CatB CatCCatDCatECatF CatA CatB CatC CatD CatE CatF Leading Aircraft Leadin ng Aircraft Green = Low Separation Red = High Separation RECAT Phase II development ongoing, led by FAA Monthly meetings across the U.S. and internationally Official first site Southern California TRACON (SCT) in Q2 FY16; unofficial first site may be Northern California TRACON (NCT) in Q4 of FY15

13 Further-Term Concepts 13 RECAT Phase I WTMD Today WTMA-P: Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Arrivals Procedure ( for Heavies ) Always Available RECAT Phase II WTMA-P WTMA-S WTMSR RECAT Phase III WTMA-S: Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Arrivals System ( WTMD for Arrivals ) Various WTMSR Concepts RECAT Phase III Wind-based solutions Rules: 1) If the lead is 2) If the trailer Time-based solutions Procedural solutions Dynamic spacing reduction due to one of many factors (e.g. atmospheric turbulence)

14 Summary 14 Years of data collection by the FAA has enabled a data-driven approach to analyzing wake turbulence separation requirements Wake concepts can benefit all stakeholders with little or no additional systems required Allowing the benefits of NextGen to begin accruing without major investment; happening now As the wake concepts continue to show benefits while maintaining safety, more advanced concepts are possible as more data is collected and system-wide trust is built

15 15 Thank You

16 16 NOTICE This is the copyright work of The MITRE Corporation, and was produced for the U.S. Government under Contract Number DTFAWA- 10-C-00080, 00080, and is subject to Federal Aviation Administration Acquisition Management System Clause , Rights In Data- General, Alt. III and Alt. IV (Oct. 1996). No other use other than that granted to the U.S. Government, or to those acting on behalf of the U.S. Government, under that Clause is authorized without the express written permission of The MITRE Corporation, Contracts Office, 7515 Colshire Drive, McLean, VA, , (703) The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved

17 17 Note:. If needed, this slide (and all copyright information) should be the last slide of your briefing when being delivered. Sponsor: Dept. No.: Contract No.: Project No.: Derived From: Declassify On: The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of The MITRE Corporation and should not be construed as an official government position, policy, or decision, unless designated by other documentation. For internal MITRE use. This document was prepared for authorized distribution only. It has not been approved for public release. (FastJump: release statements for applicable release statement). Insert data rights legend information here, if applicable (FJ: data rights legend).