10/2/2016. Control of Microbial Growth. Method. Terminology. Disinfectants and Antiseptics
|
|
- Adrian Bartholomew Gibbs
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Control of Microbial Growth Disinfectants and Antiseptics 1 Method Three approaches for the control of microbial growth Chemical Disinfectants and antiseptics Physical Heat Ultraviolet Irradiations Mechanical elimination Cleaning Filtration 2 Terminology Cleaning The elimination of visible adherent dirt (blood, proteins and debris), dust or other foreign matter by manual or chemical processes Does not infer the presence or absence of microorganisms Cleanliness Sterility 3 1
2 Disinfection Products aimed at reducing by at least five orders of magnitude (99,999 %) Types: 1) Disinfectants Chemical products used on inanimate objects 2) Antiseptics Chemical products used on living tissues 3) Germicides Chemical products which can be used on either animate (living) or inanimate things Factors which Influence the Efficacy Microbial load Number of microbes Environment Presence of organic matter Concentration of the agent Temperature ph Length of exposure 5 Factors which Influence the Efficacy Microbial characteristics Biofilms Cell wall Resistances Spores 6 2
3 Order of Sensitivity Lipophilic viruses (With lipid bilayer, enveloped virus) Gram positive bacteria (vegetative cells) Gram negative bacteria Fungi Hydrophilic viruses (non enveloped, naked virus) Mycobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Bacterial spores More sensitive More resistant 7 Disinfectants and Antiseptics Ideal characteristics Broad action spectrum Powerful; low amounts required for a high efficacy Low toxicity in humans Not corrosive Stable Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Low surface tension No odor or pleasant odor Modes of Action of Chemical Agents Denaturation of proteins or DNA Mutagenesis of DNA Modification of proteins or of DNA Interference with the plasma membrane Oxidation of functional groups 9 3
4 Number of cells Number of cells Number of cells 10/2/2016 Evaluation of Disinfectant Efficacy Quantitative suspension tests Viable counts are performed on a test microorganism exposed to the chemical agent The number of surviving organisms (B) is counted and compared to the original inoculum size (A) Microbicidal effect (ME) = Log (A) - Log (B) ME = 1 killing of 90% of the initial number ME = 2 99% killed A generally accepted requirement is: ME % of the germs are killed Profile of Mortality Arithmetic Plot Time (Min.) Death is exponential It s therefore impossible to reach zero Established standards: Sterility in the lab: 10-6 cells or spores Sterility for food: cells or spores Logarithmic plot Time (Min.) 11 Parameters of Mortality Decimal reduction time (D) Time required to achieve a reduction of one log or an inactivation factor of 10, therefore the time required to kill 90% of the population Formula: Log (N/N 0 ) =-t/d t: Length of time N: Number of surviving cells N o : Initial number of cells N o /N: Inactivation factor Logarithmic Plot Time (Min.) 12 4
5 Number of cells 1 log 10/2/2016 Decimal Reduction Time 1 X X 10 5 # Bacteria 1 X 10 4 D 120 D =12min X Time (min.) 13 Problem At 75 o C it takes 18 min. to reduce a population of microorganisms from 10 9 to 10 6 What is the value of D 75? 18 minutes to go from 10 9 to log 3 log = 3D 75 Therefore 3D 75 = 18minutes D 75 =6minutes Parameters of Mortality Mortality constant (k) Rate of mortality Negative slope Formula: -kt = ln (N o /N) T: Length of time N: Number of surviving cells N o : Initial number of cells N o /N: Inactivation factor Logarithmic Plot Time (Min.) 15 5
6 Sample Problem A treatment at 100 o C for 1h reduced a bacterial population from 10 8 to 10 2 cells What is the inactivation factor achieved? What is D 100? What is the mortality rate? How much time would be required to reduce the population to 10 2? 16 Control of Microbial Growth In Vivo: Antibiotherapy 17 Antimicrobial Drugs Antibiotic or Antibacterial Against bacteria Antifungal Against fungi Antiviral Against viruses 6
7 Definitions: The Drugs: Antibiotics Literal: Anti (against) biotic (life) Old def.: Any compound synthesized by a microorganism that inhibits or kills bacteria New def.: Any compound that inhibits or kills bacteria Desired Characteristics 1. High selective toxicity: Must kill or inhibit the target organism with a minimum of deleterious effects on the host Penicillin (High selective toxicity, why?): Target: cell wall Cyanide (Low selective toxicity, why?): Target: electron transport of eukaryotes/prokaryotes Desired Characteristics (Cont d) 2. High toxic dose (LD50) Concentration of the compound that is toxic to the host Penicillin (3 000 mg/kg) Cyanide (15 mg/kg) 3.Low therapeutic dose Concentration of the compound required for the clinical treatment of an infection Penicillin (12.5 mg/kg) Garlic (300 mg/kg) 7
8 The Therapeutic Index Toxic Dose/Therapeutic dose Want a therapeutic index that is? Action Spectrum Narrow: Efficacy restricted to only a few types of microorganisms Ex. Acts only on Gram - Broad: Efficacy is good for a wide variety of microorganisms Ex. Acts on Gram + and - Antibacterial Targets Cell wall synthesis ß-lactams Vancomycin Plasma membrane Polymixins DNA synthesis Quinolones Metabolism A B Sulfamides Translation Transcription RNA synthesis Macrolides Protein synthesis Aminoglycosides Macrolides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol 24 8
9 # Modes of Action Time Viable count Direct count Bacteriostatic: Inhibits growth Non-lethal Reversible Bacteriocidal Bacteriolytic Kills Kills Irreversible Cell lysis Irreversible The Beta-Lactams Bacteriolytic Inhibit cell wall synthesis Act only on actively growing bacteria! Penicillines Monobactams They all contain a beta lactam ring Cephalosporins Carbapenems 26 Penicillins & Cephalosporins Natural penicillin penicillin G Narrow spectrum; only acts on Gram positives Aminopenicillin ampicillin and amoxicillin Broad spectrum; acts on Gram positives and negatives Cephalosporins Ex. Cefepime & Ceftazidime Developed to have a broader action spectrum as compared to penicillins 27 9
10 Monobactams & Carbapenems Monobactams Very narrow action spectrum; useless against Gram positives and anaerobes Carbapenems Last generation of beta lactams Very broad action spectrum Acts against Gram positives, negatives, anaerobes and aerobes 28 Quinolones Bacteriocidal Inhibit DNA synthesis Broad spectrum Side effects: Severe gastrointestinal problems Ex. Ciprofloxacin 29 Tetracyclines Bacteriostatic Inhibits protein synthesis Broad spectrum Side effects: Hepatic toxicity Renal toxicity Vitamin deficiency 30 10
11 Macrolides Bacteriostatic Inhibits protein synthesis Narrow spectrum Side effects Diarrhea Hepatic damage Ex. Erythromycin & Clarithromycin 31 Aminoglycosides Bacteriocide Narrow spectrum Inhibits protein synthesis High level of toxicity Side effects: Allergies Renal dammages Deafness Ex. Gentamycin, streptomycin 32 Chloramphenicol Bactericides Narrow spectrum Inhibit protein synthesis Side effects: Only used in extreme cases Hematological toxicity 33 11
12 Glycopeptide Antibiotics Composed of polycyclic amino acids Inhibits cell wall synthesis Acts mostly against Gram Positives Used as a last recourse Ex. Vancomycin 34 Antimicrobial Therapies Empirical The infectious agent is unknown Broad spectrum antibiotic is recommended Definitive The infectious agent has been identified A specific therapy is chosen Narrow spectrum antibiotic is recommended Prophylactic Prevent an initial infection or reinfection 35 Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Assay Agar is inoculated with test bacteria Antibiotic impregnated discs are laid on the agar The antibiotic diffuses in the medium creating a gradient Following the incubation the zones of inhibition are measured The sizes of the zones of inhibition are compared to those established to determine whether the organism is sensitive or resistant 12
13 Inhibitory Diameters Vs Conc. 27mm = MIC < 27mm = Conc. > MIC > 27mm = Conc. < MIC 37 E-Test Same principal as the Kirby Bauer assay Makes use of a plastic strip with a predefined gradient of antibiotic concentrations The results are read directly on the strip The intersection point of the zone of inhibition and the strip E Zone of inhibition Bacterial growth 38 E-Test : Example 1 13
14 E-Test : Example 2 40 Determination of Efficacy MIC/MBC MIC: (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) Cultures with different concentrations of antibiotic MIC=12μg/ml MBC: (Minimal Bacteriocidal Concentration) Sub culture without antibiotics MBC=50μg/ml In Vivo Susceptibility The in vivo concentration is not constant! Influenced by human physiology A range of concentrations is maintained (C Max -C Min ) The concentration at the infection site must be higher than the MIC If <MIC = resistance 42 14
15 Concentration 10/2/2016 Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics Behavior of antibiotics in vivo Interaction of antibiotics with the bacteria The antibiotic must reach the site where the microbe resides The concentration of the antibiotic at the infection site must be above the MIC The antibiotic must occupy a sufficient number of sites on the target The antibiotic must remain in contact with the target for a sufficient amount of time 43 Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics C max t trough Dose 2 Dose 3 MIC Time Dose 1 C max : Maximum concentration attained for a given dose C min : Minimal concentration attained between doses t: Time during which the concentration is maintained above the MIC C min 44 Sensitivity In Vivo Sensitive pathogen MIC is lower than the lowest conc. maintained in vivo Resistant pathogen MIC is higher than the highest concentration maintained in vivo Intermediate sensitivity pathogen MIC is between the lowest and the highest concentration maintained in vivo A combination of antibiotics is recommended 45 15
16 Example Antibiotic A conc. in vivo = 5-40µg/ml C min : 5ug/ml C max : 40ug/ml Thus: MIC 5 µg/ml = Sensitive MIC 40µg/ml = resistant MIC between 5-40 µg/ml = intermediate sensitivity 46 16
6/28/2016. Control of Microbial Growth. Method. Terminology. Disinfectants and Antiseptics
Control of Microbial Growth Disinfectants and Antiseptics 1 Method Three approaches for the control of microbial growth Chemical Disinfectants and antiseptics Physical Heat Ultraviolet Irradiations Mechanical
More informationAntimicrobial Drugs. Antimicrobial Drugs. The dawn of antibiotics. Alexander Fleming. Chain and Florey. Antibiotics
Antimicrobial Drugs Antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to treat a disease Antimicrobial drugs: Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host Antibiotic: Substance produced by a microbe
More informationHow antimicrobial agents work
Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes Physical Agents heat or radiation Chemical Agents disinfectants or antiseptics Important Terms 1. Sterilization process of killing all viable microbes 2. Bactericide
More informationMICROORGANISM AND CHEMOTHERAPEIC MATERIALS
MICROORGANISM AND CHEMOTHERAPEIC MATERIALS Chemotherapeutic substances are antimicrobials derived from chemical substances. Antibiotics are antimicrobials obtained from bacteria or fungi CHEMOTHERAPYTIC
More informationMicrobial Growth and The Control of Microbial Growth (Chapter 6 & 7)
Microbial Growth and The Control of Microbial Growth (Chapter 6 & 7) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Primary Source for figures and content:
More informationLab Exercise #4 Microbial Control Lab Exercise #4 Control of Microorganisms: Physical, Chemical and Chemotherapeutic
Lab Exercise #4 Control of Microorganisms: Physical, Chemical and Chemotherapeutic I. OBJECTIVES: Investigate the effectiveness various agents of control. Assess the effectiveness of heat in killing vegetative
More informationABC. Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline. Volume 19 Number 18
M26-A ISBN 1-56238-384-1 September 1999 ISSN 0273-3099 Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline Volume 19 Number 18 Arthur L. Barry, Ph.D. William A. Craig,
More informationCONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS
CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS Specific control measures can be used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. A procedure which leads to the death of cells is broadly
More informationChapter 8 Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents
Chapter 8 Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents Why control the microbial activity? Prevention from : Food spoilage and Contamination Pathogen and their transmission Longer preservation
More informationChapter 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment. 10/1/ MDufilho
Chapter 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment 10/1/2017 1 MDufilho Table 91 Terminology of Microbial Control 10/1/2017 MDufilho 2 Number of living microbes Figure 91 A plot of microbial death
More informationChapter 11. Topics: Controlling Microorganisms. - Physical Control. - Chemical control
Chapter 11 Topics: Controlling Microorganisms - Physical Control - Chemical control 1 An overview of the microbial control methods. Fig. 11.1 Microbial control methods 2 Controlling Microorganisms Microbial
More informationControl of Microorganisms in the Environment and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
8 and 9 Control of Microorganisms in the Environment and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Copyright McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 2 Definition
More informationCONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS
CONTROL OF MICROBIAL GROWTH - DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS Specific control measures can be used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. A procedure which leads to the death of cells is broadly
More informationمادة االدوية املرحلة الثالثة أ.م.د. حسام الدين سامل
مادة االدوية املرحلة الثالثة أ.م.د. حسام الدين سامل 2017-2016 ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS Dr. Husam Aldeen Salim General information They have specific use and their selectivity is very low. Disinfectants
More information10/6/2015. Unit 4: Sterilization, Disinfection, & Antimicrobial Therapy (Chapters 12 & 13) Aseptic Principles. Brain Check. Aseptic Principles
Aseptic Principles Unit 4: Sterilization, Disinfection, & Antimicrobial Therapy (Chapters 12 & 13) Sterilization: the killing or removal of all microbes in a material or on an object Disinfection: the
More informationChapter 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs. 10/15/ MDufilho
Chapter 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs 10/15/2017 1 MDufilho The History of Antimicrobial Agents Drugs Chemicals that affect physiology in any manner Chemotherapeutic
More informationLABORATORY SKILLS. Unit 18 Microbiology Suite. Cambridge TECHNICALS LEVEL 3. D/507/6165 Guided learning hours: 60. ocr.org.
2016 Suite Cambridge TECHNICALS LEVEL 3 LABORATORY SKILLS Unit 18 Microbiology D/507/6165 Guided learning hours: 60 Version 3 - September 2016 - black line indicates updated content ocr.org.uk/science
More informationProject 7: Wound Cultures and Identification
Project 7: Wound Cultures and Identification Readings: https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wound-culture/tab/test Identification of Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria Guide to laboratory
More informationChapter 7: Control of Microbial Growth
Chapter 7: Control of Microbial Growth 1. Physical Methods 2. Chemical methods Important Terminology sterilization > commercial sterilization > disinfection = antisepsis > degerming > sanitization Also,
More informationImportant Terminology
Chapter 7: Control of Microbial Growth 1. Physical Methods 2. Chemical methods Important Terminology sterilization > commercial sterilization > disinfection = antisepsis > degerming > sanitization Also,
More informationFoundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition. Talaro Chapter 11 Physical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control
Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 11 Physical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control 11.1 Controlling Microorganisms Physical, chemical, and mechanical methods to destroy or
More informationSterilization & Disinfection
Sterilization & Disinfection Prof. Hanan Habib College of Medicine-KSU Objectives 1- Define the terms sterilization, disinfectant and antiseptic. 2- Classify the different methods of sterilization (physical
More informationControl of Microbial Growth. I. Terminology All of these processes are aimed at reducing microbial populations (i.e.
Control of Microbial Growth Why control microbial growth To destroy pathogens and prevent their transmission To reduce and eliminate microorganisms responsible for the contamination of water, food and
More informationChapter 7 Study Guide Control of Microbial Growth
Chapter 7 Study Guide Control of Microbial Growth Note: you will not be tested on the following: use-dilution test. 1. Be able to define and use the following terms in context: sterilization, commercial
More informationPhysical and Chemical Control of Microorganisms
1 Physical and Chemical Control of Microorganisms I. Terms II. Factors which determine the effectiveness of control methods III. Methods of physical control IV. Chemical agents Terms 1) Control -- Limiting
More informationImportant Terminology (pg )
Number of living microbes 10/18/2016 Chapter 9: Control of Microbial Growth 1. Physical Methods 2. Chemical methods Important Terminology (pg. 263-264) sterilization > commercial sterilization > disinfection
More informationControl of Microbial growth Dr. Hala Al Daghistani
Control of Microbial growth Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Terminology Sepsis: Characterized by the presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissues or associated fluids. Asepsis: absence of significant contamination.
More informationThe Control of Microbial Growth
The Control of Microbial Growth Sepsis refers to microbial contamination. Asepsis is the absence of significant contamination. Aseptic surgery techniques prevent microbial contamination of wounds. Terminology
More informationM I C R O B I O L O G Y
ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE M I C R O B I O L O G Y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n 7 The Control of Microbial Growth PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case The Control of
More informationBiofilm Protocol Optimization For Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Introduction. Materials and Methods. Culture Media, Incubation Time, and Biofilm Measurement
Biofilm Protocol Optimization For Pseudomonas aeruginosa Culture Media, Incubation Time, and Biofilm Measurement Introduction In addition to the conventional arsenal of antibiotic resistance mechanisms
More informationEzy MIC Strip FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES
Imipenem with & without EDTA Ezy MIC Strips (IPM+EDTA/IPM) (Imipenem + EDTA: 1-64 mcg/ml) (Imipenem : 4-256 mcg/ml) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing For In Vitro Diagnostic use EM078 Not for Medicinal
More informationThe Control of Microbial Growth
11/10/2016 PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College CHAPTER 7 The Control of Microbial Growth The Terminology of Microbial Control Sepsis refers to
More informationVirginia Western Community College BIO 205 General Microbiology
Prerequisites BIO 205 General Microbiology One year of college biology and one year of college chemistry or divisional approval; an ENG 111 placement recommendation, co-enrollment in ENF 3/ENG 111, or
More informationControlling Microbial Growth
Controlling Microbial Growth What factors limit microbial growth? In what situations are large microbial numbers undesirable? Concept of Microbial Control Factors Which Affect Control Temp., species type
More informationTHE USE OF SEKISUI DIAGNOSTICS PENICILLINASE
THE USE OF SEKISUI DIAGNOSTICS PENICILLINASE AND β-lactamase PRODUCTS INTRODUCTION The aim of this guide is to outline the general procedures for the use of Sekisui Diagnostics Penicillinase and β-lactamase
More informationControl of Microbial growth Dr. Hala Al Daghistani
Control of Microbial growth Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Terminology Sepsis: Characterized by the presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissues or associated fluids. Asepsis: absence of significant contamination.
More informationSection A: Prokaryotes Types and Structure 1. What is microbiology?
Section A: Prokaryotes Types and Structure 1. What is microbiology? 2. Compare and contrast characteristics of each bacterial type: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria Both Archaebacteria 3. Label
More informationGuidelines for Selection and Use of Disinfectants
Guidelines for Selection and Use of Disinfectants Ref: (a) APIC Guidelines for Infection Control Practice, American Journal of Infection Control; April 1990, Vol 18, 99-113. To assist health care professionals
More informationMicrobial Biotechnology agustin krisna wardani
Microbial Biotechnology agustin krisna wardani 1. The Structure of Microbes Microbes (microorganisms) are tiny organisms that are too small to be seen individually by the naked eye and must be viewed with
More informationVHP Sterilization and Prion Inactivation
WFHSS Workshop Opatija Croatia March 27 th 2009 VHP Sterilization and Prion Inactivation Dr. Georgia Alevizopoulou Clinical Specialist Eastern Europe, Middle East & Africa VHP Sterilization and Prion Inactivation
More informationChapter 9 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Agar Disk Diffusion Method)
Chapter 9 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Agar Disk Diffusion Method) The disk diffusion method presented in this chapter has been carefully standardized by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
More informationName Block Desk # BACTERIA AND VIRUSES. 1. What are prokaryotes? They are -celled organisms with no
Name Block Desk # BACTERIA AND VIRUSES Identifying Bacteria: 1. What are prokaryotes? They are -celled organisms with no - bound organelles. 2. True or false: prokaryotes are much larger that eukaryotes.
More informationVerification of Gradient Diffusion Strips
Verification of Gradient Diffusion Strips Objectives 1. Describe gradient diffusion tests 2. Describe process of FDA clearance of susceptibility tests 3. Discuss CLIA requirements for laboratory verification
More informationChapter 6: Microbial Growth
Chapter 6: Microbial Growth 1. Requirements for Growth 2. Culturing Microorganisms 3. Patterns of Microbial Growth 1. Requirements for Growth Factors that affect Microbial Growth Microbial growth depends
More informationVerification of Disk Diffusion Tests
Verification of Disk Diffusion Tests Objectives 1. Describe disk diffusion tests 2. Describe process of FDA clearance of susceptibility tests 3. Discuss CLIA requirements for laboratory verification of
More informationMolecular methods for detection of Antibiotic Resistance in environmental matrices: limits, prospects and challenges.
Dr. Angela Cicatelli acicatelli@unisa.it Molecular methods for detection of Antibiotic Resistance in environmental matrices: limits, prospects and challenges. 1st Workshop on "Risk prognosis of environmental
More informationobtained from the infected and treated tissues, Fleming's2 technic of hemolytic streptococcus B. Immediately following the infection, 1.0 ml.
THE SENSITIVITY OF STREPTOCOCCI TO PENICILLIN G AFTER EXPOSURE TO THE ANTIBIOTIC IN VIVO* E. GRUNBERG, C. UNGER, AND D. ELDRIDGE Previous investigations by Grunberg, Schnitzer, and Unger3 on the topical
More informationEfficacy Report Summarization for SoClean 2
Efficacy Report Summarization for SoClean 2 October 2017 SoClean Inc 36 Town Forest Road Oxford, Massachusetts 01540 USA Tel. 508-363-0418 Email info@soclean.com SoClean 2 is USA FDA Registered 3009534409
More informationPhage therapy. Institute of Molecular Biomedicine Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine
Phage therapy Institute of Molecular Biomedicine Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine www.imbm.sk tothova.lubomira@gmail.com Outline Introduction Taxonomy Cycles of phages Bacterial resistance Phage
More informationThe Control of Microorganisms LC D R B R I A N B E A R D E N, M S, P E
The Control of Microorganisms LC D R B R I A N B E A R D E N, M S, P E U S P U B L I C H E A LT H S E R V I C E / U S E PA R 9 M A R I A N A I S L A N D S WAT E R O P E R ATO R S A S S O C I AT I O N F
More informationChapter 7. The Control of Microbial Growth
Chapter 7 The Control of Microbial Growth The Terminology of Microbial Control Sepsis refers to microbial contamination / microbial growth Asepsis is the absence of significant contamination Antisepsis:
More informationCell Growth and DNA Extraction- Technion igem HS
Growing Cells and DNA Extraction Goals 1. Become familiar with the process of growing bacteria 2. Get to know the DNA extraction process 3. Perform miniprep in the lab Keywords 1. Growth stages 6. Techniques
More informationPhysical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control
Chapter 11 Physical and Chemical Agents for Microbial Control Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Controlling Microorganisms Physical, chemical, and
More information.CONCLUSIONS. There is currently no
.CONCLUSIONS There is currently no - Ideal (alternative) antimicrobial preservative (AP) for vaccines - AP gold standard for vaccines - R&D pipeline for vaccine AP Lack of selective affinity tough AET
More informationPenicillin. Introduction:
Penicillin Introduction: Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi.penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they were the first drugs that were effective against
More informationIndustrial Microorganisms and Product Formation
Industrial Microorganisms and Product Formation Industrial microbiologyuses microorganisms, typically grown on a large scale, to produce valuable commercial products or to carry out important chemical
More informationPharmacokinetics as applied to in vitro and animal models
Pharmacokinetics as applied to in vitro and animal models Michael R. Jacobs, MD, PhD Case Western Reserve University University Hospitals of Cleveland Cleveland, OH Topics In vitro pharmacodynamic models
More informationEM021. Co-Trimoxazole Ezy MIC TM Strip (COT)( mcg/ml) (Trimethoprim/ Sulphamethoxazole) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Co-Trimoxazole Ezy MIC TM Strip (COT)(0.002-32 mcg/ml) (Trimethoprim/ Sulphamethoxazole) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing For In Vitro Diagnostic use EM021 Not for Medicinal Use It is a unique MIC
More informationCloning and Characterization of E. meningoseptica Beta Lactamase
Cloning and Characterization of E. meningoseptica Beta Lactamase Authors: Lindsey Purcell, Jessica Matts, Patricia Canaan* Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Abstract Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
More informationControl of microbial growth means "Preventing the growth of microbes. Preventing growth of undesirable microorganisms
Control of microbial growth means "Preventing the growth of microbes OR Preventing growth of undesirable microorganisms Very important in microbiology experiments Control Killing microorganisms Preventing
More informationCHAPTER 2A HOW DO YOU BEGIN TO CLONE A GENE? CHAPTER 2A STUDENT GUIDE 2013 Amgen Foundation. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 2A HOW DO YOU BEGIN TO CLONE A GENE? 35 INTRODUCTION In the Program Introduction, you learned that the increase in diabetes in the United States has resulted in a great demand for its treatment,
More informationFARM MICROBIOLOGY 2008 PART 2: BASIC STRUCTURE AND GENETICS OF BACTERIA. 1. Epulopiscium fishelsoni and Thiomargarita namibiensis.
FARM MICROBIOLOGY 2008 PART 2: BASIC STRUCTURE AND GENETICS OF BACTERIA I. Basic Morphology (Shape) of Vegetative Cells. A. Microscopic. Example Escherichia coli (aka E. coli) is 1.3 µm (= 0.000052 inch)
More informationPostantibiotic and Sub-MIC Effects of Azithromycin and Isepamicin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Feb. 1998, p. 414 418 Vol. 42, No. 2 0066-4804/98/$04.00 0 Copyright 1998, American Society for Microbiology Postantibiotic and Sub-MIC Effects of and against Staphylococcus
More informationJEFFERSON COLLEGE GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
JEFFERSON COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS BIO215 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 5 Credit Hours Prepared by: Dr. Cecil M. Hampton Revised Date: November 2005 by Dr. Ken Balak Arts & Science Education Dr. Mindy Selsor, Dean
More informationIntroduction, by Tortora, Funke and Case, 11th Ed. TENTATIVE LECTURE OUTLINE DATE TOPIC CHAPTER
MICROBIOLOGY 220 Spring 2014 TTh Section Professor: Scott Rose Text: Microbiology; An Introduction, by Tortora, Funke and Case, 11th Ed. TENTATIVE LECTURE OUTLINE DATE TOPIC CHAPTER Jan. 23 Introduction
More informationESSEX COUNTY COLLEGE Biology and Chemistry Division BIO 211 Microbiology Course Outline
ESSEX COUNTY COLLEGE Biology and Chemistry Division BIO 211 Microbiology Course Outline Course Number & Name: BIO 211 Microbiology Credit Hours: 4.0 Contact Hours: 6.0 Lecture: 3.0 Lab: 3.0 Other: N/A
More informationsuch a specimen is often difficult t o obtain.
Assays of Antimicrobial Agents in Serum by Josephine A. Morello, Ph.D. Under certain clinical circumstances, it will be necessary to measure the antibiotic levels in the b l o o d of a patient being given
More informationMeropenem: in-vitro activity and kinetics of activity against organisms of the Bacteroides fragilis group
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (99) 7, 599-606 Meropenem: in-vitro activity and kinetics of activity against organisms of the Bacteroides fragilis group J. A. Garcia-Rodriguez, J. E. Garcia Sanchez,
More informationMICROBIAL GROWTH. Dr. Hala Al-Daghistani
MICROBIAL GROWTH Dr. Hala Al-Daghistani Microbial Growth Microbial growth: Increase in cell number, not cell size! Physical Requirements for Growth: Temperature Minimum growth temperature Optimum growth
More informationRegistration Document For Biohazards
Protocol #: Registration Document For Biohazards All applicants are required to complete the following sections: Principal Investigator Information Location of Study Section A: General Administrative Information
More informationSafe Operating Procedure
Safe Operating Procedure RECOMBINANT OR SYNTHETIC NUCLEIC ACIDS IBC AND OTHER REVIEW REQUIREMENTS (For assistance, please contact EHS at (402) 472-4925, or visit our web site at http://ehs.unl.edu/) (Revised
More informationHuman pharmacokinetics and rationale for once-weekly dosing of dalbavancin, a semi-synthetic glycopeptide
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2005) 55, Suppl. S2, ii25 ii30 doi:10.1093/jac/dki008 JAC Human pharmacokinetics and rationale for once-weekly dosing of dalbavancin, a semi-synthetic glycopeptide
More informationViruses. Chapter 19. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 19 Viruses PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright
More informationLink between iron homeostasis, oxidative mutagenesis and antibiotic resistance evolution
Thesis of the PhD dissertation Link between iron homeostasis, oxidative mutagenesis and antibiotic resistance evolution Orsolya Katinka Méhi Supervisor: Dr. Csaba Pál, senior research associate PhD School
More informationPHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 4 LAURENT SIMON
PHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 4 LAURENT SIMON Bioreactors Breads, yogurt, cheeses, etc Recombinant DNA techniques are used to make cheese. Fermentation is a microbial process that is used to produce food products
More informationCHAPTER-V STERILIZATION R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR.
CHAPTER-V STERILIZATION R.KAVITHA, M.PHARM, LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANKULATHUR. STERILIZATION Sterilization:- It is defined as the process where
More informationEnzymes Part III: regulation I. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017
Enzymes Part III: regulation I Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017 Mechanisms of regulation Expression of isoenzymes Regulation of enzymatic activity Inhibitors Conformational changes Allostery Modulators Reversible
More informationHigh Pressure Pasteurization of meat products
High Pressure Pasteurization of meat products Ahmed Yousef Professor of Food Microbiology The Ohio State University Reciprocal Meat Conference Columbia Missouri June 18, 2003 Novel Processing Technologies
More informationChapter 18. Viral Genetics. AP Biology
Chapter 18. Viral Genetics AP Biology What is a virus? Is it alive? DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein coat Viruses are not cells Extremely tiny electron microscope size smaller than ribosomes ~20 50 nm
More informationWHY DO THEY PUT MINT IN TOOTHPASTE? WOULD GARLIC BE BETTER?
Activity 4.22 Student Sheet WHY DO THEY PUT MINT IN TOOTHPASTE? WOULD GARLIC BE BETTER? Purpose To investigate the antibacterial properties of plants. To develop practical skills. YOU NEED Agar plate seeded
More informationInactivation of Emerging Pathogens and Continuous Room Decontamination Technologies
Inactivation of Emerging Pathogens and Continuous Room Decontamination Technologies William A. Rutala, Ph.D., M.P.H. Director, Statewide Program for Infection Control and Epidemiology, Research Professor
More informationNworu & Esimone. Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, , Enugu State
Research Article Nworu & Esimone Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, December 2006; 5 (2): 605-611 Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. All rights
More information2.4 TYPES OF MICROBIAL CULTURE
2.4 TYPES OF MICROBIAL CULTURE Microbial culture processes can be carried out in different ways. There are three models of fermentation used in industrial applications: batch, continuous and fed batch
More informationThe Control of Microbial Growth
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R 7 The Control of Microbial Growth The Terminology of Microbial Control Sepsis refers to bacterial
More informationIndigo-Clean White Paper: #1 Bactericidal Performance Testing of Indigo-Clean Upon Bacterial Species. Healthcare
Indigo-Clean White Paper: #1 Bactericidal Performance Testing of Indigo-Clean Upon Bacterial Species Healthcare HC Bactericidal Performance Testing of Indigo-Clean Upon Bacterial Species Clifford J. Yahnke,
More informationShionogi Presents Results of the First Clinical Efficacy Trial and In Vitro Data on Cefiderocol (S ), a Siderophore Cephalosporin
Shionogi Presents Results of the First Clinical Efficacy Trial and In Vitro Data on Cefiderocol (S-649266), a Siderophore Cephalosporin Osaka, Japan, April 22, 2017 - Shionogi & Co., Ltd. today announced
More informationBest Practices for High Level Disinfection Part I
Best Practices for High Level Disinfection Part I Nancy Chobin, RN, AAS, ACSP, CSPM, CFER 2017 Sterile Processing University, LLC. **This in-service has been Approved by the CBSPD for 1.5 CEUs. The Bible
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes EXCEPT 1) A) infection.
More informationLaboratory Research Conduct & Safety: Biohazards and Biosafety. Environmental Health & Safety
Laboratory Research Conduct & Safety: Biohazards and Biosafety www.mcgill.ca/ehs/laboratory/biosafety/manual Regulations Human Pathogens Public Health Agency of Canada Canadian Food Inspection Agency Animal
More informationBIOPHARMACEUTICAL PROCESS EVALUATED FOR VIRAL CLEARANCE
The purpose of Viral Clearance evaluation is to assess the capability of a manufacturing production process to inactivate and/or remove potential viral contaminants. Experience and knowledge in selecting
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following is NOT associated with viruses? 1) A) capsid envelope spikes organelles
More informationIntroduction. Abstract. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2014; 3 (1): Available online at:
Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 214; 3 (1): 43-48 Available online at: www.jsirjournal.com Research Article ISSN 232-4818 JSIR 214; 3(1): 43-48 214, All rights reserved Received: 19-11-213
More informationAntibiotic Susceptibility Testing. Part I
CE Update Microbiology I Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. Part I Patrick R. Murray, PhD W ith the introduction of antimicrobial c h e m o t h e r a p y in t h e 1940s, the hope of eliminating infectious
More informationViruses 11/30/2015. Chapter 19. Key Concepts in Chapter 19
Chapter 19 Viruses Dr. Wendy Sera Houston Community College Biology 1406 Key Concepts in Chapter 19 1. A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. 2. Viruses replicate only in host
More informationComposition of the Microbial World: - Procaryotes: relative simple morphology and lack true membrane delimited nucleus
Welcome to TL2203 Environmental Microbiology Introduction to the biology of bacterial and archaeal organisms. Topics include microbial cell structure and function, methods of cultivation, genetics, phylogeny
More informationBiology (Microbiology): Exam #3
NAME: PLEDGE: Biology 50-384 (Microbiology): Exam #3 1. You have isolated a series of mutants that have altered patterns of ß-galactosidase and lactose permease activity (i.e. they are different that the
More informationModule I: Introduction
Module I: Introduction 20.109 Lecture 1 3 February, 2011 Introduction to: Module Overview Fundamental concepts and techniques in molecular biology Appreciating nucleic acids (RNA in particular) as more
More information