Composite Materials. Biofiber Reinforcement in. Edited by. Omar Faruk and Mohini Sain

Transcription

1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering: Number 51 Biofiber Reinforcement in Composite Materials Edited by Omar Faruk and Mohini Sain WP AMSTERDAM BOSTON CAMBRIDGE HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO V/OODHEAD PUBLISHING SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO ni^sts vmk Woodhead Publishing is imprint of Elsevier an

2 Contents Contributor contact details Editor biographies XV xxi Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering Preface xxiii xxvii Part 1 Bast fibers 1 1 The use of jute fibers as reinforcements in composites 3 J. A. Khan, National University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh and M. A. Khan, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Bangladesh 1.1 Introduction Composition and properties of jute fibers Processing and properties of grafted jute fibers Processing and properties of alkali-treated jute fibers Characterization of jute fibers Manufacture of jute fiber composites Preparation and properties of irradiated jute composites Preparation and properties of oxidized jute composites Preparation and properties of mercerized jute composites Preparation and properties of jute composites modified by other processes Types and properties of hybrid jute composites Applications of jute composites Conclusion References 29 2 The use of flax fibres as reinforcements in composites 35 - J. Mussig and K. Haag, Hochschule Bremen University of Applied Sciences, Germany 2.1 Introduction Key fibre properties 40 V

3 vi Contents 2.3 Cultivation and quality issues Processing as a fibre reinforcement for composites Integration into the matrix Assessing the performance of the composites Applications Summary: strengths and weaknesses Future trends Sources of further information and advice Acknowledgements References 82 3 The use of hemp fibres as reinforcements in composites 86 H. N. Dhakal and Z. Zhang, University of Portsmouth, UK 3.1 Introduction Hemp fibre Key fibre properties Cultivation and quality issues Processing of hemp as fibre reinforcement for composites Surface modifications of hemp fibre and their effects on properties Fibre-matrix interaction Current applications of hemp fibres Future trends Summary References The use of ramie fibers as reinforcements in composites 104 Y. Du, N. Yan and M. T. Kortschot, University of Toronto, Canada 4.1 Introduction Ramie fiber properties Improving fiber/matrix interfacial bonding Ramie fiber-reinforced polymer composites Factors affecting composite mechanical properties Other studies of ramie fiber-reinforced composites Applications 131

4 Contents vii 4.8 Conclusions References The use of kenaf fibers as reinforcements in composites 138 H. Akil, M. H. Zamri and M. R. Osman, University of Sains, Malaysia 5.1 Introduction Processing of kenaf fibers Matrices for kenaf fiber-reinforced composites Fabrication of kenaf fiber-reinforced composites (KFRC) Performance of KFRC Applications of KFRC Conclusion References 158 Part II Leaf fibers The use of sisal and henequen fibres as reinforcements in composites 165 Y. Li and Y. O. SHEN,Tongji University, China 6.1 Introduction The microstructures of sisal fibres The mechanical properties of sisal fibres Manufacture of sisal fibre-reinforced composites Mechanical properties of sisal fibre-reinforced composites: interfacial properties Mechanical properties of sisal fibre-reinforced composites: interlaminar fracture toughness Mechanical properties of unidirectional sisal fibre-reinforced composites Effect of fibre twist on the mechanical properties of sisal fibre-reinforced composites Durability of sisal fibre-reinforced composites: effects of moisture absorption Effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on the mechanical properties of sisal fibre-reinforced composites Applications of sisal fibre-reinforced composites Conclusion and future trends Acknowledgements References 208

5 viii Contents 7 The use of pineapple leaf fibers (PALFS) as reinforcements in composites 211 A. L. Leao, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil, B. M. Cherian and S. Narine, Trent University, Canada, S. F. Souza and M. Sain, University of Toronto, Canada and S. Thomas, Mahatma Gandhi University, India 7.1 Introduction The pineapple plant Pineapple production Pineapple culture in Brazil and worldwide Fiber extraction Potential of fiber production plant Fiber properties Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF)-reinforced polymer composites Application of pineapple fibers and composites Conclusions References and further reading The use of banana and abaca fibres as reinforcements in composites 236 A. A. Mamun and H. P. Heim, University of Kassel, Germany, O. Faruk, University of Toronto, Canada and A. K. Bledzki, University of Kassel, Germany and West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland 8.1 Introduction Banana and abaca plants and their cultivation Fibre extraction Fibre structure and properties Disadvantages of banana and abaca fibres as reinforcement materials Surface modification of fibres Processing of banana/abaca fibre-reinforced composites Performance of banana/abaca fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites Performance of banana/abaca fibre-reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites Performance of banana/abaca fibre-reinforced biodegradable polymer composites Conclusions References 269

6 Contents ix 9 The use of palm leaf fibres as reinforcements in composites 273 D. Kocak and S. I. Mistik, Marmara University, Turkey 9.1 Introduction Cultivation and uses of palm leaf fibres Properties of palm leaf fibres Surface modification of palm leaf fibres The use of palm leaf fibres as reinforcements in polymer nanocomposites Conclusion References 280 Part III Seed fibers The use of coir/coconut fibers as reinforcements in composites 285 D. Verma, Indian Institute of Technology, B.H.U., Varanasi, India and P. C. Gope, College of Technology, Pantnagar, India 10.1 Introduction The coconut plant and its cultivation Preparation/extraction of coir fibers from coconut husk Surface modification of coconut fibers The properties of coir fiber-reinforced thermoset polymer composites The properties of coir fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites Characterization of coconut/coir fiber-reinforced composites Advantages of using coconut/coir fibers as reinforcement in composites Conclusions Acknowledgment References The use of cotton fibers as reinforcements in composites 320 S. K. Bajpai and G. Mary, Government Model Science College (Autonomous), India and N. Chand, Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) (CSIR), India 11.1 Introduction Physical properties of cotton fibers 320

7 X Contents 11.3 Chemical and other properties of cotton fibers Cultivation of and quality issues affecting cotton fibers Processing of cotton fibers as reinforcements in composites Assessing the antibacterial activity of biomedical composites reinforced with composite cotton fibers Assessing the mechanical properties of biomedical and other composites reinforced with cotton fibers Summary References The use of oil palm biomass (OPB) fibers as reinforcements in composites 342 M. D. H. Beg, M. F. Mina, R. M. Yunus and A. K. M. Moshiul Alam, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia 12.1 Introduction Oil palm biomass fibers Surface modifications of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers Processing methods for EFB reinforced composites Effects of fiber treatments on the structures and properties of composites Applications of EFB fiber-based composites Conclusions References 375 Part IV Grass, reed and cane fibers The use of rice straw and husk fibers as reinforcements in composites 385 M. Bassyouni, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia and Higher Technological Institute, Egypt and S. Waheed ul Hasan, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia 13.1 Introduction Cultivation and processing of rice straw and rice husk Key fiber properties Composite processing: surface treatment Critical issues for the integration of fibers into the matrix 404

8 Contents xi 13.6 Processing of thermoset and thermoplastic composites incorporating rice straw/rice husk (RS/RH) fiber reinforcements Evaluating the performance of composites reinforced with RS/RH fibers Conclusion References The use of wheat straw fibres as reinforcements in composites 423 S. Panthapulakkal and M. Sain, University of Toronto, Canada 14.1 Introduction Worldwide availability and economics Structure and composition of wheat straw Wheat straw as a polymer composite reinforcement Processing of wheat straw fibre-reinforced polymer composites Properties of wheat straw fibre-reinforced composites Potential applications of wheat straw fibre-reinforced composites Future trends Conclusions References The use of maize, oat, barley and rye fibres as reinforcements in composites 454 A. A. Mamun and H. P. Heim, University of Kassel, Germany and A. K. Bledzki, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland 15.1 Introduction Types of reinforcing fibre Fibre components and key properties Surface modification of fibres 462 maize and oat flour 15.5 Processing and performance: composites Processing and performance: barley and rye fibre composites Conclusion References 485

9 xii Contents 16 The use of bamboo fibres as reinforcements in composites 488 H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, M. S. Alwani, M. N. Islam, S. S. Suhaily, R. Dungani and Y. M. H'ng, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia and M. Jawaid, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 16.1 Introduction Structure of bamboo Chemical properties of bamboo Mechanical properties of bamboo Cultivation of bamboo, fibre extraction and surface modification Properties of bamboo fibre-reinforced polymer composites Applications of bamboo composites Sustainable and renewable products from bamboo composites Future trends Conclusions References The use of sugarcane bagasse fibres as reinforcements in composites 525 H. Hajiha and M. Sain, Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Canada 17.1 Introduction Properties of sugarcane bagasse fibres Applications Surface treatment techniques Evaluation of fibre treatment techniques Assessing composite performance Future trends Conclusion References 547 Part V Wood, cellulosic and other fibers Isolation and application of cellulosic fibres in composites 553 R. A. Shanks, RMIT University, Australia 18.1 Introduction Types of cellulosic fibre reinforcement and their properties 554

10 Contents xiii 18.3 Cultivation and fibre separation processes Fibre processing Assessing performance Applications Conclusions Sources of further information and advice References The use of biobased nanofibres in composites 571 S. Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh and S. B. Ghosh, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India and University of Toronto, Canada and M. Sain, University of Toronto, Canada 19.1 Introduction Biobased nanoreinforcements Ultrastructure of cellulose nanoreinforcements Source materials for cellulose nanoreinforcements Classification of cellulose nanoreinforcements Synthesis/isolation of cellulose nanoreinforcements Surface modification of cellulose nanoreinforcements Characterization of cellulose nanoreinforcements Matrices Incorporation of biobased nanoreinforcements into matrices Nanocomposites Challenges Future trends Conclusions References The use of wood fibers as reinforcements in 648 composites USA and L. M. Matuana, Michigan State University, N. M. Stark, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, USA 20.1 Introduction: characteristics of wood Fiber processing and composite manufacturing Mechanical performance of wood plastic composites (WPCs) The effect of moisture on composite performance The effect of temperature on composite performance The effect of weathering on composite performance 674

11 xiv Contents 20.7 The effect of biological attack on composite performance Trends in materials and manufacturing techniques Current and emerging applications References The use of Luffa cylindrica fibres as reinforcements in composites 689 D. Kocak, S. I. Mistik and M. Akalin, Marmara University, Turkey and N. Merdan, Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey 21.1 Introduction Properties and surface treatment of Luffa cylindrica fibres Applications and performance of Luffa cylindrica fibres as reinforcements in composites Nanocomposites incorporating Luffa cylindrica fibres Conclusion References The use of curaua fibers as reinforcements in composites 700 S. F. Souza and M. Ferreira, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil, M. Sain, University of Toronto, Canada and M. Z. Ferreira, H. F. Pupo, B. M. Cherian and A. L. Leao, Sao Paulo State University, Brazil 22.1 Introduction Curaua fibers Composites using curaua fibers Curaua nanofibers Nanocomposites with curaua fibers Conclusion References 718 Index 721