Biology COLLEGE PHYSICS. PowerPoint Image Slideshow

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1 Biology COLLEGE PHYSICS Chapter 22 PROKARYOTES: Chapter # Chapter BACTERIA Title AND ARCHAEA PowerPoint Image Slideshow

2 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 27 Bacteria and Archaea 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Figure 22.1 Certain prokaryotes can live in extreme environments such as the Morning Glory pool, a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. The spring s vivid blue color is from the prokaryotes that thrive in its very hot waters. (credit: modification of work by Jon Sullivan)

4 Fig. 27-1

5 Animalcules Anton van Leeuwenhoek

6 Pasteur Asepetic technique heat treatment Fermentation Pasteurization

7 Germ Theory of Disease Semmelweis childbirth fever Lister aseptic technique for medicine Robert Koch anthrax pure cultures

8 Koch s Postulates cause-and-effect relationship between a bacteria (or any other type of microorganism) and a clinical disease 4 criteria Bacteria present in all animals & isolated from Isolated bacteria grown in pure culture Pure culture bacteria inoculated into healthy host to reproduce Re-isolate the bacteria Limitations: Can t be grown (leprosy & syphilis) No suitable model host Multiple causes Minor or chronic conditions

9 Prokaryotes DNA not membrane bound Lack membrane bound organelles No histone proteins Peptidoglycan Widespread Size (0.5 5 µm) Bacteria or Archaea

10 Figure 22.9 Three basic categories based on their shape:(a) cocci, or spherical (a pair is shown); (b) bacilli, or rod-shaped; and (c) spirilli, or spiral-shaped. (credit a: modification of work by Janice Haney Carr, Dr. Richard Facklam, CDC; credit c: modification of work by Dr. David Cox; scale-bar data from Matt Russell) Strepto: chain Staphylo: cluster

11 Fig Cell Surface Structures Hans Christian Gram Gram Staining LPS component O polysacch antigens for ID (E. coli O157:H7) Lipid A endotoxin toxic (fever/shock) antibiotics Cell wall Peptidoglycan layer Plasma membrane Carbohydrate portion of lipopolysaccharide Cell wall Outer membrane Peptidoglycan layer Plasma membrane Protein Protein Grampositive bacteria (a) Gram-positive: peptidoglycan traps crystal violet. Gramnegative bacteria 20 µm (b) Gram-negative: crystal violet is easily rinsed away, revealing red dye.

12 Figure Bacteria are divided into two major groups: Gram positive and Gram negative. Both groups have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan: in Gram-positive bacteria, the wall is thick, whereas in Gram-negative bacteria, the wall is thin. In Gramnegative bacteria, the cell wall is surrounded by an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Porins are proteins in this cell membrane that allow substances to enter the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In Gram-positive bacteria, lipoteichoic acid anchors the cell wall to the cell membrane. (credit: modification of work by Franciscosp2 /Wikimedia Commons) This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

13 Fig. 27-3c Grampositive bacteria Gramnegative bacteria 20 µm

14 Antibiotics Antibiotics target peptidoglycan layer Broad spectrum Gram + & - (ampicilin/tetracycline) Narrow spectrum specific families Both dose, duration & state of invading bacteria

15 Antibiotics Bacteriostatic inhibits or delay growth & repro Bactericidal kills bacteria

16 Figure This scanning electron micrograph shows Clostridium difficile, a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that causes severe diarrhea. Infection commonly occurs after the normal gut fauna is eradicated by antibiotics. (credit: modification of work by CDC, HHS; scale-bar data from Matt Russell) This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

17 Fig Glycocalyx capsule (attachment, prevents, dehydration, provides virulence) Bacterial cell wall 200 nm Capsule

18 Fig EXPERIMENT Living S cells (control) Living R cells (control) Heat-killed S cells (control) Mixture of heat-killed S cells and living R cells F. Griffith 1920 s Transformation RESULTS Mouse dies Mouse healthy Mouse healthy Mouse dies Living S cells

19 Fig Resting cells Metabolically inactive survives extreme heat, lack of water, Endospore exposure to many toxic chemicals & radiation Bacillus & Clostridium 0.3 µm

20 Fig Fimbriae 200 nm

21 Figure 27.7 Chemotaxis (+/-) Phototaxis (+/-) Flagellum Filament 20 nm Cell wall Hook Motor Plasma membrane Rod Peptidoglycan layer

22 Fig Internal Organization and DNA 0.2 µm 1 µm Respiratory membrane Thylakoid membranes (a) Aerobic prokaryote (b) Photosynthetic prokaryote Infolding of cell membrane specialized metabolic functions No complex compartments

23 Figure 27.9 Internal Organization and DNA Chromosome Plasmids 1 µm DNA replication, transcription, and translation differences from eukaryotes?

24 Binary Fission Quick reproduction why? Small Short generation time Binary fission

25 Genetically Diverse (highly variable) 1) Rapid reproduction 2) Mutation 3) Genetic recombination Horizontal Gene Transfer Transformation Transduction Conjugation

26 Fig EXPERIMENT Living S cells (control) Living R cells (control) Transformation Heat-killed S cells (control) Mixture of heat-killed S cells and living R cells F. Griffith 1920 s Transformation RESULTS Mouse dies Mouse healthy Mouse healthy Mouse dies Living S cells

27 Transduction 1 Phage infects bacterial donor cell with A + and B + alleles. Phage DNA A + B + 2 Phage DNA is replicated and proteins synthesized. A + B + Donor cell 3 Fragment of DNA with A + allele is packaged within a phage capsid. A Phage with A + allele infects bacterial recipient cell. Incorporation of phage DNA creates recombinant cell with genotype A + B. Crossing over Recombinant cell A + A A + B Recipient cell B

28 Fig Conjugation F factor Sex pilus 1 µm

29 Fig Conjugation F factor F Factor & Plasmids R Factor & Antibiotic resistance F plasmid Bacterial chromosome F + cell F + cell Mating bridge F cell Bacterial chromosome F + cell (a) Conjugation and transfer of an F plasmid Hfr cell A + A + F factor F cell A + A+ A A A + A (b) Conjugation and transfer of part of an Hfr bacterial chromosome Recombinant F bacterium A A + Enzymes degrade and DNA not incorporated Crossing over

30 Figure Horizontal Gene Transfer Besides binary fission, there are three other mechanisms by which prokaryotes can exchange DNA. In (a) transformation, the cell takes up prokaryotic DNA directly from the environment. The DNA may remain separate as plasmid DNA or be incorporated into the host genome. In (b) transduction, a bacteriophage injects DNA into the cell that contains a small fragment of DNA from a different prokaryote. In (c) conjugation, DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a pilus that connects the two cells. This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

31 Table 27-1 Autotrophs require CO 2 as a carbon source Heterotrophs require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

32 Oxygen Preferences Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes Clostridium tetani C. botulinum C. perfringens Facultative anaerobes Staphylococcus E. coli

33 Figure Carbon Cycle Prokaryotes play a significant role in continuously moving carbon through the biosphere. (credit: modification of work by John M. Evans and Howard Perlman, USGS) This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

34 Figure Nitrogen Cycle Prokaryotes play a key role in the nitrogen cycle. (credit: Environmental Protection Agency) This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

35 Figure Nitrogen fixation Soybean (Glycine max) is a legume that interacts symbiotically with the soil bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum to form specialized structures on the roots called nodules where nitrogen fixation occurs. (credit: USDA This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

36 Fig Nitrogen fixation Photosynthetic cells Heterocyte 20 µm

37 1 µm Fig Metabolic cooperation Biofilms Streptococcus mutans

38 Figure 22.8 Metabolic cooperation Biofilms ex.streptococcus mutans Five stages of biofilm development are shown. During stage 1, initial attachment, bacteria adhere to a solid surface via weak van der Waals interactions. During stage 2, irreversible attachment, hairlike appendages called pili permanently anchor the bacteria to the surface. During stage 3, maturation I, the biofilm grows through cell division and recruitment of other bacteria. An extracellular matrix composed primarily of polysaccharides holds the biofilm together. During stage 4, maturation II, the biofilm continues to grow and takes on a more complex shape. During stage 5, dispersal, the biofilm matrix is partly broken down, allowing some bacteria to escape and colonize another surface. Micrographs of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in each of the stages of development are shown. (credit: D. Davis, Don Monroe, PLoS) This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

39 Figure Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes but differ enough to be placed in separate domains. An ancestor of modern Archaea is believed to have given rise to Eukarya, the third domain of life. Archaeal and bacterial phyla are shown; the evolutionary relationship between these phyla is still open to debate.

40 Figure UNIVERSAL ANCESTOR Eukaryotes Korarchaeotes Euryarchaeotes Crenarchaeotes Nanoarchaeotes Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Cyanobacteria Gram-positive bacteria Domain Eukarya Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria

41 Table 27-2

42 Fig Archaea

43 Figure 22.6 (a) The Dead Sea is hypersaline. Nevertheless, salt-tolerant bacteria thrive in this sea. (b) These halobacteria cells can form salt-tolerant bacterial mats. (credit a: Julien Menichini; credit b: NASA; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)

44 Fig Symbiosis mutualism, commensalism & parasite

45 Fig Pathogenic bacteria 5 µm

46 Figure The (a) Great Plague of London killed an estimated 200,000 people, or about twenty percent of the city s population. The causative agent, the (b) bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium from the class Gamma Proteobacteria. The disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea, which is infected by a rodent. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, seizure, vomiting of blood, and (c) gangrene. (credit b: Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH; scale-bar data from Matt Russell; credit c: Textbook of Military Medicine, Washington, D.C., U.S. Dept. of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute)

47 Figure The map shows regions where bacterial diseases are emerging or reemerging. (credit: modification of work by NIH)

48 Pathogenic Bacteria Exotoxin Gram (+) Part of growth & metabolism Proteins (enzymes) secreted Gene location plasmids Antitoxins provide immunity Types:» Cytotoxic (diptheria, gangrene)» Neurotoxins (botulism,tetanus)» Enterotoxins (cholera, staph) Endotoxins Gram (-) Outer portion of cell wall LPS When Gram (-) dies Activates blood clotting proteins Fever & shock Bioterrorism (anthrax)

49 Fig Bioremediation & Technology (b) (c) (a)

50 Figure (a) (b) Cleaning up oil after the Valdez spill in Alaska, workers hosed oil from beaches and then used a floating boom to corral the oil, which was finally skimmed from the water surface. Some species of bacteria are able to solubilize and degrade the oil. One of the most catastrophic consequences of oil spills is the damage to fauna. (credit a: modification of work by NOAA; credit b: modification of work by GOLUBENKOV, NGO: Saving Taman) This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.

51 Figure Products derived from prokaryotes Some of the products derived from the use of prokaryotes in early biotechnology include (a) cheese, (b) wine, (c) beer and bread, and (d) yogurt. (credit bread: modification of work by F. Rodrigo/Wikimedia Commons; credit wine: modification of work by Jon Sullivan; credit beer and bread: modification of work by Kris Miller; credit yogurt: modification of work by Jon Sullivan) This OpenStax ancillary resource is Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any images credited to other sources are similarly available for reproduction, but must be attributed to their sources.