I. Functions: A. Transport material exchange B. Regulatory homeostasis. Temp, ph, C. Prevention defense, clotting

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 Blood

2 I. Functions: A. Transport material exchange B. Regulatory homeostasis Temp, ph, C. Prevention defense, clotting

3 II. Characteristics: A. Red body fluid (atrial redder than venous) B F core temp C. ph D. 8% total body wt E. Ave man: 5 6 L/woman 4-5 L

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6 III. Plasma: liquid portion (55%) A. Water 91% B. Protein 7% Albumin 58% - osmotic pressure Globulins 38% - immunity Fibrinogen 4% - clotting factor Serum plasma w/out clotting factor C. Other 2% (ions, nutrients, waste, gases)

7 IV. Formed elements: cells/fragments (45%) A. Hematopoiesis blood cell production 1. Stem cells (hemocytoblast): produce all others a) Fetus: organs, lymph & red bone marrow b) Adult: red marrow (long bones)/lymph only

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9 B. Erythrocytes red blood cells (RBC s) Biconcave disks ( SA=>gas exchange) No nucleus/can t reproduce Life span: males-120 days/females-110 days

10 1. Function: a) Hemoglobin: 33% of cell (99% O 2 transport) 4 heme grps: pigment w/fe-carries O 2 (98.5%=>redder) 4 globins: protein-carries CO 2 (23%/7% plasma) b) 70% CO 2 w/carbonic anhydrase to H + +HCO 3 - c) CO binds Fe 210x more than O 2 (irreversible-flush)

11 2. Life History a) Production: from proerythroblasts 1) ~ 5 mil/cubic mm (build ~ 2.5 mil/sec) 2) Need B12, Folate (DNA)/Fe in diet to make 3) Lo O 2 /hi alt/endurance exer: kidneys release erythropoietin = RBC production (marrow)

12 b) Breakdown of old/damaged RBC s 1) Removed by spleen/liver WBC (macrophages) 2) Fe back to bone marrow/globin AA recycled 3) Liver-heme to bilirubin (yellow pigmt)/added to bile/si; some reabsorbed urine 4) Circulates w/liver problems-jaundice

13 C. Leucocytes white blood cells (WBC s) 1. General Characteristics: a) Nucleus w/no hemoglobin b) 5 9 thousand/cubic mm c) Protect from infection d) Cytoplasmic granules - dig enzymes e) Phagocytic: engulf dead cells/debris f) Ameboid movement (to tissues)

14 2. Granulocytes: large granules (red marrow) a) Neutrophils (65%): phagocytic; w/bac infect. b) Eosinophils (3%): inflam (brkdwn histamn); w/parasite c) Basophils (1%): inflam (hist); clot (heparin) 3. Agranulocytes: small granules (marrw/lymph) a) Lymphocytes (25%): AB, virus, cancer/graft reax b) Monocytes-bld/macrophages-tiss (5%): chronic infec WHITE BLOOD CELLS Granulocytes

15 D. Thrombocytes (platelets): cell fragments 1. prevent bld loss (plugs/internal clot-thrombus) thou/cubic mm

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17 V. Preventing Blood Loss A. Vessel constrictn (spasm): NS controls smooth musc (platelet thromoxanes=same effect) B. Platelet plug: platelets accumulate (sticky) 1. von Willebrand s factor: bind platelets to BV wall collagen 2. Platelet Releasing Factor: thromboxane activates platelets 3. Fibrinogen: binds platelet together 4. Aspirin: inhibits thromboxane prod= platelet activation

18 C. Blood clotting (w/lg cut)=coagulation 1. thrombin converts fibrinogen to threadlike fibrin= traps RBC/platelets 2. Vitamin K needed (diet/li bacteria)

19 D. Clot Control: anticoagulants (heparin) present w/normal conditions (injury overwhelms) E. Clot Retraction: plateletactin/myosin contract (squeeze out serum)=seals vessels (healing) F. Fibrinolysis (clot dissolves): plasminogen to plasmin=breaks down clot over time 1. Streptokinase (genetically engineered bacterial enzyme): w/heart attack inject to activate plasmin

20 VI. Blood Grouping: A. General Principals 1. Transfusion (tranfer of blood) Reax: a) Caused by antigen (RBC surface) & antibodies (plasma) b) Agglutination (Ab bind RBC s Ag) and hemolysis (burst)

21 B. ABO Blood Group 1. Surface proteins: Antigens A or B (plasma Ab) a) Type O (00) (no Ag): 47% (A & B Ab)-universal donor b) Type A (AA, A0): 41% (B Ab) c) Type B: (BB, B0) 9% (A Ab) d) Type AB: 3% (no A or B Ab)-universal receiver

22 C. Rh Blood Grouping (CO 2 channel): 1. Incompatibility:Rh+ : have surface antigens/rh- does not Genotype Which 2 alleles are present in the cell? What Rhesus antigen is present on the surface of the red cell? Phenotype (Rh blood group) DD D Rhesus positive Dd D Rhesus positive dd none Rhesus negative Rh Positive Rh Negative Rh proteins act as gas channels that help speed the transfer of carbon dioxide (CO2) in and out of red blood cells.co2 can also pass through the cell membrane unaided (above right), but not quickly enough, said UC Berkeley researchers. (Image by Barbara Alonso) 0+ 37% 0-6% A+ 34% A- 6% B+ 10% B- 2% AB+ 4% AB- 1% 85% positive 15% negative

23 2. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN): Rh- mom w/rh+ fetus; mom makes Rh Ab w/2 nd preg->hnd; give mom anti-rh Ab s (bind-inactivate fetal Rh Ag)

24 VII. Diagnostic Blood Tests: A. Cross match (serum-abo-rh) w/transfsn B. Complete bld count: 1. RBC s=~5mil/mm 3 ( =erythrocytosis) 2. Hemoglobin=~14 g/100ml ( =anemia) 3. Hematocrit=%RBC s/bld vol~50% ( Fe=smaller RBC) 4. WBC=5-9000/mm 3 ( = leucopoenia w/viral infct, folate/ B 12 ; =leukocytosis w/bac infct, cancer=leukemia) 5. Differentiated WBC: # & type (help diagnose) 6. Clotting a) Platelet count= ,000/mm 3 ( = thrombocytopenia) b) Prothrombin time measurement=9-12 seconds

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26 C. Blood Chemistry 1. Glucose: insulin from pancreas 2. Blood urea N (BUN): kidney function 3. Bilirubin: liver dysfunction 4. Cholesterol: cardiovascular disease

27 VIII. Diseases and Blood Disorders: p A. Iron-deficient anemia: iron B. Pernicious anemia: B12 C. Hemolytic anemia: RBC s burst (Ebola, venom) D. Sickle-cell anemia: abnormal hemoglobn (genetics) E. Hemophilia: abnormal clotting (genetics) F. Septicemia: blood poisoning G. Infectious Mononucleosis: Epstein-Barr virus (lymphocytes) H. Malaria: protozoan ruptures RBC I. AIDS: virus destroys lymphocytes