Science 30 Unit A Review Outline GCCHS. A small vein that joins a larger vein to a capillary.

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1 Science 30 Unit A Review Outline GCCHS Vena cava Vein Capillary Aorta Artery Pulmonary artery These are the largest veins in the body, they carry un-oxygenated blood to the heart. These are thin walled blood vessels with valves that carry blood toward the heart. These are tiny blood vessels that connect the smallest branch of an artery with the smallest branch of a vein. This is the largest artery in the body, it carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart. These are thick walled blood vessel, they carry blood away from the heart. The large blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart s right ventricle to the lungs. Hypertension High blood pressure, generally readings over 140/90. Arteriole A small artery that joins a larger artery to a capillary. Platelet Venule This is a particle in the blood that starts the clotting process when a wound is present. A small vein that joins a larger vein to a capillary. Varicose vein Pulmonary vein Meiosis mmhg Diastolic pressure An enlarged, twisted vein near the surface of the skin resulting from poorly functioning valves. The large blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart s left atrium. This is a two stage cell division process that results in haploid gametes (sex cells). This is the symbol for millimeters of mercury, it is a unit used for measuring pressure. The residual pressure exerted on the artery walls when the heart s ventricles are relaxing.

2 Haploid cell Plasma Blood pressure White blood cells Systolic pressure Erythrocyte Leukocyte Capillary Bed Crossing over hemoglobin Autosomal inheritance Gamete Nucleotide oxyhemoglobin A cell that has only one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes. This is the pale yellow fluid portion of blood where the cells are suspended. This is the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels such as arteries. These are also called leucocytes. They are colourless blood cells that act to defend the body against diseases and other foreign invaders. This is the pressure exerted on the artery walls when the heart s ventricles are contracting. These are red blood cells. They contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen from the lungs to the body s cells. These are white blood cells. They are important in the immune system. This is a network of capillaries in a particular area or organ of the body. This is the exchange of corresponding segments of DNA between maternal and paternal chromosomes during meiosis. This is an iron-containing pigment that binds the oxygen to the red blood cell to help it carry through the circulatory system. These are traits controlled by genes found on the 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes. These are haploid sex cells. (ex: sperm and an egg) They are produced during meiosis with only one copy of each chromosome type. This is a chemical unit consisting of a phosphate molecule, a deoxyribose sugar molecule, and one of the four nitrogen-base molecules (adenine, cytosine, thymine, or guanine). Two complementary chains of this unit combine to form DNA. This is a hemoglobin bound with oxygen that appears bright red in colour.

3 cholesterol Protein Angina Fibrin Blood clot hemophilia Cardiovascular disease Fibrinogen Plaque LDL Coronary heart disease atherosclerosis Coronary heart disease This is a waxy, fat-like substance present in the cell membrane of every body cell and in food from animal sources. This is a large organic molecule consisting of a chain of amino acids: an essential building block of all that plays a key role in the functioning of body systems. This is chest pain caused by a narrowing of vessels that supply blood to the heart tissue. This is a thread-like insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen. The threads of this mesh form the fabric of a blood clot. This is a jellylike, solid mass consisting mainly of red blood cells trapped in a net of fibrin fibers. This is a blood disorder involving the blood s reduced ability to clot, which can lead to excessive bleeding. It is often studied in genetics due to it its specific inherited characteristics. This includes many disorders coronary heart disease, strokes, and varicose veins that affect the heart and/or the blood vessels. High levels of cholesterol can lead to this. This is a soluble protein present in blood plasma that converts to fibrin when blood clots form. This is a semi-hardened accumulation of substances originally suspended in a fluid. This is the abbreviation for low-density lipoprotein. It is a blood protein that carries cholesterol in the bloodstream from the liver to the rest of the body. Too much of it in the blood leads to deposits on the walls of arteries, so this is referred to as bad cholesterol. This is a disease in which blood flow through the coronary arteries is restricted, possibly resulting in chest pain and/or a heart attack. This is a hardening of the arteries due to the accumulation of fatty deposits. This is disease in which blood flow through the coronary arteries is restricted, possibly resulting in chest pain and/or a heart attack.

4 HDL Essential fatty acid Acquired traits This is the abbreviation for high-density lipoprotein. It is a blood protein that carries cholesterol in the bloodstream from the body cells to the liver. High levels of this protein in the blood means it is less likely that deposits will form on the walls of arteries, so this is referred to as good cholesterol. This is a fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize itself and must be obtained from food. These are traits that are not inherited. Instead, they are gained during a person s lifetime because of experiences, education, and upbringing, such as a scar from a cut or the ability to speak a particular language.

5 Heart attack Stroke Aneurysm Cross-pollinate Self-pollinate Sex-linked inheritance Inherited traits Histone Virus Septal heart defects Pathogen Vector Antiseptic protozoans This is the death of heart cells due to a blockage in the coronary arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the heart. This is a sudden loss of brain function caused by an interruption in the blood flow to the brain. This is a widening or bulging of a blood vessel due to a weakening of the vessel wall. This is the process that involves transferring pollen between genetically different plants. This is the process that involves transferring pollen from one plant to the female part of the same plant or to another plant with the same genetic makeup. These are traits not directly related to primary or secondary sexual characteristics that are coded by the genes located on the sex chromosomes. These are traits genetically passed on from one generation to the next, such as a particular blood type or eye colour. This is a protein that acts like a spool for DNA to wind around it helps to compact and package the DNA in the nucleus. This is a non-cellular particle consisting of a protein coat surrounding genetic material that multiplies only within the cells of a living organism visible spectrum: the complete range. This is a condition where the opening between the left and right halves of the heart fails to close before birth, causing excess blood to be pumped to the lungs. This is an agent, especially a virus or a bacterium that causes disease. This is an organism, such as a mosquito or a flea that carries disease-causing pathogens from one person to another. This is a solution or substance that prevents or inhibits the growth of micro-organisms This is a group of microscopic, single-celled organisms that each have a nucleus

6 Fungi Bacteria Antibiotic These are organisms that absorb food in solution directly through their cell walls and do not conduct photosynthesis; reproduction occurs through spores These are microscopic, single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; reproduction is chiefly by cell division to produce identical daughter cells. This is a drug that fights bacterial infections. T-cell antiviral drug Antigen macrophage Allele helper T-cell B-cell Antibody killer T-cell This is a type of white blood cell that matures in the thymus gland. It recognizes and destroys invaders or releases chemical messengers to co-ordinate the immune response. This is a type of medication that controls or cures an infection from a virus. This is a complex molecule on the surface of an invading pathogen that triggers an immune response This is a type of white blood cell that engulfs dead cells, cellular debris, and foreign cells It presents pathogenic antigens to T- cells in the immune response. These are alternate forms of specific traits. Blue eyes and brown eyes are possible alleles of eye colour. This is a type of T-cell that co-ordinates the actions of other cells involved in the immune response. It sends chemical messages to activate the antibody producing B-cells and killer T-cells. This is a type of white blood cell that produces antibody molecules when stimulated by helper T-cells. This is a protein molecule produced by a B-cell designed to bind to a specific antigen to facilitate its destruction. This is a type of T-cell that recognizes and destroys body cells by releasing proteins that create large holes in the target cell s membrane.

7 memory cells suppressor T-cell Dominant Recessive DNA triplet code Genotype Amino acids Deoxyribonucleic acid chromosome Gene autosomal cell This is specialized white blood cells that persist in the bloodstream to provide future immunity to invaders bearing a specific antigen. This is a type of T-cell that sends chemical messengers to stop the immune response to an antigen. This refers to a dominant allele that overpowers a recessive allele an individual only needs one dominant allele for the dominant trait to be expressed. This refers to a recessive allele that is not expressed when the dominant allele is present two recessive alleles need to be present for the recessive trait to be expressed in an individual These are three adjacent nitrogen bases found on a gene that codes for the amino acid to be produced, begin, or end the reading of a gene. This is a description of the alleles that an individual possesses. This is communicated by using letters to represent the different allele versions. This is one of the 20 possible building blocks of proteins determined by the genetic code of DNA. This is the twisted ladder-shaped molecule that contains the genetic information of cells. This is a strand of DNA that contains the instructions for making proteins. They become X-shaped before cells divide. This is a segment of DNA that carries instructions that result in the production of proteins. This is a cell of the body not involved in sexual reproduction. Genetics This is the science of gene function and inheritance. Karyotype This is an image that organizes the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, shape, and size.

8 centromere amniocentesis daughter cells This is the region on a replicated chromosome that attaches the two identical copies during cell division. This is a prenatal test done to look at the karyotype of an unborn child. This is the two identical cells produced during mitosis. homologous chromosomes Asexual reproduction Mitosis Diploid cells This is a pair of chromosomes that would be matched during karyotyping because they have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern. This is the production of genetically identical offspring from one individual. This is the division of an autosomal cell into two identical daughter cells. These are cells with pairs of homologous chromosomes. Phenotype This is the physical and physiological traits of an organism. Punnett Square Base pair heterozygous Replication homozygous This is a table that uses the alleles of the parents to indicate all possible outcomes resulting from gamete fertilization. This is the two nucleotides connected on opposite sides of complementary strands of the DNA molecule Complementary base pairings for DNA are adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine. This is referring to an organism that has a dominant allele and a recessive allele for a given trait Pp. This is the process of making two DNA molecules from one original molecule prior to cell division. This refers to an organism that has two copies of the same allele for a given trait pp or PP.