XBRL + Blockchain + AI/Machine Learning = Continuous Audit Tool. Eric E. Cohen Auditchain Member, XBRL US; guest of XBRL Europe
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1 XBRL + Blockchain + AI/Machine Learning = Continuous Audit Tool Eric E. Cohen Auditchain Member, XBRL US; guest of XBRL Europe
2 Abstract As the market calls for more - and different - types of business reporting, more often, with new levels of assurance and comfort, the facilitating components of a total solution are coming together and becoming practical. THESE INCLUDE: AREA OF INTEREST Audit Data Standards for audit evidentiary data Reporting content Standardized formulas, rules and assertions Practical AI and machine learning tools, including analytics Seamless, transparent, available, cryptographically-supported standardized audit trail XBRL S POTENTIAL IMPACT XBRL GL as toolset for representing AICPA ADS, ISO/PC 295 XBRL taxonomies XBRL Formula and taxonomies for Smart Contracts Fed by better fuel Facilitated by blockchain/dlt; potential role of tokenization
3 Abstract Together, they may provide the new information delivery method that can facilitate organizations and auditors in meeting regulatory and market demand. In this session, the attendee will learn about: Efforts to move accounting and audit to Blockchain/Distributed Ledger technologies (B/DLT*) Methods to include or reference audit evidentiary payload using B/DLT How AI and Machine Learning can support automated analytics and help bridge the gap from periodic to real-time
4 1. Moving Accounting & Audit to B/DLT What if there was an ecosystem that uses distributed ledger technology and an open source library of accounting smart contracts sufficient to capture, process, audit and report enterprise data and performance data on a real time continuous basis under a continuous independent audit exceeding current accounting, audit and control standards? One with the capacity to meet and exceed the reliability of existing reporting and audit standards but laying down a foundation for the potential token economy?
5
6 Self-Auditing? BDLT, Tokens & Velociraptors Valuation Existence allocation Occurrence Completeness classification understandability Accuracy Presentation cutoff Obligations Rights
7 Transaction Lifecycle
8 2. Including or Referencing Audit Evidence It s not just about facts It s also about context and interrelationships Transactions do not stand on their own XBRL GL DISC OASIS BDXR UN/CEFACT SBDH SOURCE:
9 Inputs and Outputs of Audit The objective of the auditor is to plan and perform the audit to obtain appropriate audit evidence that is sufficient to support the opinion expressed in the auditor's report. 1 IAASB PCAOB AICPA
10 Audit Evidence Information used by the auditor in arriving at the conclusions on which the auditor s opinion is based. Audit evidence includes both information contained in the accounting records underlying the financial statements and other information. Sources of Evidence Accounting system/records Work of a management s expert Information prepared by the client, such as minutes of meetings, or a management representation Information from previous audit Information from acceptance and continuation evaluation Information from third parties including confirmations, analyst reports, benchmarking data Correspondence with legal entity
11 Eric s Blackbox Audit Trail from 15 Years Ago WCARS 2005
12 XBRL as Standard for B/DLT Audit - Payload for Generic BDLT Design: Any BDLT an Audit BDLT - Normalize information from disparate systems for storage or reference - Smart Contracts - Drive Smart Contract variables using XBRL taxonomies - Represent Smart Contract logic using XBRL Formula
13 Smart Contract Platform - Board Resolutions - Audit Committee Resolutions - Employment Agreements - Equity Issuance Agreements - Debt Issuance - Equity Based Compensation - Equipment Purchase - Purchase Orders
14 3. Role of AI and Machine Learning - Supporting automated analytics - Bridging the gap from periodic to realtime - Learning and adapting - Reducing delays from need for manual effort - Example: Steps related to the work of management s expert
15 Example: Role of AI/ML and Management s Expert - Information regarding the competence, capabilities and objectivity of a management s expert may come from a variety of sources, such as: - Personal experience with previous work of that expert. - Discussions with that expert. - Discussions with others who are familiar with that expert s work. - Knowledge of that expert s qualifications, membership of a professional body or industry association, license to practice, or other forms of external recognition. - Published papers or books written by that expert. - An auditor s expert, if any, who assists the auditor in obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence with respect to information produced by the management s expert.
16 Fully Integrated Continuous process WCARS 2005
17 Questions?
18 Appendix: Accounting Records from ISA 500 The records of initial accounting entries and supporting records, such as checks and records of electronic fund transfers; invoices; contracts; the general and subsidiary ledgers, journal entries and other adjustments to the financial statements that are not reflected in journal entries; and records such as work sheets and spreadsheets supporting cost allocations, computations, reconciliations and disclosures.
19 Audit Procedures and Phases Risk assessment procedure, Test of controls, Substantive procedures Procedures to obtain audit evidence (ISA 500.A2, AS , AU-C 500.A14 -.A26 ) Blockchain/DLT How do you store it XBRL How do you represent it? (Data and Asserted Rules) AI/Machine Learning How do you perform it? Inspection (documentation, including vouching, tracing, scanning?) Observation (processes or procedures) (External) Confirmation Recalculation Reperformance Analytical procedures, including scanning (AICPA) WORKING ON THESE AREAS: What s practical today What s practical tomorrow What s necessary or no longer necessary tomorrow (e.g., token economy) Inquiry
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