Renovation concepts of timber buildings using enlarged size of glazing Proholz workshop Maribor, 31 st of March 2016

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1 Design by: Kresnik_Moharič_Patekar_Potrč Renovation concepts of timber buildings using enlarged size of glazing Proholz workshop Maribor, 31 st of March 2016 Prof.dr. Miroslav Premrov Asisst. Prof. dr. Vesna Žegarac Leskovar University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering 1

2 CONTENT INTRODUCTION timber-glass buildings TIMBER STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS USE OF GLASS IN TIMBER CONSTRUCTION OPTIMAL GLAZING SIZE IN TIMBER-GLASS BUILDINGS DYNAMICAL BUILDING FORM ENERGY RENOVATION USING TIMBER-GLASS UPGRADE MODUL STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF TIMBER-GLASS BUILDINGS 2

3 1. INTRODUCTION timber-glass buildings ARCHITECTS GENERALLY PREFER Multipropose building, Destrnik L. Bačko, J. Borko, S. Lorber, D. Vogrinčič, M. Pukšič, M. Gungl TRANSPARENCY, THEREFORE THEY DESIGN BUILDINGS WITH LARGE GLAZING SURFACES GLASS as the façade component provides significant SOLAR HEAT extraction, which is possible as a result of its selective transparency. Cross Stitche House, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia FMD Architects 3

4 Integration of various materials 4

5 Classical sheathing boards (wood-based, fibreplaster boards, etc.) mostly used in the timberframe walls are replaced with glass panes. F b4 F b3 F b2 F b1 5

6 Grey energy consumption for various building materials Building material Grey energy [MJ/kg] Grey energy [MJ/m 3 ] Aluminium , ,224 Aluminium - recycled ,397 Steel , ,535 Cement ,005 12,594 Brick ,310 14,885 Glass ,039 Insulation - polystyrene 117 1,401 Timber Wood-based boards (MDF, OSB) ,720-5,694 6

7 Structural glass 800 σ [N/mm 2 ] σ [N/mm 2 ] glass timber steel 240 glass timber steel ε [ ] 18 ε [ ] σ-ε diagram of glass, timber and steel in compression (a) and tension (b) 7

8 Density ρ *kg/m 3 ] Compress. strength f c [N/mm 2 ] Tensile bending strength f mt [N/mm 2 ] Modulus of elasticity E [N/mm 2 ] Coeff. of thermal expansion α T [10-5 K -1 ] Float glass 2, , Timber C , Steel S240 7, , Concrete C30/37 2, , Ratio glass/timber Ratio glass/steel Ratio glass/concrete

9 2. TIMBER STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 9

10 1. Massive structural systems Log construction Solid timber construction massive panel system modular building block system 10

11 Cross Laminated Timber XLAM - humidity of boards 12 ± 2 %, - w:t > 4:1, - adhesive according to EN 301, mostly poliuretan, - prefabricated wall and floor elements, up to 16.5 m in length, 3 m in height, thickness mostly to 0.6 m. 11

12 - wall elements of thickness 57 mm to 128 mm, - five-layer wall elements of 95 mm, - three-layer wall elements of 94 mm, - For residential buildings; the minimum wall thickness for three-storey system is about 90 mm. Each additional storey requires a 10 mm increase in wall thickness per storey (except for the top three floors), Smith and Frangi, Fb4 Fb3 Fb2 Fb1 M V Ng + Np + Ns 12

13 - better fire resistance, - better thermal capacity, - higher load-bearing capacity. - the highest timber buildings, London 9-storey building. Economic and other non-technical considerations suggest that the maximum number of storeys that will ever be constructed from timber plates alone lies in the range 12 to 15 (40 m to 50 m), Smith and Frangi,

14 Producer number of layers thickness [mm] planar max. dimensions [mm x mm] Binderholz ,000 x 16,500 CLT Binderholz ,000 x 16,500 CLT Binderholz ,000 x 16,500 CLT KLH ,000 x 16,500 CLT KLH ,000 x 16,500 CLT KLH ,000 x 16,500 CLT KLH ,000 x 16,500 CLT KLH ,000 x 16,500 CLT Leno ,800 x 20,000 CLT Leno ,800 x 20,000 CLT Leno ,800 x 20,000 CLT Bresta ,800 x 12,000 edge-fixed elements Ligno-Swiss / ,100 x 15,000 box element Schuler-Blockholz / ,000 x 9,000 ribbedelement Ruwa Holzbau / x 20,000 block system type 14

15 Prefabricated wall elements Wall thickness [mm] Number of layers Thickness of each layer A net [mm 2 ] I = I = I [mm 2 ] [10 4 mm 4 ] L=1m L=2m A q I full I eff [10 4 mm 4 ] Note: actual thickness depends on the static conditions 15

16 Prefabricated floor elements floor thickness [mm] Number of layers Thickness of each layer A net [mm 2 ] = I = I = [mm 2 ] [10 4 mm 4 ] L=1m L=4m A q I full I eff [10 4 mm 4 ] Note: actual thickness depends on the static conditions 16

17 Basic type U = 0.23 W/m2K izolacija nosilna konstrukcija material thickness [mm] External plaster 5.0 facade insulation stone wool CLT construction (5 layers) 95.0 fibre-plaster board 12.5 total thickness of the wall

18 Improved type U = 0.18 W/m2K material thickness [mm] External plaster 5.0 facade insulation stone wool CLT construction (5 layers) 95.0 glass wool 50 fibre-plaster board 12.5 total thickness of the wall

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23 Service class 1 Imposed load category A (ψ0 = 0.7 and ψ2 = 0.3): kmod = 0.8 Load-bearing capacity Test as a buckling bar (compression according to equivalent beam method) Structural fire design (one-sided burn-of fire) a) Charring rate β0 = 0.67 mm/min if the burnoff only takes place in the covering layer or in the top double-layer b) Charring rate β0 = 0.76 mm/min if several layers are affected (for the entire time of fire exposure) c) Additional eccentricity due to burn-off taken into account This table is only intended for structural preanalysis purposes and does not replace necessary static calculations! 23

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26 2. OPTIMAL GLAZING SIZE IN TIMBER-GLASS BUILDINGS 26

27 The most important parameters influencing the energy performance of buildings are listed below: - Location of the building and climate data for the specific location - Orientation of the building - Properties of the materials installed, such as timber, glass, insulation, boards, etc. - Building design (shape factor, length-to-width ratio, glazing size, building envelope properties, window properties) - Selection of active technical systems. 27

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29 AGAWopt PRELIMINARY PAR.RESEARCH GLAZING-TO-WALL AREA RATIO AGAW = A G S / A WALL S SHAPE FACTOR F S = A / V [m -1 ] BUILDING ASPECT RATIO AR L = L / W 29

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31 Optimal values of AGAW in the south-oriented external wall element as a function of the U wall value for timber construction systems Source: Zegarac Leskovar, V.; Premrov M.: Energy - Efficient Timber - Glass Houses, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., (2013)

32 3. DYNAMICAL BUILDING FORM Pasiv house in Darmstadt (Source: ). 32

33 F S GENERAL GUIDELINES: COMPACT FORM

34 Direct implementation (glass as resisting structural material) Two-storey single family house with HGV wall elements, built in Eichgraben (Austria) 34

35 Transmission losses Q T Internal gains Q I Solar gains Q S Ventilation losses Q V Q H ΦH = ΦL - ΦG ΦL= ΦT + ΦV ΦG = (ΦI + ΦS) x ƞg

36 PARAMETRIC STUDY SINGLE STOREY HOUSE A ground floor = 81 m 2 V = 243 m 3 F s = 1.47 m -1 AGAW opt = 0.35 (optimal glazing size for south orientation) U wall = 0.10 W/m 2 K U floor = 0.10 W/m 2 K U roof = 0.10 W/m 2 K U g = 0.51 W/m 2 K, U f = 0.73 W/m 2 K, g = 52%, 4E E4 (Kr)

37 A = 81 m2 = Const.! V = 243 m3 = Const.! Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model

38 THREE DIFFERENT CLIMATIC REGIONS LJUBLJANA T av( ) = C Gt = hours GHI av = 1253 kwh/m 2 Helsinki MÜNCHEN T av( ) = 9.23 C Gt = hours GHI av = 1197 kwh/m 2 HELSINKI T av( ) = 6.36 C Gt = hours GHI av = 996 kwh/m 2

39 PROJECT JELOVICA ( ) Authors (students from University of Maribor): TOMAŽ PAŽEK UROŠ POKERŽNIK DANIJEL ZOREC Authors (students from University of Maribor): NUŠA KOROŠAK SELMA ROGAČ KAJA ŠVAB ROK MURKO 39

40 4. ENERGY RENOVATION USING TIMBER-GLASS UPGRADE MODUL 40

41 4.1. Energy refurbishment of buildings - facts - new buildings add annually 1% or less to the existing stock, - the other 99% of buildings are already built and produce 24% of the energy-use induced carbon emissions, - about 2/3 of the existing buildings are over 30 years old, - about 40% of existing buildings are over 50 years old, - thermal insulation of building envelopes were introduced starting in /12/2016

42 Energy use in the building and thermal transmittance of the external wall according to the year of construction Slovenian housing stock Year of construction until 1965 until 1968 until 1970 until 1977 until 1980 until 1983 until 1987 until 1990 until 1995 until Multi-family building (kwh/m 2 a) > / / / U of the external wall (W/m 2 K) /12/2016

43 4.2. Timber-glass upgrade modul timber-glass upgrade modul 4/12/2016

44 4.3. Implementation of the upgrade modul Refurbishment of multi-family buildings Multi-family building A (Velenje) three-storey, constructed in 1951, a = m, b = 9.64 m, a/b = 6.12 AGAWsouth = 15.2%. Multi-family building B (Velenje) five-storey, constructed in 1965, a = m, b = 19 m, a/b = 0.95 AGAWsouth = 34.2%. 4/12/2016

45 5. STRUCTURAL STABILITY 45

46 Tested one and two-storey test samples demonstrated an excellent behaviour under seismic excitation up to 150% of the modified Landers and Petrovac recorded earthquake accelerations with practical no damage in glass or in adhesive. 46

47 Research building of the Holzforschung Austria (HFA) (Timber research institute of Austria). 47

48 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 48