Precedent Analysis arc 572 UT Solar Decathlon 2009 Made in Germany Technische Universitat Darmstadt I Germany I 2007

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1 01 Winning Solar Decathlon House Team Deutschland 02 Concept diagram The concept of the house is passive energy use designing for high quality living with minimal energy use. The house combines both hightech active solar and low-tech passive solar components into an operable building envelope of movable photovoltaic shutters. The building is arranged in three layers louvered photovoltaic panels, thermal envelope, and the Plexiglass-enclosed core (consisting of the kitchen, bathroom and a major part of the building systems). The interior is flexible to meet the demands of multiple users, and can be recycled and reconfigured.

2 02 Section plan 01 Floor plan w/ open louvers The house was assembled in three sections, each consisting of platform, living area, and roof.

3 01 Site/accessibility plan 02 Axon study

4 01 South elevation 02 West elevation

5 01 Wall section, West 02 Platform floor plan The platform is based on the platform system that Volkswagen created in the 1990s for cars. The idea was to produce a prefabricated platform, shared by and adjustable to different automobile types. The platform in Team Deutschland s house is composed of a top and bottom layer of structural veneered plywood, which give the house the needed stiffness to absorb torsion movements. In between the layers are electrical, water, and ventilation systems; storage; and integrated furniture. The two layers are seperated by short wood stud walls, which act as the bearings for the flooring and also transfer the incoming loads onto the platform through to the steel feet into the ground. The floor is highly insulated. The system allows for customization and quick assembly.

6 01 Attic detail. South Unlike most of the other entries, the German Solar Decathlon House features a highly-insulated flat roof. There are multiple layers for optimal performance; the first layer consists of the carrying timber structure and particle board (they serve both as bracing and an additional vapor barrier); the actual vapor barrier of aluminium foil; and finally the sloped thermal insulation of vacuum insulation panels. These insulation panels are filled with evacuated silicic acid of vacuum material which are approximately 10 times better in comparison to an equal thickness layer of polysterole insulation. Any exposed wooden framing is covered with zinc plates to protect it from moisture. Additonal photovoltaic panels line the exterior of the roof. Crossbeams in the roof are sheathed with OSB to absorb torsion forces.

7 01 Component joint details

8 01 Structural section The house is made from wood framing because it is a sustainable material, readily available, transportable, and easy for the students to work with. All of the house s structural and live forces are supported by the core, the wood stud walls on the east and west sides of the house, and the studs at the module joints.

9 02 Engineering systems 01 Technical plan A compact house shape with a highly insulated building envelope was chosen to minimize the amount of energy needed to provide an optimum of living comfort. Overheating in the summer is prevented with an overhang, moveable louver frames, and phase-changing microcapsules of paraffin embedded in gypsum plasterboard, which serve as a thermal mass to storie the heat of the day and release it at night. In the winter energy from the sun is available through the huge south facing window façade. The highly insulated walls and windows keep this heat inside the house. Additionally, air can be heated with a heat pump powered by the PV system. Simulations were conducted proir to construction to test different weather scenarios and different types of materials. Simulations included heating, cooling, electrical, daylighting, and interior climate tests. Integrated technical components were adapted to the results.

10 01 Operable photovoltaic louvers All sides of the house are faced with operable louvers. What makes these louvers unique is that each oak louver has a small solar panel placed on it. The louvers are geared so that they operate in unison to follow the sun and can be closed off to give privacy or opened to allow light into the house. The house also uses phase-changing microcapsules of paraffin embedded in the ceiling and walls on the east and west sides where the envelope is opaque. The microcapsules change state from solid to liquid as they are heated by the sun during the day, then slowly release this heat back into the house during the night. Paraffin is low cost, non toxic, and is a lightweight alternative to trombe walls. The phase-changing paraffin did not contribute directly to the energy efficiency of the house, but saves energy by reducing high temperature swings inside to keep equipment from running at peak levels. 02 Crystalline PV ingots The team contracted with a German company to die-cut crystalline PV ingots over the canopy of the south loggia. The panels block light to the interior in the summer, and let light through in the winter. They also allow for a play of light and shadow on the interior façade. The panels are made of two sheets of glass which sandwich the PV cells in between. These panels are usually opaque because of their thickness. The Engineering Jury gave this team an innovation score that was as high as you could go, and said nobody did the integration of the PV system any better.

11 01 Material palette

12 02 German oak and Plexiglas core 01 Floors and frames made from German oak 03 Carpet The core was made from Plexiglas, with a recessed stainless steel frame. The recesses in the German oak floor were covered in carpet. Major sponsors included the German companies Bosch, Hochtief, and HauBler.

13 02 Kitchen 01 Core floor plan, open position The core is the technical heart of the house as it includes all the building services. It contains both the bathroom and kitchen, as well as units for ventilation, thermal conditioning and electric energy. Both the kitchen on the south side and the bathroom on the north side have two states: open and minimized. For example, to make coffee in the morning, you would use the minimized kitchenette, but in the evening to prepare a big dinner for friends you would get double the space and an outdoor connection just by moving the worktable. You would use the minimized bathroom to wash your hands, but to take a full shower you would move the flexible northern walls to double the size of the bathroom and allow full daylight.

14 01 Bathroom elevation 03 German appliances The highly efficient appliances are by Bosch-Siemens- Hausgeräte (BSH), the simple sanitary objects are by Philippe Starck for Duravit, the kitchen and bathroom fittings are by Dornbracht, the glass shower base Element Planum is by Sprinz, and the Plexiglas is by Degussa Röhm. 02 Kitchen/Bath section

15 01 Interior lighting 02 Electrical systems In the house there are different lighting types for different functions; ambient, accent and scenic lighting. There are down lights and directional lights in the living area, a task light at the desk, a task light at the mirror in the bathroom, and LEDs integrated into the architecture and furniture to turn these items into light objects. Outdoors LEDs are integrated into the deck floor for orientation and accent light. The louvres sourounding the house can be opened to let in daylight. At night the house itself becomes a light sculpture, by allowing thin rays of light to glitter through the thin gaps between the shutter louvers. There are four different bus systems: lights, switches and outlets are controlled by the LCN bus system, and temperature, humidity, CO2 and the current consumption 03 View of house at night of energy are measured by the EIB, Mod-Bus and M-Bus systems. All of the systems are connected into an integrated touch pad, or can be controlled by manual switches.

16 To help maintain the desired temperature inside, the North side glass façade consists of four layer of glass panes in insulated wooden frames, and the South side façade consists of three layers of glass in insulated frames. The house seems more spacious than its 800 square feet because its north-side glass wall opens onto a patio, also clad in oak panels so that it maintains continuity with the structure s facades. 01 Interior/exterior porch

17 01 Photovoltaic panels in shutters and roof 02 Crystalline PV ingots The team planned to earn the bulk of energy on their flat roof. Twenty panels are oriented to the south and the other twenty are oriented to the north (slope = 3 degrees). The reason for the flat solar panels was to maximize building height and to show that a solar roof did not have to have such an enormous influence on architecture. Compared to the optimal slope and orientation, the team only lost eight percent of efficiency (result of simulations). The team scored a perfect 100 in the Energy Balance category. 03 Plan of PV cells

18 01 Bathroom shower 02 Bathroom shower and lavatory Two solar thermal collectors are integrated into the flat roof. These modules supply warm water for showering, the washer, dryer, dishwasher and provide floor heating in the bathroom. 03 Water section

19 01 Solar powered car 02 Solar powered car

20 The house will return to Germany after the Solar Decathlon and be used as a solar power plant to power on-campus buildings and feed into the German power grid. To finance the installation of the photovoltaics, the university sold shares to the public and will use the profits from the energy produced to pay back the shareholders. 01 Team webpage

21 01 Built-in bed 02 Build in lounge/storage The furniture is designed and arranged following two principles: floor integration and flexibility. The living room lounge area and the bed are integrated in recesses in the floor which can be closed; dining and workspace furniture can be folded away to provide empty space for larger events or different user scenarios. Arranging the furniture in different heights also creates a landscape within the house, allowing surprising views and connections and making the small footprint seem spacious. The multimedia and entertainment system is interconnected in the walls and ceiling. There are built-in speakers, a flat-screen LCD TV, subwoofer, and game consol, all connected to an integrated touch pad. 03 Collapsible table and chairs

22 01 House as city infill 02 House in suburban setting Permanent Users: The house is used all the year, either as an independent home or as a guest house. With slight modifications, it can be enlarged for use by up to 4 people. Temporary Users: The house can be used as a leased mobile home, or temporary housing for employees. The house is economic because of its compactness and self-supplied energy. Mobile Users: The house is transportable and modular. The house is adaptable to changing requirements and can be placed at any site because of its privacy louvers and grid independence. 03 House as condo units