Basic Calf Needs. Calf & Heifer Congress 2015 Calf Housing Systems That Work: Options & Management
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1 Calf & Heifer Congress 2015 Calf Housing Systems That Work: Options & Management Curt Gooch, P.E. Dairy Environmental Systems Engineer Cornell University Basic Calf Needs
2 Basic Calf Needs Optimal nutrition (quality and quality) Free access to clean water A clean, dry, and comfortable resting area Pathogen control Observation by caretaker Adequate, draft-free ventilation (air exchange) For Calf Housing Systems to work Basic Calf Needs Must be Met! Optimal nutrition (quality and quality) Formulation and deliver of appropriate feeds/ cleanliness Free access to clean water Access to & delivery of free choice clean water/cleanliness A clean, dry, & comfortable resting area Properly designed & managed calf resting surface For Calf Housing Systems to work Basic Calf Needs Must be Met! Pathogen control Facility design, stocking density, chemicals, protocols/management Disease Resistance vs. Disease Challenge: Good Management Disease Resistance Disease Challenge Observation by caretaker Facility design, protocols/management Adequate, draft-free ventilation Facility design, protocols/management, maintenance Time Source: Large Dairy Herd Mgmt.
3 Disease Resistance vs. Disease Challenge: Poor Calving Area Sanitation Disease Resistance vs. Disease Challenge: Poor Colostrum Management Disease Resistance Disease Challenge Disease Resistance Disease Challenge Time Time Source: Large Dairy Herd Mgmt. Source: Large Dairy Herd Mgmt. Disease Resistance vs. Disease Challenge: Inadequate Housing Disease Resistance Disease Challenge Time Source: Large Dairy Herd Mgmt.
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5 Spatial Requirements for Pre- Weaned Calves (for a month) (No. Milking Cows + Dry Cows) x U x CPY x I x XS 12 where: U = uniformity of calving (1.1 to 1.2) CPY = total calvings per hd annually (1.05) I = incidence of live birth (0.95) XS = extra space for fallow period (1.25) Note: CPY based on a preg rate of 15% The Calf Hutch
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7 Reasons for Moving Away from the Calf Hutch The environment a calf is exposed to depends on barn design & mgmt. Group housed calf barns should be designed with the basic calf needs in mind first. These needs are non-negotiable with the builder.
8 BASICS OF VENTILATION Four Basic Ventilation Seasons Winter (Cold) FRESH AIR IN MOISTURE DUST MIXING PATHOGENS GASES HEAT SLIGHTLY STALE AIR OUT Draft occurs when: 1) Air speed is greater than 50 fpm when temperature < 50F (Mitchell, 1975) Late Fall/Early Spring (Transition) Early-Mid Fall/Early-Mid Spring (Warm) Late Spring/Summer/Early Fall (Hot) 2) Air speed is greater than 98 fpm with calves < 12 weeks (Webster, 1981) VENTILATION: How Much for Replacements? Manure Gases in Dairy Barns Animal Group Weight (lbs.) Air Exchange Rate cfm per head (No. room volumes/hr.) Cold Mild Warm Summer Newborn (6) 30 (12) 65 (30) 100 (60) Transition (6) 40 (12) 85 (30) 130 (60) Adolescent (A & B) (6) 50 (12) 100 (30) 150 (60) Adolescent (C & D) 800-1, (6) 60 (12) 120 (30) 180 (60)
9 Area of Ventilation Focus: Calf Nose Zone Ventilation System Options Natural Natural Assisted/Mechanical Assist Positive Pressure Mechanical Negative Pressure Neutral Pressure Natural Ventilation
10 Naturally Ventilated Barns Are Cold Barns Important Natural Ventilation Performance Factors... Site Selection Building Orientation Adjustable Sidewalls Adjustable Endwalls Eaves Ridge Opening
11 OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.)
12 OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.)
13 OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12-16" Aluminum Roof 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity 12 4 Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.)
14 OPEN RIDGE W/ UPSTANDS " Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Aluminum Roof 12 x Flashing (typ.) Open Eave CURB Top Curtain Rolls Down To Open Bottom Curtain Rolls Up To Open Plastic Coated Metal Bird Screen 4' x 8' CALF PEN BEDDING CONCRETE WALKWAY Slope 2% 6" CURB Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope 2% 2'-6" 10' COUNTER SLOPE TO DRAIN SLOPE TO DRAIN Trim (typ.) Flashing Bird Screen y12-16 Roof Cladding 1 10' 1 32' Compacted Stone Base (typ.) Compacted Stone Base Footer Below Frost (typ.) Top Cord of Truss Flashing (typ.) Flashing (typ.) x x Trim (typ.) Bird Screen y Roof Cladding Trim (typ.) Bird Screen y Roof Cladding Flashing Flashing Top Cord of Truss Top Cord of Truss
15 Flashing Difficulties with Natural Ventilation Purlin (typ.) Aluminum Roof Fastened w/ SS Screws Truss Top Chord Or Rafter Board Mimimum Opening* Flashing w/ Comfoming Foam Sealer 1. Management 2. Cool/cold conditions with closed curtains 3. Drafts 4. Conditions with little natural airflow 5. Barn widths Use of solid pen partitions Natural Assisted - Mechanical Assist Ventilation Natural Assisted Ventilation Negative Pressure - Peak Fans Use fans to augment natural ventilation Insulated Exhaust Duct Louvered Cupola Up to 1,000 cfm/cow Two methods: 1. Negative pressure system (exhaust fans) 2. Positive pressure system (forced air plenums) Top Curtain Opened Bottom Curtain Opened Truss Bottom Chord (typ.) Large Diameter Fan Spaced ~20' o.c. Ceiling (typ.) Split Curtain Sidewall System (typ.)
16 Natural Assisted Ventilation Positive Pressure (forced air plenums) Forced Air Plenum Systems 1. Fans at one or both ends force air into plenum and discharge through holes 2. Fans, plenum, and hole sizes based on ventilation season 3. Generally one air plenum per ventilation season 4. Bottom of air plenum ~ 7-8 above floor with some flexibility based on limitations
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18 Translucent/Transparent Cladding increased evaporation of moisture increased production of manure gases increased air moisture from respiration heat stress fluctuating temperatures pathogen buildup
19 Mechanical Ventilation Systems are Appropriate when Mechanical Ventilation 1. The barn is poorly exposed to wind 2. Summer winds are not sustained 3. Barns are wider than ~> Desired to operate as a warm barn 5. If the owner prefers this approach
20 VENTILATION: How Much for Replacements? Animal Group Weight (lbs.) Air Exchange Rate cfm per head (No. room volumes/hr.) Cold Mild Warm Summer Newborn (6) 30 (12) 65 (30) 100 (60) Transition (6) 40 (12) 85 (30) 130 (60) Adolescent (A & B) (6) 50 (12) 100 (30) 150 (60) Design of Mechanically Ventilated Barns is a combination of art and science. Adolescent (C & D) 800-1, (6) 60 (12) 120 (30) 180 (60) Review Mechanical Ventilation System Options Positive Pressure Negative Pressure Neutral Pressure
21 USE AWNING WITH 12" OPENING EXISTING BANK BARN OPTIONAL 12" OPENING 4 12 NORTH EXISTING HAYMOW 6' 10' OPEN FRONT W/ 10 ' 12' CLEARANCE NECK RAIL WATERER EXISTING COLUMN 30"X48" DUCT 2" CONT. OPENING FEED TABLE 6" STEP ACCESS ALLEY CONCRETE APRON SLOPED 2% NEW SCRAPE ALLEY BEDDING Ridge Cap Foam Board Insulation (typ.) Aluminum Roof " Flat Ceiling Adjacent to Inlet (typ.) Truss Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity < 75 from inlet to exhaust Continuously Open Eave (typ.) 8' Curtain Sidewall (typ.) Inlet Air (typ.) Inlet Air (typ.) Negative Pressure Slot Inlet (typ.) Fluorescent Light 4' x 8' Calf Pen Ventilation Fan Bank (typ.) Counter Slope Feed & Water Fixture (typ.) (typ.) Exhaust Air To Drain (typ.) Pails (typ.) 6" Curb (typ.) 2% Slope Slope Slope 2% Slope 2% Slope Slope Slope 2% Slope ' 20' 20' 60' Compacted Stone Base Compacted Stone Footer Below Base (typ.) Frost (typ.) Slope to Drain
22 Ridge Cap Ridge Cap Foam Board Insulation (typ.) Aluminum Roof Foam Board Insulation (typ.) Aluminum Roof 4 12 Truss 4 12 Truss 18" Flat Ceiling Adjacent to Inlet (typ.) Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity 18" Flat Ceiling Adjacent to Inlet (typ.) Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Continuously Open Eave (typ.) 8' Curtain Sidewall (typ.) Inlet Air (typ.) Slot Inlet (typ.) Counter Slope To Drain (typ.) 2% Slope Slope Inlet Air (typ.) Fluorescent Light Feed & Water Fixture (typ.) Pails (typ.) Slope 2% Slope Negative Pressure 4' x 8' Calf Pen Ventilation Fan Bank (typ.) (typ.) Exhaust Air 6" Curb (typ.) 2% Slope Slope Slope 2% Slope Slope to Drain Continuously Open Eave (typ.) 8' Curtain Sidewall (typ.) Inlet Air (typ.) Slot Inlet (typ.) Counter Slope To Drain (typ.) 2% Slope Slope Inlet Air (typ.) Fluorescent Light Feed & Water Fixture (typ.) Pails (typ.) Slope 2% Slope Negative Pressure 4' x 8' Calf Pen Ventilation Fan Bank (typ.) (typ.) Exhaust Air 6" Curb (typ.) 2% Slope Slope Slope 2% Slope Slope to Drain ' 20' 20' 60' Compacted Stone Base Compacted Stone Footer Below Base (typ.) Frost (typ.) ' 20' 20' 60' Compacted Stone Base Compacted Stone Footer Below Base (typ.) Frost (typ.) Ridge Cap Foam Board Insulation (typ.) Aluminum Roof " Flat Ceiling Adjacent to Inlet (typ.) Truss Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Continuously Open Eave (typ.) 8' Curtain Sidewall (typ.) Inlet Air (typ.) Slot Inlet (typ.) Counter Slope To Drain (typ.) 2% Slope Slope Inlet Air (typ.) Fluorescent Light Feed & Water Fixture (typ.) Pails (typ.) Slope 2% Slope Negative Pressure 4' x 8' Calf Pen Ventilation Fan Bank (typ.) (typ.) Exhaust Air 6" Curb (typ.) 2% Slope Slope Slope 2% Slope Slope to Drain ' 20' 20' 60' Compacted Stone Base Compacted Stone Footer Below Base (typ.) Frost (typ.)
23 Exhaust Fan Ceiling Inlet Exhaust Fan Ceiling Inlet
24 Ridge Cap Foam Board Insulation (typ.) Aluminum Roof " Flat Ceiling Adjacent to Inlet (typ.) Truss Truss Webs Omitted for Clarity Continuously Open Eave (typ.) Curtain Sidewall (typ.) 8 8' Inlet Air (typ.) Slot Inlet (typ.) Counter Slope To Drain (typ.) 2% Slope Slope Inlet Air (typ.) Fluorescent Light Feed & Water Fixture (typ.) Pails (typ.) Slope 2% Slope Negative Pressure 4' x 8' Calf Pen Ventilation Fan Bank (typ.) (typ.) Exhaust Air 6" Curb (typ.) 2% Slope Slope Slope 2% Slope Slope to Drain ' 20' 20' 60' Compacted Stone Base Compacted Stone Footer Below Base (typ.) Frost (typ.) Review Mechanical Ventilation System Options Positive Pressure Negative Pressure Neutral Pressure
25 Air Inlets Air Inlets
26 Review Mechanical Ventilation System Options Positive Pressure Negative Pressure Neutral Pressure Novel Approach to Calf Barn Ventilation Mechanical ventilation to control ventilation air streams for cold and transition ventilation seasons using neutral ventilation to ensure predictable, low-velocity air exchange at calf nose level Novel Approach to Preweaned Calf Barn Ventilation (cross sectional drawing) Insulation Stop (typ.) 4 12 Insulation Vented Ridge Cap Painted Aluminum Ceiling w/6 mil Poly Continuous VB 3' x 5' PP 3' x 5' PP 3' x 5' PP 3' x 5' PP Provide a means to temper ventilation air for very cold conditions Closed Eave & Soffit (typ.) Insulated Curtain Sidewall (typ.) Air Duct Air Plenum for min vent only (tempered air) (typ.) 16' Air Duct 8' Air Duct Air Duct 10' Use natural, natural-assist, or positive pressure ventilation for warm and hot conditions 4'-11" 5'-5" 50' Negative pressure exhause plenum with fans at each end, continuous operation
27 10' Novel Approach to Preweaned Calf Barn Ventilation (cross sectional drawing) Vented Ridge Cap Novel Approach to Pre-weaned Calf Barn Ventilation 15 x 15 pens 8 calves/pen 28 sq. ft./calf (plan view drawing) 2' Deep x3' Wide Exhaust Air Plenum (Below Grade) 2' Deep x 3' Wide Exhaust Air Plenum (Below Grade) ' 130' 150' Insulation Stop (typ.) Insulation Painted Aluminum Ceiling w/6 mil Poly Continuous VB 3'x5' Air Duct (typ.): Ceiling In Attic Mounted Tempered Air Supply Plenum 2' 5' Closed Eave & Soffit (typ.) 3' x 5' PP Air Duct Air Plenum for min vent only (tempered air) (typ.) 16' 3' x 5' PP Air Duct 8' 3' x 5' PP Air Duct 3' x 5' PP Air Duct 10,000 cfm fan Vertical Transition (typ.) 10,000 cfm fan Slope 2% 8 Pens 10,000 cfm fan 10,000 cfm fan Rolled steel plate w/ plenum inlet holes 14' 25' Insulated Curtain Sidewall (typ.) 8' 8' 50' 4'-11" 5'-5" 50' Negative pressure exhause plenum with fans at each end, continuous operation 10' 4'-10" 10,000 cfm fan 10,000 cfm fan Calf Needs Support Room Slope 2% 8 Pens at 8 Calves Per Pen 8 Pens 10,000 cfm fan 10,000 cfm fan 4'-9" Vent Supply Fan 15' Tempered Air Supply Plenum 16' Ventilation Air Inters Attic Through Engineered Endwall Louvers
28 Ventilation Air Supply Plenum Engineered Ventilation Fan (Not Visible) Engineered Discharge Holes (size and Spacing Water to Air Heat Exchanger Engineered Ventilation Exhaust Air Plenum/Wash-down Gutter
29 Engineered Exhaust Fan (Both Ends of Exhaust Air Plenum)
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33 Demko Calf Barn 1. Site for barn not well exposed to wind 2. Farm wanted to full mechanically ventilate barn 3. Four ventilation season approach used 4. Cold air can be tempered Demko Calf Barn 4. Designed with 8 pens, 25 calves/pen 5. Exhaust air plenum doubles as washdown water collection gutter 6. Automated feeders 7. Constructed 2012 Demko Farm Wet Calf Barn Floor Plan 22 x 53 pens 25 calves/pen 46 sq. ft./calf Exhaust Fan (typ.) Demko Farm Wet Calf Barn Floor Plan Below-Grade Exhaust Air Plenum/Floor Wash Down Gutter Exhaust Fan (typ.) Air Plenum Exhaust Fan, Both Ends Plate 1 Plate 4 Plate 3 Plate 2 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 1 Scraped/Washdown Area 5' 5' Exhaust Air Plenum/Floor Wash Down Gutter 22' (Below Grade), Bottom Sloped to the East Air Plenum Exhaust Fan, Both Ends Plate 1 Plate 4 Plate 3 Plate 2 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 1 Scraped/Washdown Area 5' 5' Exhaust Air Plenum/Floor Wash Down Gutter 22' (Below Grade), Bottom Sloped to the East N 8 Pens 8 Pens at up to 25 Calves Per Pen Bedded Area 53' 66' N 8 Pens at up to 25 Calves Per Pen Bedded Area 53' 66' Air Plenums (Stacked) with Discharge Holes Air Plenums (Stacked) with Discharge Holes 182' Pos. Pressure Ventilation Fans (4, Stacked), Both Ends 182' Pos. Pressure Ventilation Fans (4, Stacked), Both Ends
34 New Insulated, Mechanically Ventilated Barn 180 x 66, 10 ceiling height 8 pens, 22 x 53, 20 calves per pen 52.8 ft. 2 /calf Mechanical Ventilation System Positive Pressure Air Plenums and Discharge Holes
35 Engineered Ventilation Exhaust Air Plenum/Washdown Gutter Automated Calf Feeder Designated Wash-down Area Ventilation System Negative Pressure (North) Side of Barn Ventilation System Controls Stage Control All weather Trench Duct, Engineered Holes One of two Trench Duct Fans East Side Exhaust Fans in Wall for Warm/Hot Ventilation Seasons
36 Starter Grain also at Front of Pen. Intakes at Weaning 4 6 lbs. (and up) Average Daily Gain Improved Efficiency 2013 Avg. Birth weight = 86 lbs Avg. Birth weight = 95 lbs. Days on Milk n=17 n=18 n=18 n=17 Increased Weaning Weights Sheland Calf Barn 1. Site for barn not well exposed to wind 2. Farm wanted to mechanically ventilate barn for cool/cold & naturally for summer 3. Five ventilation season approach used 4. Cold/cold season air can be tempered 5. Mech. assist for warm & hot seasons
37 Sheland Calf Barn 6. Designed with 4 pens, 25 calves/pen 7. Automated feeders 8. Constructed 2014
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40 Moserdale Calf Barn 1. Site for barn not well exposed to wind 2. Farm wanted to mechanically ventilate barn for cool/cold & naturally for summer 3. Five ventilation season approach used 4. Cold/cold season air can be tempered 5. Mech. assist for warm & hot seasons Moserdale Calf Barn 6. Wanted exhaust air plenum to be located above grade to save costs 7. Air streams perpendicular to pens
41 Whey Street Dairy Calf Barn 6. Wanted exhaust air plenum to be located above grade to save costs
42 Beller Calf Barn Existing 45' Wide Barn 1. Site for barn not well exposed to wind Calf Needs Support Room 24" x 32" Opening to Receive AeroTech Pit Transition with Model AT18F Fan (typ.) 8" 6' 4' 2. Farm wanted to mechanically ventilate barn for cool/cold & naturally for summer 3. Five ventilation season approach used 10' 12' 12' 8' Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Section 2 Section 2 Section 3 Sections 3/4 Section 4 Section 4 Sections 3/4 Section 3 Section 2 Section 2 Section 1 Section 1 Section 1 Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 Plate 10 Plate 11 Plate 12 Plate 13 Plate 14 Plate 15 Plate 16 Rolled steel 8' plates 3' Wide x 2' DeepCast-in-Place Concete w/ plenum inlet slots Air Plenum/Drain Gutter Below Grade 14'-6" (see table for specs.) 128' 30' 8 Pens at Calves Per Pen Slope 2% 50' 4. Cold/cold season air can be tempered Vent Supply Fan 16' Tempered Air Supply Plenum 134' 5. Mech. assist for warm & hot seasons
43 Phase 3 Dec 2014 New Barn! 132 x 48 ft Neutral Pressure Ventilation Curtain on north wall Interior Fresh Air Inlet Ducts on North wall Floor Exhaust Duct on south side 3 intake fans for 2 positive air ducts 3 intake fans for 2 positive air ducts New barn Tees to old milk house which Tees to heifer barn South side has auxiliary exhaust wall fans as well as floor duct exhaust fans Fans for floor exhaust duct Neutral Pressure Ventilation Natural (curtain) with Mechanical Assist (Ducts) Fans and size of openings in intake ducts and exhaust duct are designed for appropriate fresh air inflow flow and exhaust = neutral pressure Right wall: Positive Pressure Ducts air at nose level winter and transition seasons Fresh air nose level Transition duct intake fan at each end Left side alley floor: Floor Exhaust Duct and fans air out Left wall: Auxiliary exhaust wall fans more exchange Floor exhaust duct (plenum) Winter/year round duct, 1 intake fan *Ventilation Design & Engineering Curt Gooch, PE Cornell *Ventilation Design & Engineering Curt Gooch, PE Cornell
44 All year (lower) and transition season ducts (upper) Not using supplemental heat; insulated ceiling Fan and Curtain Controls Pathogen Control 1. Trickle in, all out model 2. Fallow period 25% extra space 3. Biosecurity protocols 4. High pressure washing in the barn? 5. Wash feeding systems
45 Closing Comments Closing Comments 1. Implement the basics 2. Remember the calf hutch model! 3. Caretakers/barn managers need to understand ventilation principles 4. Ensure air exchange at calf level get help with ventilation system design. 5. Provide fallow space 6. Pathogen control very important Have Fun!
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