Exotic Species are also used for: 2/15/2017

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1 2/15/2017 Aquatic/Wetland Terrestrial United States Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office ; John D. Byrd, Mississippi State University; Karan Rawlins, University of Georgia; Chris Evans, River to River CWMA; Skip Snow, National Park Service; E. Richard Hoebeke, Cornell University 98% of U.S. Food System is based on Introduced Species Exotic Species are also used for: Landscape Restoration Biological Pest Control Hunting/Fishing Pets Ornamental Hardy-easy to grow Does not require attention, care free Easy to propagate Abundant flowers Attracts birds Disease and pest resistant Invasive Habitat generalist Out-competes other plants Reproduces easily Abundant seeds Bird-dispersed seeds Not affected by native pests and diseases 1

2 450 Spread of Chinese Privet in the South Population size Time Number of Counties Infested Year Competition lack of natural predators, pests and diseases may give exotic species an advantage over natives Habitat Changes management practices and land use changes may favor establishment Pine forest understory is solid Cogongrass Chris Evans, River to River CWMA; Pine forest understory is native plant community Forest understory is solid Chinese privet Native mixed hardwood forest understory plant community Most invasive species readily invade open disturbed habitats Roadsides Cut-over forests Agriculture fields Streamside management zones Construction sites Pastures Old fields Right of Ways Fencerows Ditches Road maintenance Karan Rawlins, University of Georgia; Chris Evans, River to River CWMA 2

3 Japanese Honeysuckle Privet (7 species) Kudzu Non-native Elaeagnus Japanese Climbing Fern Tallowtree Non-native Roses Non-native Wisteria Cogongrass 739,400 Acres (x27) 345,000 Acres (x13) 26,600 Acres 17,800 Acres 9,200 Acres 7,000 Acres 5,800 Acres 5,000 Acres < 300 Acres 18 Million Acres Occupied by 33 Taxa 9 Percent of Forested Acres in South Japanese Honeysuckle 739,400 (x27) Privet (7 species) 345,000 (x13) Kudzu 26,600 Non-native Elaeagnus 17,800 Jap. Climbing Fern 9,200 Tallowtree 7,000 Non-native Roses 5,800 Non-native Wisteria 5,000 Cogongrass < 300 Of 24.8 Million Forested Acres: Jap. honeysuckle: 920,413 Privet (7 species): 726,148 Japanese stiltgrass: 111,836 Chinaberry tree: 67,534 Kudzu: 42,158 Nonnative lespedeza: 41,069 Jap. climbing fern: 20,563 Mimosa: 18,344 Nonnative Roses: 15,686 Tallowtree: 15,348 Nonnative Elaeagnus: 13,874 Nonnative wisteria: 10,082 Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society; David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia; Chris Evans, River to River CWMA; James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service Semi-evergreen shrub up to 20 feet tall Trunks with multiple stems and many long branches Small white flowers in long clusters Forms dense thickets Very difficult to remove once it is established Grows up to 90 feet a season Perennial climbing fern Forms dense mats shading out native plants Spreads by wind-dispersed spores and rhizomes Invades natural areas Increases fire hazard Chris Evans, River to River CWMA; Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service; Richard Old, XID Services, Inc. Japanese Climbing Fern fire hazard Japanese Climbing Fern Impacts straw industry Acts as a fire ladder and will burn while it is still green Chuck Bargeron, University of Georgia At your local shop- Buyer beware! David Moorhead, University of Georgia; Dennis Teague, U.S. Air Force; David Moorhead, University of Georgia 3

4 Japanese stilt-grass Microstegium vimineum Annual grass Threatens native understory vegetation in full sun to deep shade Spreads by seeds and vegetatively through rooting at stem joints Single plant produces up to 1,000 seeds which can persist for at least 3 years in soil Woody vine up to 40 feet long Compound leaves with 7-13 leaflets Fragrant, showy, abundant, long, purple flower clusters Flattened hairy bean-like seed pods Kills trees and shades forest understory Introduced in 1876 Compound leaves with 3 leaflets, roots at nodes Purple flowers with yellow centers in small clusters held under leaves Capable of growing one foot a day Flattened hairy bean-like seed pods Forms dense stands Prefers dry soils Seeds dispersed by animals Deciduous shrub 3-20 feet Sometimes have thorns White underside to leaves, red, juicy fruits Small tree, nitrogen fixer Bi-pinnately compound leaves are fern-like Light-tan bark Showy, fragrant, pink flowers, followed by fuzzy bean pods Seeds dispersed by animals and water Seeds long lived and likes to resprout Deciduous tree up to 60 feet Extremely fast growing Heart shaped leaves often over 12 inches wide Pale violet clusters of flowers Prolific seed producer, spread by wind and water Prefers disturbed soil James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; Chris Evans, River to River CWMA 4

5 2/15/2017 Originally planted as an ornamental groundcover Thorny, perennial shrub up to 15 feet tall Spreads by bird-dispersed seeds Small 5-petaled white to pink flowers Multiple leaf shapes based on stage of growth Many small red rose hips Flowers at maturity Extra weight on tree branches Leaves have 7-9 leaflets with fringed petiole Seeds poisonous to humans Over 100 cultivars still sold Forms impenetrable thickets James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; Chris Evans, River to River CWMA Deciduous tree up to 60 feet Alternate heart-shaped leaves Yellowish flowers Three-lobed fruit opens to reveal white wax covered seeds Invades high quality undisturbed habitats Alters soil conditions through high tannin content of leaves James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; James Johnson, Georgia Forestry Commission; James Johnson, Georgia Forestry Commission Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society; James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service Deciduous tree up to 50 feet tall Rapidly growing tree up to 80 feet tall Panicles carry showy 5-petaled lavender flowers Long compound leaves with leaflets Alternate bi-pinnately compound leaves 1-2 feet in length Large clusters of yellow flowers Abundant yellow marble sized berries Tan to red single-winged fruit Extremely tolerant of poor soil conditions and disturbed habitats Invades disturbed areas and edges of forests and waterways Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia; David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia Chuck Bargeron, University of Georgia; James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; Robert Videki, Doronicum Kft., Hungary; Chuck Bargeron, University of Georgia 5

6 Negative Impacts on Natural Areas & Wildlife Reduces resources such as space, light, nutrients and water for native flora and fauna Alters the structure of native plant communities, reducing habitat fitness Alters soil chemistry and soil formation processes Alters the natural hydrology and increases erosion Alters the historical fire regime You shouldn t eat that... it will spread everywhere Maybe, but I m hungry and all the good stuff is gone Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia Straight from our backyard to theirs Negative Impacts on Recreation Impenetrable growth covers trails and campsites Reduces diversity & beauty of native plant communities Reduces diversity of native wildlife Reduces usability of lakes, rivers and other waterways Hungry birds eat fruit in our backyard, which can then be deposited into natural areas James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; Terry L Spivey, Terry Spivey Photography ; Terry L Spivey, Terry Spivey Photography ; Johnny N. Dell; John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy; James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service; Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia Increases fire hazard Increases erosion Negative Impacts on Agriculture and Forestry Reduces crop yields Unpalatable or toxic to livestock Crowds out and inhibits growth of desired vegetation Carries exotic micro-organisms and disease Perception of an Invasive Species Action should be here Increases management costs Increases fire risks EDRR = Early Detection, Rapid Response 6

7 Things You Can Do to Help Learn about Invasive Species Invasive.org InvasivePlantAtlas.org Extension.org/invasive_species Report Invasive Species EDDMapS.org Cooperate/Coordinate/Communicate Create a CISMA for your region Join GA-EPPC Plant Wisely Things You Can Do to Help Educate Family, Friends, Neighbors Your Representatives City Councils Replace Invasive Species Plant native plants Or at least non-invasive (for list of alternatives: Volunteer State, County, City Parks Master Gardeners/Master Naturalists Georgia Botanical Society Georgia Native Plant Society 7

8 Smartphone app updates Draw polygons Record negative survey data YOU CHOOSE Point Polygon From vertices Freeform Create a list tailored to your project Visit the GA-EPPC website at 8