Effects Of Different Tillage and Press Wheel Weight on Dryland Wheat Grain Production

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1 Effects Of Different Tillge nd Press Wheel Weight on Drylnd Whet Grin Production M. A. Asoodr 1 nd F. Mohjer Mzndrni 1 1 Deprtment of Agriculturl Engineering, Rmin Agriculturl nd Nturl Resources University, Mollsni, Khuzestn, Irn, E-mil: soodr@yhoo.com nd mzndrni.fm@gmil.com ABSTRACT Comined effects of tillge nd press wheel weight with the impct upon soil compction were shown n importnt role on seedling emergence, crop estlishment nd plnt growth. Using the proper comintion of tillge implements nd determining suitle weight of press wheels were recommended for greter growth nd grin yield. In this pper, the effect of different tillge methods nd press wheel weights on seedling emergence nd whet yield under drylnd conditions in Izeh, Khuzestn province, Irn were investigted. Also, Soil cone index nd yield components were recorded. Tillge tretments including conventionl tillge (Moldord plow nd disk), reduced tillge (doule disks, chisel nd disk) nd no tillge were pplied. Seeding tretments including grin drills using different press wheels nd weights (4, 5 nd 8 kg/cm). The Experiment ws conducted s split fctoril in complete rndomized lock design using three replictions. Results showed tht reduced tillge system incresed seedling emergence nd grin yield. Independent press wheel drills with the decresed of cone index nd incresed emergence rte (54%) ws significntly the gretest tretment in whet yield production compred to other tretments. The highest grin yield, (222.9 kg/h) ws produced where 5 kg/cm width of press wheel ws used. In order to increse seedling emergence rte nd grin yield under drylnd condition using n independent 5 kg/cm press wheel width followed reduced tillge ws recommended. Key words: Tillge, seeding mchines, cone index, press wheel, drylnd whet, Irn 1. INTRODUCTION Tillge cn provide pproprite seed ed for plnt y chnging soil structure nd decresing cone index which hs direct effect on seedling nd rte of emergence (Aiken, et l, 1997; McMster, et l, 2; McMster, et l, 22; Lpen, et l, 24). Suitle selection of tillge method nd providing proper effect on soil physicl properties to improve seed ed for plnt emergence, growing nd its development, finlly higher grin yield (Brzegr, et l, 24; Licht nd Al- Kisi, 25). Reduced tillge provides etter physicl conditions for seedling emergence, root growth nd y decresing cone index, compred to conventionl tillge (Helm, 25). Proper use The uthors re solely responsile for the content of this technicl presenttion. The technicl presenttion does not necessrily reflect the officil position of the Interntionl Commission of Agriculturl nd Biosystems Engineering (CIGR), nd its printing nd distriution does not constitute n endorsement of views which my e expressed. Technicl presenttions re not suject to the forml peer review process y CIGR editoril committees; therefore, they re not to e presented s refereed pulictions.

2 of tillge provides enough soil moisture t seeding, hence enhnces its ility to germintion, nd the erly estlishment of roots. Press wheels s ports of seeding mchines cn crete the condition for uniform plnt growth nd incresed yield (Kryel, et l, 24). Plnter's performnce relted to mny fctors such s seed vitlity, soil temperture t the time of germintion (McMster, et l, 22). The presence of soil moisture nd the mount of ir in the soil round seed (Eskndri, 1997; Eskndri nd Mhmoodi, 2), nd sowing depth (Ozmerzi et l, 22) would ffect yield. Press wheels y creting pproprite conditions on top of the seed, leve good effect on the germintion nd seed emerging rte s well (Asoodr, et l, 26; Vmerli, et l, 26). Press wheels llow fster seed germintion nd incresed emergence rte (Rinow nd Dre, 1997; Nser nd selles, 1995; Asoodr, et l, 26) y reducing sowing depth (Kryel, et l, 24) thus improved performnce vi emerging nd fster estlishment (Rdford, 1996). Design nd the right comintion of seed plnter tools for instnce, furrow openers nd press wheels hve quntifiility effect on furrow preprtion, moisture soring (Tessier, et l, 23). The weight of press wheels should e corrected t the time of seeding (Asoodr, et l, 26). Unfortuntely press wheels in most drills hve implemented on one or two xels in groups nd independent regultion of wheels weight is not proportionte to the possile condition, so its necessry to study the on press wheels weight vritions nd their effect on crop yield. Also determining seed ed ffected y tillge system to provide drylnd soil conditions in ny region MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment ws crried out in 25 in Khuzestn province which is locted in N nd E. with nnul rinfll within 1-yer period ws mm. According to 1-yer sttistics Jnury nd Ferury received the gretest mount of rinfll. Four tillge methods consist no-tillge, reduced tillge (disk nd chisel), reduced tillge (twice disks) nd conventionl tillge (moldord plow followed y disk). Tillge depth of plow, disk nd chisel ws 15, 1-15 nd 25 respectively. Sowing prctices were performed using drill equipped two xles press wheels nd independent press wheels. Press wheel weight ws 4, 5 nd 8 kg/cm of press wheel width. The experiment ws conducted using fctoril split complete rndomized lock design with three replictes. To determine soil cone index in the depth of 3 cm Penetrologer mchine ws used. This mchine ws equipped with n 8 cm xle to the end of which there ws smll cone with 3 vertex ngle nd 2 cm 2 se re. This smpling ws performed t the emergence nd looming times (Nidl nd Hmdeh, 23). The numer of emerged seeds of two lines, t one meter length in ech plot ws counted dily, To clculte seedling emergence percentge (Hemt, 1995), using formul (2-1). Formul (2-1): M ppsm spsm P G 1 Where: M is the percent of seedling emergence, ppsm is the numer of emerged ushes in m 2, spsm is the numer of sowing seed in m 2, P is pure seed percentge nd G is the vitlity (germintion percentge) of seed.

3 Also, formul (2-2): ws used to determine the emergence rte index (Chen, et l, 24; Tessier, et l, 1991). Ni di Formul (2-2): SE L Where: SE is the rte of emergence (dily in one meter), Ni is the numer of seeds emerged every dy, nd finlly L is the length of line (m). This prctice continued s long s the numer of emerged seeds ws not incresed. At hrvesting, grin yield, iomss, nd spike numer, the numer of thousnd grins nd hrvest index were clculted. After hrvesting the crop (3 m 2 in ech plot) stlk nd spikes were weighted. Then the spikes numers in ech m 2 nd seed yield were clculted Soil Cone Index 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tillge nd sowing mchines showed significnt effect on soil cone index tle 3-1. Independent nd two xle press wheel drills included ruer nd metl press wheels were shown their own different effects on soil compction. Tle (3-1). nlysis of vrince for cone index in different depth (KP) Source of vrition df -5 cm depth 5-1 cm depth 1-2 cm depth F Ms F Ms F Ms Replicte Tillge n.s * ** E Plnter * ** n.s Weight * n.s n.s T P * * n.s T W 6.3 n.s n.s n.s P W 2.37 n.s n.s n.s T P W 6.7 n.s n.s n.s E CV * nd ** shown significnt t level of 5 nd 1 percentge nd n.s shown no difference in ech column There ws significnt difference in cone index etween the two drills t -5 nd 5-1 cm depths. Two-xle press wheel drill cused greter resistnce (13.4 KP) in -5 cm depth, figure (3-1). This 11.57% difference ws due to press wheel profile. The independent press wheel drill ws mde of ruer wheres the press wheels in two-xle drill ws mde of metl nd shown no flexiility t soil unevenness nd cused more pressure on soil. 3

4 Soil cone index (KP) Soil cone index (KP) Depht (cm) Doule xles press wheel drill Independent press wheel drill LSD Figure (3-1). The effect of sowing mchine on soil cone index There ws significnt difference in soil cone index, t -5 cm depth for 8 kg/cm nd the weights of 4 nd 5 kg/cm press wheel width, tle (3-2). The 8 kg/cm press wheel weight showed 18% nd 23% greter cone index where compred to 4 nd 5 kg/cm press wheel weight respectively. Tle (3-2). men of soil cone index using press wheels different weight Depth weight 8 kg/cm 5 kg/cm 4 kg/cm -5 (cm) (cm) Common letter shown not significnt in ech row The interction effect of tillge nd sowing mchine on soil cone index for no tillge nd two xle press wheel drill ws the highest ( KP) compred to conventionl tillge s shown in figure (3-2) Conventionl tillge Reduced tillge (twice disk) Doule xles press wheel drill Reduced tillge (chisel+disk) Independent press wheel drill No tillge Figure (3-2). Interction effect of tillge nd sowing mchine on soil cone index

5 Rte of emergence 3.2. Seedling nd Rte of Emergence Tillge nd sowing mchine were shown significnt (p.5) effect on emergence rte tle (3-3). Tillge, sowing mchine nd press wheel weights ll ffected the emergence rte t 1% level of proility. Interction effect of sowing mchines ws significnt where seedling emergence ws compred. Tle (3-3). Anlysis of men vrince for seedling nd rte of emergence Source of vrition df Emergence rte seedling emergence F Ms F Ms Repet Tillge * ** E Plnter ** ** Weight ** ** T P n.s.41.31n.s T W 6 1.9n.s n.s P W ** ** T P W *.63.49n.s E CV * nd ** shown significnt t the level of 5 nd 1 percentge nd n.s shown no difference The interction effect of sowing mchine nd press wheel weights on seedling emergence ws significnt where press wheel with 5 kg/cm weight ws pplied. The independent press wheel drill, 5 kg/cm weight with the lower cone index would led to improve emergence rte, figure (3-3) kg/cm 5 kg/cm 4 kg/cm Weight Doule xles press wheel drill independent press wheel drill Figure (3-3). Interction effect of mchine nd press wheel weight on rte of emergence No-tillge method showed the lowest emergence rte (1.78) nd ws different from other tretments tle (3-4). The high soil cone index in no-till tretment ws led to decrese emergence rte. Finly et l (23) lso reported tht tillge of ny form could increse the emergence rte y decresing soil cone index. However, reduced nd conventionl tillge were not shown ny significntly differences.

6 6 Soil temperture in reduced tillge ws higher thn no-tillge, nd this could e due to etter wter dringe. Reduced tillge followed y doule disk produced 71.36% seedling emergence which ws higher compred to reduced tillge (chisel nd disk) nd no-tillge y 4% nd 12% respectively. Tle (3-4). Men of seedling nd rte of emergence using different tillge systems Tillge Rte of emergence Seedling emergence Conventionl tillge (moldord plow & disk) Reduced tillge (twice disk) Reduced tillge (chisel disk) No-tillge Common letter shown not significnt in ech row Two-xle press wheel drill ws different from the independent press wheel drill regrding emergence percentge nd rte tle (3-5). Independent press wheel drill with difference of 54% in the emergence rte nd 28% in emergence percentge hd shown etter rte in comprison to tow xle drill. Sowing mchines creted different rtes nd percentges of seed emergence y the diverse effects leving on seed furrow due to different kinds of furrow openers nd the soil over seeds due to the press wheel kind nd weight vrition. Tle (3-5). Men compression seedling nd rte of emergence in sowing mchine Sowing mchine Independent press wheel drill Twice press wheel drill different Rte of emergence % Seedling of emergence % Common letter shown not significnt in ech row 8 kg/cm with 4 nd 5 kg/cm of press wheel width ffected the rte nd percentge of plnt emergence significntly tle (3-6). Rinow nd Dre (1997); Chen et l, (24) nd Asoodr et l, (26), hve lso otined the sme results. This effect ws mostly due to the incresed contct surfce etween seed nd soil, the incresed ility of moisture soring y seed nd mintining soil cone index on seed in specified re s well. Reduced rte nd percentge of emergence for 8 kg/cm press wheel tretment ws the result of n incresed soil cone index to depth of 5 cm, compred to other weights tle (3-3). Tle (3-6). Men of seedling nd rte of emergence using different press wheel weight Press wheels weight (kg/cm of press wheel width) 8kg/cm 5kg/cm 4kg/cm Rte of emergence Seedling of emergence Common letter shown not significnt in ech row 3.3. Whet Yield nd Components Mchine nd press wheel weight showed gret impct on yield nd spikes numers tle (3-7). Effects of comintion furrow opener nd press wheels were shown to e useful t seeding opertion.

7 Whet yield (kg/h) 7 Tle (3-7): Anlysis of vrince for grin yield, spikes numer in m 2, press wheel weights nd 1 seeds Source of vri tio n df Grin yield yield spikes numer in m 2 1 grin seed weight F Ms F Ms F Ms Repet Tillge 3.71 n.s n.s n.s E n.s Plnter ** ** ** Weight * * n.s T P n.s n.s n.s 4.86 T W 6.59 n.s n.s n.s 4.24 P W 2.17 n.s n.s n.s.253 T P W n.s n.s n.s E CV * nd ** shown significnt t the level of 5 nd 1 percentge nd n.s shown no difference Independent press wheel drill produced higher grin yield (222.9 kg/h) which shown 55.5% greter compred to two xle press wheel drill figure (3-4). Decresed soil cone index, incresed seedling emergence nd enhnced spike numer in m 2 were ll led to n incresed yield for independent press wheel drill tretment Doule xle press wheel drill Independent xle press wheel drill LSD Grin yield (kg/h) Figure (3-4). Effect of sowing mchines on grin yield Decresed cone index nd lso improved emergence rte (Tle 3-4) in reduced tillge method (doule disks), could increse the spike numer in m 2 led to increse yield. The results were similr with findings of Cih (1982), Kreuz (199) nd Finly et l (23).

8 1 grin weight (g) Grin yield (kg/h) Spike numer in m Conventionl Reduced tillgereduced tillge tillge (twice disk) (chisel disk) Grin yield (kg/h) No-tillge LSD Spike numer in m2 Figure (3-5). Effect of tillge system on spike of numer in m 2 nd grin yield The 1 whet grin for reduced tillge (doule disks) ws more due to using disk nd chisel, ut ws not different compred to conventionl tillge tle (3-8). Doule disk reduced tillge with decresed of soil compction out 75% MP t the depth of -5 cm nd etter clod sifting prevented the evportion of soil moisture. No tillge method lowered the sorption of soil moisture which ws ctully due to its higher compction thn other tillge systems, nd for this reson, this tretment hd een suffering for lck of moisture with reduced 1 grin yield. Tle (3-8). Men of 1 seeds using different tillge Tillge Conventionl tillge (moldord plow nd disk) Reduced tillge (twice disk) Reduced tillge (chisel nd disk) No-tillge the weight of grin one 1 seeds Common letter shown not significnt in ech row Independent press wheel drills produced higher 1 grin weight (38.8 g) compred the two xle press wheel drill figure (3-6). 4 3 Doule xle press wheel drill 2 Independent press wheel drill 1 LSD Sowing mchines Figure (3-6). Effect of sowing mchines on 1 grin weight

9 4. CONCLUSION: Tillge methods, using of press wheels on drills nd the weight of press wheels regrding shown significnt effects on soil cone index nd lso seedling emergence rte. Reduced tillge method (doule disks) y the significnt impct on soil cone index (p.5) nd of kg/h ws the gretest produced yield mong other tretments. Independent press wheel drill with 5 kg/cm weight of press wheel width ws lso the gretest where produced kg/h grin yield.on the sis of the results of this study, reduced tillge method (doule disks) ws shown to e pplicle in the re nd similr regions for producing drylnd whet grin yield. 5. REFERENCE: 1 Aiken, R. M., Flerchinger, G. N., Frhni. H. J. nd Johnson, K. E Energy lnce simultion for surfce soil nd residue tempertures with incomplete cover. Agron. J Asoodr, M. A., Bkhshndeh, A. M., Afrsei, H. nd Shfeini, A. 26. Effects of press wheel weight nd soil moisture t sowing on grin yield. Agron. J Brzegr, A. R., Asoodr, M. A., Eftekhr, A. R. nd Herert, S. J. 24. Tillge effects on soil physicl properties nd performnce of irrigted whet nd clover in semi rid region. Agron. J. 3 (4): Brzegr, A. R., Hshemi, A. M., Herert, S. J. nd Asoodr, M. A. 24. Interctive effects of tillge system nd soil wter content on ggregte size distriution for seeded preprtion in Fluvisols in southwest Irn. Soil nd tillge Res Brzegr, A. R., Mosvi, M. H., Asoodr, M. A. nd Herert, S. J. 24. Root mss distriution of winter whet s influenced y different tillge systems in semi rid region. Agron. J. 3 (3): Chen, Y., Tessier, S. nd Irvin, B. 24. Drill nd crop performnces s ffected y different drill configurtion for no-till seeding. Soil nd tillge. Res Cih, A. G Yield nd components of four spring whet cultivr selection. Agron. J Eskndri, A Correct selection of drill for sowing drylnd whet. Wter, soil, mchine journl. Numer of 42, Pp Eskndri, A. nd Mhmoodi, H. 2. Affect of fertilizer on grin yield drylnd whet. Seedling nd seed journl. No. 17. Numer of 2. Pp Finly, M. J., Tisdll, J. M. nd McKenzie, B. M. 23. Affect of tillge low the seed on emergence of whet seedlings in hrd setting soil. Soil nd tillge Res. 28 (3): Helm, V. 25. Conservtion tillge: corn, grin sorghum, nd whet in Dlls County, Texs. Soil nd Tillge Res. 23 (5): Hemt, A Effects of seed ed property nd sowing method on seedling emergence wtery whet. Agriculturl science Irn. No. 27. Numer of 4. Pp Kryel, D., Brut, Z. B. nd Ozmerzi, A. 24. Mthemticl modeling of vcuum pressure on precision seeder. Biosystems. Eng. 87 (4): Kreuz, E The influence of no-plough tillge for winter whet in three-course rottion on yield nd structure. Archive-Fur-Acker. 34 (9):

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