Climate-Smart Restoration On-the-Ground in the Great Lakes

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1 Climate-Smart Restoration On-the-Ground in the Great Lakes Doug Inkley, Ph.D. Senior Scientist October 23, 2012

2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration THE KRESGE FOUNDATION

3

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5 Black River

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7 Slag

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9 Restoration Dredging river bottom Fish habitat shelves Rock piles Bank structures Slag Removal - New Soil layer Tree plantings Herbaceous plantings?

10 Climate Change *Compromised results *Shorter life-span of project *Higher risk of failure *Higher costs

11 I skate account to where for changing the puck climate, is going not to be, where not it where has been. it has been. ---Natural--- Resource Wayne Gretsky Managers

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14 Climate Change: Rising Temperatures Climate Smart Re-vegetation of stream sides

15 Climate Change: Changing Weather Climate Smart Adjust species composition

16 Eastern White Pine Climate Smart Avoid

17 Shortleaf Pine Climate Smart Consider

18 Species Previously Used for Restoration Scientific Name Suitability in Historic Climate Suitability in Future Climate Black Walnut Juglans nigra Okay Okay Black Willow Salix nigra Okay Okay Chokecherry Prunus virginiana Okay Okay Eastern Cottonwood Populus deltoides Okay Okay Eastern Redbud Cercis canadensis Okay Okay Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus Okay Low Flowering Dogwood* Cornus florida Okay Okay Northern Red Oak* Quercus rubra Okay Okay Pin Oak Quercus palustris Okay Okay Red Maple* Acer rubrum Okay Okay River Birch Betula nigra Okay Okay Serviceberry Amelanchier spp. Okay Okay Shagbark Hickory Carya ovata Okay Okay Shortleaf Pine Pinus echinata Low Okay Silver Maple Acer saccharinum Okay Okay Slippery Elm* Ulmus rubra Okay Okay Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Okay Okay Sycamore Platanus occidentalis Okay Okay Wild Plum Prunus americana Low Low Yellow-Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera Okay Okay * Species Likely to fare best in both existing and future projected climate

19 Climate Change: Great Precipitation Extremes Climate Smart Fish Habitat Shelves at Different Depths

20 Climate Change: Greater Precipitation Extremes Climate Smart Larger Boulders

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23 Coastal Habitat Restoration in a Changing Environment What s Coming Down the Road or Already Here? Climate-Smart Conservation

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25 I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been. --- Wayne Gretsky

26 Restoration of the Great Lakes: Climate Smart Conservation Doug Inkley, Ph.D. Senior Scientist

27 Climate Change: Greater Precipitation Extremes Climate Smart Larger Boulders

28 Coastal Habitat Restoration in a Changing Environment What s Coming Down the Road or Already Here? Climate-Smart Conservation

29 Varying fish shelf elevations Strengthening stream bank restoration Increasing boulder sizes Maximizing diversity of plantings & avoid unsuitable species

30 Shortleaf Pine

31 Eastern White Pine

32 Climate Change *Compromised results *Higher risk of failure *Shorter life-span of project *Higher costs

33

34 Climate Smart Conservation

35 Acknowledgments National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The Kresge Foundation

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37 Project Component Climate Change Component Climate-Smart Options Location Boulder Piles Higher water velocity Larger Boulders On Site Bank Restoration Fish Shelves Water Quality Temperature Nutrient Enrichment Toxics Stream Restoration Higher Water Velocity Greater water depth fluctuations Increasing air temperature None Increasing Precipitation and Flooding Consider stronger structures Adjust height above water to account for generally increasing flows Revegetate to accelerate natural bank development Install at different levels below water surface On Site On Site On Site On Site Stream-side revegetation On Site Stream-side revegetation Upstream Reconnect waterways Upstream Remove low-head dams Upstream Mimimize sewage effluent Upstream Minimize urban runoff Upstream Mimimize agricultural Upstream runoff Minimize non-climate On Site stressors Minimize non-climate Upstream stressors Increase capacity of water On Site collection and treatment systems Increase structural integrity On Site of water collection and treatment systems Increasing temperature/flooding Account for changing toxic transport and bioavailability On Site

38 Riparian Restoration Project Component Slag Removal Reforestation Climate Change Component Flooding Increase Herbaceous Revegetation Overall climate shift (especially temperature & precipitation) Climate-Smart Options Maximize slag removal Maximize slag removal Overall climate shift Select species suitable in (especially temperature existing and projected and precipitation) climate Maximize species diversity Location On Site Offsite On Site On Site Maximize Species Diversity On Site Invasive Species Overall climate shift (Especially Temperature and Precipitation) Awareness and monitoring On Site Aggressive action On site

39 Climate Smart Tree Vulnerability Assessment Number of Tree Species Suitability of Climate Historic Range Climate Change Projections Suitability for Restoration Planted in Previous Restoration Projects 18 Okay Okay Okay 0 No No No 1 Okay No Low 1 No Okay Low Not Planted in Previous Restoration Projects 29 Okay Okay Okay 61 No No No 11 Okay No Low 13 No Okay Low

40 Project Component Climate-Smart Monitoring Stream Restoration Climate Component Boulder Piles Bank Restoration Fish Shelves Water Quality Water Temperature Nutrient Enrichment Flood impact on structures Flood impact on structures Time of suitable depth for multi- vs single level shelves More frequent and larger floods More frequent and larger floods More frequent and larger floods Greater extremes and variability in water levels Warmer air temperatures increasing water temperatures, thereby lowering dissolved oxygen Warmer air temperatures increasing water temperatures and exceeding fish temperature thresholds Warmer air temperatures increasing water temperatures therby enhanceing algal growth and decay leading to reduced oxygen Toxics Water Quality Possible changes in toxics mobility and organism vulnerability Slag Removal Polluted Runoff More frequent and larger floods Reforestation Survival of species on Shifting climatic suitability southern edge of their historic range Survival of translocated species Shifting climatic suitability Susceptibility to various pests/diseases Herbaceous Revegetation Species survival Invasive Species Flood impact on structures Water Temperature Water Quality Riparian Restoration Increased vulnerability of native species Shifting climatic suitability Invasive species on site Increased susceptibility of native species Nearby invasive species Shifting climatic suitability

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43 Chad Kettlewell, Coldwater Consulting, LLC

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46 Cool Water Species Species High Thermal Tolerance Limit Degrees (F) White sucker Catostomus commersoni 81.3 Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus 84.4 Yellow perch Perca flavescens 84.4 Rock bass Ambloplites rupestris 84.7 Smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui 85.1 Silver redhorse Moxostoma anisurum 85.3 Warm Water Species Bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus 86.2 Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas 87.6 White perch Morone americana 87.6 White crappie Pomoxis annularis 87.8 White bass Morone chrysops 88.5 Emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides 88.9 Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens 90.7 Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris 93.2 Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas 93.2 Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum 93.2 Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus 93.2 Longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis 93.2 Common carp Cyprinus carpio 95.0 Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus 95.0 Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides 95.9 Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus 96.8

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48 Slag Piles

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51 Adaptive Management for Climate-Smart Conservation Identify Goals & Objectives Identify Strategies Assess Vulnerabilities to Climate Change Identify Climate-Smart Options Implement Strategies Monitor & Review

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57 Great Lakes Climate Smart Restoration Projects NOAA 1. Little Rapids Habitat Restoration * 2. Muskegon Lake AOC Habitat Restoration * 3. Clinton River Spillway Habitat Restoration * 4. Habitat Restoration in the Maumee AOC * * 5. Lower Black River Habitat Restoration Project (Phase III) * 6. Buffalo River AOC Habitat Restoration-RiverBend (Phase II) * *Engineering and Design Project * *On-the-Ground Implementation Project

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60 467 square miles 51% agriculture (excessive erosion on 16% of this) 38% rural 7% urban residential 3% commercial 1% industrial

61 Welcome! Climate Smart Conservation on the Ground The Wildlife Society Annual Conference 2012

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63 Eastern White Pine

64 Shortleaf Pine

65 Climate Change *Compromised results *Higher risk of failure *Shorter life-span of project *Higher costs

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