Riparian Forest Ecology & Management. Derek Churchill, Nov 8, 2014
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1 Riparian Forest Ecology & Management Derek Churchill, Nov 8, 2014
2 Outline 1. Importance of Riparian Zones 2. Watersheds & Stream Type 3. Forest Stream Interactions 4. Riparian forest types & development 5. Ecological Forestry Options
3 Riparian Zones Aquatic Terrestrial Connection Critical to hydrological function Landscape diversity Biodiversity Hotpots: key habitats ESR 11,13, & 14 Watersheds Ecosystem services Legend Orient_Bndry ESR 13 Reference ESR 11 Reference ESR 14 Reference ESR
4 Riparian Zones
5 Watersheds & Stream Type Upper Mid Lower
6 Watersheds & Stream Type
7 Forest Stream Interactions 1. Shade & temperature regulation 2. Woody debris inputs: stream structure 3. Litter inputs: food chain 4. Nutrient inputs 5. Water storage & flow regulation 6. Regulation of sediment inputs
8 Upper Zone Riparian Forest Function Temperature Regulation Woody Debris Inputs Litter & Nutrient Inputs Water storage & flow regulation Sediment regulation Importance/ Mechanism High: shading High: debris flows High: direct inputs Slow input & groundwater Slope stability & landslides
9 Upper Zone Riparian Forest Function Temperature Regulation Woody Debris Inputs Litter & Nutrient Inputs Water storage & flow regulation Sediment regulation Importance/ Mechanism High: shading High: debris flows High: direct inputs Slow input & groundwater Slope stability & landslides
10 Middle Zone Riparian Forest Function Temperature Regulation Woody Debris Inputs Litter & Nutrient Inputs Water storage & flow regulation Sediment regulation Importance/ Mechanism Shading & microclimate High: streamside recruitment Direct inputs Pooling Bank stability & storage
11 Middle Zone Riparian Forest Function Temperature Regulation Woody Debris Inputs Litter & Nutrient Inputs Water storage & flow regulation Sediment regulation Importance/ Mechanism Shading & microclimate High: streamside recruitment Direct inputs Pooling Bank stability & storage
12 Wood Recruitment & Zone
13 Lower Zone Riparian Forest Function Temperature Regulation Woody Debris Inputs Litter & Nutrient Inputs Water storage & flow regulation Sediment regulation Low Importance/ Mechanism Bank erosion & downstream flow Low: solar driven High: floodplain storage High: floodplain dynamics
14 Riparian Forest Types & Development High productivity High diversity & structural complexity Disturbance prone Conifer dominated Mixed hardwood-conifer forests Hardwood dominated
15 Riparian Forest Types Conifer dominated Similar stand development to upland forests
16 PNW Stand Development Pre-Forest Mature Forest Old Growth Forest 1.Disturbance Event 2. Live and dead legacies creation 3. Early-seral plant colonization and establishment 4. Tree cohort initiation 1.Height grow slows 2.Agent based, aggregated mortality, gap formation. 3.Understory reinitiation and development 4.Dead wood trough 1. Vertical canopy layers: Bottom loaded canopy, epicormic branching 2. Horizontal complexity - Gaps, thickets, and intermediate densities 3. Decadence & dead wood accumulation
17 PNW Stand Development Young Forest Mature Forest Old Growth Forest 1.Canopy Closure 2.Biomass Accumulation: Height & stem growth 3.Vertical crown development 4.Competition: -Differentiation and stratification -Crown recession -Suppression mortality -Understory exclusion 1.Height grow slows 2.Agent based, aggregated mortality, gap formation. 3.Understory reinitiation and development 4.Dead wood trough 1. Vertical canopy layers: Bottom loaded canopy, epicormic branching 2. Horizontal complexity - Gaps, thickets, and intermediate densities 3. Decadence & dead wood accumulation
18 PNW Stand Development Mature Forest 1. Height grow slows 2. Agent based, aggregated damage, mortality, and gap formation. 3.Understory reinitiation and development 4.Dead wood trough Old Growth Forest 1. Vertical canopy layers: Bottom loaded canopy, epicormic branching 2. Horizontal complexity - Gaps, thickets, and intermediate densities 3. Decadence & dead wood accumulation
19 Young Forest Mature Forest Old Forest 1.Biomass Accumulation: Height & stem growth 2.Vertical crown development 3.Competition: -Differentiation -Crown recession -Suppression mortality -Understory exclusion 1.Height grow slows 2.Agent based, aggregated mortality, gap formation. 3.Understory re-initiation and development 4.Dead wood trough 1.Old tree canopy development: height growth stops, complex crowns, epicormic branching, epiphytes 2.Vertical canopy development: midstory recruitment; bottom loaded canopy 3.Horizontal complexity: Gaps, thickets, and intermediate densities 4.Decadence & dead wood accumulation Carbon Storage
20 Disturbance
21 Hardwood Forests Riparian Forest Types
22 Hardwood development Riparian Forest Types
23
24 Hardwood development Riparian Forest Types
25 Hardwood development Riparian Forest Types
26
27 Floodplain Development Riparian Forest Types
28
29 Riparian Forest Types Mixed Conifer-Hardwood Multiple Development Pathways
30 Forest & Stream Type Conifer > Hardwood All of above Hardwood >> Conifer
31 Riparian Forest Types Riparian Forest Function Conifer Hardwood Temperature Regulation: Shade Woody Debris Inputs Litter & Nutrient Inputs Water storage & flow regulation ++ ~ ++ _ ~ Sediment regulation + ~ Habitat ~ +++
32 Mixed Conifer-Hardwood Riparian Forest Types
33
34 Ecological Forestry Principles Use natural disturbances as a guide Work with natural disturbances and stand development processes to achieve multiple objectives Maintain key biological components Long rotations or continuous cover Maintain and increase structural complexity and species diversity throughout stand development Retention Multi-scale thinking and approach
35 Mt Saint Helens
36 NW Forest Plan Major change in management objectives
37 Multiple Objectives Ecosystem Services Wildlife Habitat Old growth Structure Water Riparian Function Wood Volume Jobs Income Recreation Aesthetics Spiritual
38 Silvicultural Approaches Production Forestry Harvest Overstory Clear cut Seed Tree Shelterwood Regeneration Planting Natural Tending Veg control PCT Thinning from below Ecological Forestry Variable Retention Harvest Dispersed Clumped Regeneration Planting and/or natural Tending Veg control PCT Variable Density Thinning Old growth structure Long rotation & harvest Uneven-aged Individual Tree Selection Group Selection
39 Silvicultural Approaches Production Forestry Harvest Overstory Clear cut Seed Tree Shelterwood Regeneration Planting Natural Tending Veg control PCT Thinning from below Ecological Forestry Variable Retention Harvest Dispersed Clumped Regeneration Planting and/or natural Tending Veg control PCT Variable Density Thinning Old growth structure Long rotation & harvest Uneven-aged Individual Tree Selection Group Selection
40 Ecological Forestry Maintaining Biological Elements Thinning Reduce density of a cohort to maintain or improve growth and crown development Remove Overstory Harvest trees for wood & revenue; and open growing space space for lower cohorts Regeneration Establish a new cohort Approaches Individual Tree Selection Group Selection Thin from below Free thinning Variable density thinning Variable retention Planting & tending
41 1. Large Trees with complex crowns 2. Multi-layered canopy Key Biological Elements 3. Decadence: snags, logs, and live trees 4. Diverse plant community: Hardwoods, understory, epiphytes, etc. 5. Horizontal Heterogeneity: Patchiness 6. Soil 7. Fungi 8. Invertebrates, vertebrates
42 Prescription Elements 1. Focus on biodiversity hotspots: protect or release
43 Prescription Elements 2. What to leave and remove Species selection Thin from middle, and above to release key features Snags, downed logs, and wildlife trees Heavy thin (~50 tpa) vs. moderate thin (~35 Curtis RD) Plant?
44 Prescription Elements 3. Pattern of retention and removal. How much within-stand variability? -Spatial Scale: size and configuration - Temporal scale: impose now, via multiple entries, or develop naturally?
45 Forest Ecosystem Study Andy Carey Habitat Development Study Connie Harrington ¼ - 2 acre scale 2:1 light to heavy thin 5-10% in No-entry Skips 5-10% in Gaps 10% in skips: ac 15% in gaps: 0.10 ha Matrix: 25% BA removal; spacing based thin from below
46 Canopy Patch Types Patch Type No-thin skips Function - Protect hotspots - Competitive mortality - Dark, moist habitats Size Range/Density - Large: 1+acres - Small: ac Heavy Thin Gaps - Grow big trees w/large crowns - Stimulate epicormics. - Develop understory-midstory - Develop understory-midstory - Regenerate or plant new species - Contain root rots - Single tree or cluster release - Patch: acres Curtis RD to 0.3 acre - Larger for shade intolerant species trees per acre General Thin Area - Bigger trees faster - Stimulate understory - Majority of stand Curtis RD
47 Canopy Patch Level Heterogeneity 40 heavy thin, single tree or clump ~30% Skips: ~20% Openings: ~5% Heavy thin ~ 45% Thin rest Root Rot Treatments 1/3 Ac Skips Riparian Buffers (Skips)
48 Canopy Patch Types Patch Type No-thin skips Function - Protect hotspots - Competitive mortality - Dark, moist habitats Size Range/Density - Large: 1+acres - Small: ac Heavy Thin Gaps - Grow big trees w/large crowns - Stimulate epicormics. - Develop understory-midstory - Develop understory-midstory - Regenerate or plant new species - Contain root rots - Single tree or cluster release - Patch: acres Curtis RD to 0.3 acre - Larger for shade intolerant species trees per acre General Thin Area - Bigger trees faster - Stimulate understory - Majority of stand Curtis RD
49 Variable Retention
50
51 Ecological Forestry: Application to Riparian Forests Landscape Context Position in watershed Objectives: Species Composition Conifers or mixed Native Species Structural, Accelerate Aforestation Economic Landscape conditions Current Conditions Species Age Structure Stream Type Regulations Treatment Thin Regenerate Remove wood Leave wood Plant
52 Landscape Context Upper Mid Lower
53 King County Vegetation Classes ± Miles Legend KC Parks USFS, City Seattle WA DNR Private: KC Easement Rivers & Waterbodies Highways Vegetation Class Non-Forest Open (10-40%) Hardwood <10"dbh Hardwood >10"dbh Mixed <10" Mixed 10-20" Mixed <20" Conifer <10" Conifer 10-20" Conifer 20-30" Conifer >30"
54
55 Current Conditions
56 Current Conditions
57
58 Stream Type & FPA Rules
59 Ecological Forestry Patch Type No-thin skips Heavy Thin Gaps General Thin Area Function - Protect hotspots - Competitive mortality - Dark, moist habitats - Grow big trees w/large crowns - Stimulate epicormics. - Develop understory-midstory - Develop understory-midstory - Regenerate or plant new species - Contain root rots - Bigger trees faster - Stimulate understory Size Range/Density - Large: 1+acres - Small: ac - Single tree or cluster release - Patch: acres Curtis RD to 0.3 acre - Larger for shade intolerant species trees per acre - Majority of stand Curtis RD
60 Ecological Forestry Maintaining Biological Elements Thinning Reduce density of a cohort to maintain or improve growth and crown development Remove Overstory Harvest trees for wood & revenue; and open growing space space for lower cohorts Regeneration Establish a new cohort Approaches Individual Tree Selection Group Selection Thin from below Free thinning Variable density thinning Variable retention Planting & tending
61 Skagit Land Trust
62 Skagit Land Trust Floodplain hardwoods Variable density thin: hardwoods Gaps & plant conifers Invasive species Conifer Upper Terrace Variable density thin: Conifer
63
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