Rats on islands (and priority effects)
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1 Rats on islands (and priority effects) Tad Fukami Associate Professor Department of Biology Stanford University, California, USA Notes: These slides were used for a guest lecture in the Invasion Biology course for MSc studies in Biology at the University of Copenhagen on May 24, Please contact me if you would like to use these slides for any purpose. fukamit@stanford.edu
2 Outline Invasion of islands by rats Global status Priority effects effect of arrival order Impact of rats on islands Direct effects predation Indirect effects - community- & ecosystem-level impact Eradication of rats from islands Continued improvement of methods Ecosystem recovery after eradication Reverse priority effects effect of removal order
3 Outline Invasion of islands by rats Global status Priority effects effect of arrival order Impact of rats on islands Direct effects predation Indirect effects - community- & ecosystem-level impact Eradication of rats from islands Continued improvement of methods Ecosystem recovery after eradication Reverse priority effects effect of removal order
4 Rattus rattus, black rat, roof rat, ship rat South India -> Arabia, 4000 BP -> Europe -> Rest of world Rattus norvegicus, Norway rat, brown rat Southern China -> Europe in 1400 s -> Rest of world Rattus exulans, Polynesian rat, Pacific rat, kiore Island of Flores, SE Asia -> rest of Pacific Islands, 2500 BP Mus musculus, Mouse Iran -> Europe, 3000 BP -> rest of world Rats present on 80% of archipelagos worldwide Almost entirely human-assisted Harper, G.A. & Bunbury, N Invasive rats on tropical islands: their population biology and impacts on native species. Global Ecology and Conservation 3:
5 Biotic interactions make things complicated and difficult to predict. - Sofie Stensgaard
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7 Priority effects Russell, J. C. et al. (2014) Over-invasion by functionally equivalent invasive species. Ecology 95:
8 Outline Invasion of islands by rats Global status Priority effects effect of arrival order Impact of rats on islands Direct effects predation Indirect effects - community- & ecosystem-level impact Eradication of rats from islands Continued improvement of methods Ecosystem recovery after eradication Reverse priority effects effect of removal order
9 Direct effects predation
10 Direct effects predation Great shearwater, Puffinus gravis Dilley, B.J., D. Davies, A.L. Bond, and P.G. Ryan Effects of mouse predation on burrowing petrel chicks at Gough Island. Antarctic Science 27:
11 Direct effects predation
12 Direct effects predation New Zealand fantail, Rhipidura fuliginosa Rattus rattus in fantail nest
13 Direct AND indirect effects seed predation and dispersal Shiels, A.B. and D.R. Drake Are introduced rats (Rattus rattus) both seed predators and dispersers in Hawaii? Biological Invasions 13: Shiels, A.B Frugivory by introduced black rats (Rattus rattus) promotes dispersal of invasive plant seeds. Biological Invasions 13:
14 Indirect effects community- and ecosystem-level impact
15 New Zealand
16 Day Night Seabird burrows on forest floor Rat-invaded island
17 N=9 N=9 vs. Rat-free Island status Rat-invaded
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23 Dave Towns
24 #/g #/g #/g #/g Log(#/m 2 ) #/g SIR (mgco 2 -C/g/h) Log(#/m 2 ) Producer Nutrients from sea Disturbance Higher plants Algae Primary consumers 10 5 Herbivorous nematodes *** Bacteria, fungi ns 4 2 * Minute snails Secondary consumers Enchytraeids *** Microbe-feeing nematodes *** Rotifers ** 4 2 Collembolans * Tertiary consumers Predatory nematodes ns 0 0 Ratinvaded Ratfree Island status 0
25 Wardle DA, Bellingham PJ, Fukami T, and Mulder CPH (2007) Promotion of ecosystem carbon sequestration by invasive predators. Biology Letters 3:
26 Outline Invasion of islands by rats Global status Priority effects effect of arrival order Impact of rats on islands Direct effects predation Indirect effects - community- & ecosystem-level impact Eradication of rats from islands Continued improvement of methods Ecosystem recovery after eradication Reverse priority effects effect of removal order
27 A helicopter is loaded with rat bait on Rabida Island of Galapagos Islands Photo: AP
28 Bell, E.; Boyle, D.; Floyd, K. Garner-Richards, P.; Swann, B.; Luxmoore, R.; Patterson, A.; Thomas, R The ground-based eradication of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the Isle of Canna, Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Pages in Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N.; Towns, D.R. (Eds.). Island Invasives: eradication and management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
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30 Jones, H. P. (2010) Seabird islands take mere decades to recover following rat eradication. Ecological Applications 20,
31 Caut S, Casanovas JG, Virgos E, Lozano J, Witmer GW, Courchamp F Rats dying for mice: modelling the competitor release effect. Austral Ecology 32:
32 Reverse priority effects? effect of removal order Sites
33 Reverse priority effects? effect of removal order Rattus rattus Greg Calbert Which one should we remove first? Native land snails Introduced invasive plants
34 Summary Rat invasions provide representative examples of complicated, wide-ranging impacts of invasive species on native species. Due to the complex web of interactions rats take part in in the ecosystems they invade, priority effects can be important to consider in understanding their invasion and consequences of eradication.
Holly Jones, Ph.D. UC Santa Cruz Environmental Studies Department 1156 High St. Santa Cruz, CA
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