266 Index. Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, 2, 182 Johannesburg Summit, 2, 9, 11, 30, 43, 51, 87, 128 9, 154, 166, 173, 181 2, 192, 239, 245, 258
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1 Index access, 141, , 193, 254 Agenda 21, 2, 50, 104 5, 107, 109, 128, 132, 181, 194 Andalusia, 144, 151, 153 Annual Meeting of Sustainable Development Experts (AMSDE), 19, 180, 181 2, 194, 253 Aragon, area-based approach, 127 Assembly of European Regions (AER), 208 Autonomous Communities (ACs) of Spain, 16, 70, , 143, see also Spain autonomy, 9, 45, 49, 59 60, 68, 71, 80, 92, 98, 112, 124, 132, 143, 161, 246 7, 250, 260 see also self-rule Baden-Württemberg, 18, 105 6, 108 9, , 156 Balearic Islands, 151 Basque Country, the, 67 81, 143 4, 149, 151, 153 8, , , 253, 257, 259 Basque Country, Environmental Commission of the, 71 Basque Environmental Strategy of Sustainable Development, 67, 74, 76 Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco), 74 Bavaria, 105 6, 107 8, 114, 156, 208 Belgian Communities, 52 Belgian Constitution, 49, 53 4, 57, 85, 95, 246 Belgian federal government, 49, 88 Belgian federalism, 52 Belgian Regions, 52 Belgium, 251, cooperation agreement, 184, 186, 188, 191, 193, 254 benchmarking, 122 bequethed capital approach, 38, 44 Berlin, 105 6, 108 9, Brandenburg, 106 Bremen, 106 Bretagne, BRIC group, 183 Brundtland Commission, viii, 1, 11, 33, 43, 50, 75, 125, 181, 240, 242, 245 Brundtland Report see Brundtland Commission Bundesrat, 111 C40 Cities-Climate, Leadership Group, 218 Canada, 15, 217, 223, 231, 233, 251, 257 Canadian premiers, 19, Canadian provinces, 251 Canary Islands, Cantabria, 154 capacity, 35, 52, 57, 60 2, 78, 114 5, 124, 133, 136, 141 2, 148 9, 244, 253, capital approach see bequethed capital approach Catalan Climate Change Mitigation Plan, 150 Catalan nationalists, 145 Catalonia, 70, 143 4, 147 8, 151, 153 8, 251, 257, 259 central government, 173, 253, 255 dependence on, 255 goodwill of the, , 254 centralism central-subnational relations, 162, 174 see also intergovernmental relations channels direct, 157 extra-state, 157 intra-state, 157 Christian democrat party of Germany (CDU/CSU), 114 of the Netherlands (CDA), 123 of Spain see Partido Popular of Wallonia (cdh), 88,
2 264 Index civil society, 3, 5, 38, 42, 54, 76, 105, 107, 116, 122, 124, 128 9, 131, 135, 173, 182, 190 1, 210, 232 climate see climate change climate change, viii, 93, , 113, 116, 121, 127, 132, 134, 154 7, 165, , 173, 175, , 198, 201, , 239, 241 2, 257, 259 Climate Group, the, 155 6, 168 9, 221, 256 climate policy see climate change climate protection see climate change climate regime see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), 163, 166, 180, 181 2, 194, 253 Committee of the Regions, 13, 15, 151, 188 9, 207 comparative regionalism and federalism, 8 Conference of Environment Ministers (Germany), 105, 107, 110 Conference of European Regions with Legislative Powers (REGLEG), 208 Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG-ECP), 217, 236, 219, 252, Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers, Climate Change Action Plan, Conference of the Environment (Spain), 70 1, 78, 147 Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, 208 contested concept, 3, 242 coordination, 142, 144, 146 7, 149, 150, 158, 206, 212, 221, 243, 253 see also national coordination Copenhagen Summit, , , 218 see also United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Coreper, 149 Cornwall, 156 Council of Environment Ministers, 145, 147, 170, 187, 195, 256 Council of Ministers, 11, 13, 14, , 157 8, 164, 186, 199, 202, 205 7, 255 cradle-to-cradle, 130 cross-border, , 232 decentralization, 68, 120, 133, 145, , 163, 173, 175, 198, 251 devolution, 160, 163, 172, 174, 198, 202 4, 210, 212, 251 diplomacy see paradiplomacy direct route Dutch provinces, , 241 2, 245 6, 248 Earth Summit see Rio Summit eco-efficiency, 75 ecological interpretation of sustainable development, 50, 76, 96, 242 ecological modernization, 77, 126 Eco-Management and Auditing Scheme (EMAS), 107, 110 economic performance, 10, education for sustainable development, 123 England, 206 Environmental Conference of the Regions of Europe (ENCORE), 81, 152 3, 157, 256 environmental federalism, 103 environmental integration model, 50 environmental pact, 107 environmental policy integration, environmentalism, 27 EU, 11, 51, 110 2, 185, 245 decision-making, 13, 145, 180, 192 decision-making, subnational routes to, 12, 251 EU Presidency, 147 8, 158, 187 EU Strategy for Sustainable Development (EU SDS), 51, 76, 87, 89, 90, 97, 130 1, 153, 249 Europe 2020, 249 see also Lisbon Strategy
3 Index 265 European Commission, 13, 15, 145, 150 2, 157, 187, 188 9, 198 9, 201, 206, 211 European Network of Environmental Authorities (ENEA), 152 European Parliament (EP), 13, 15, 147, 150 1, 188 9, 199, 205, 208 European route European Union (EU) see EU Europeanization, 212 exclusive competences, 52, 85 extra-state interactions see interactions extra-state route federalism, 251 Flanders, 49 63, 82, 85, 88, 90, 99, 170, 172, , , 248, Decree for the Promotion of sustainable development, 54, 57 interdepartmental Sustainable Development Working Group, 53, 56, 184, 186 Minister-president, 55, 57 9, 184 Team Sustainable Development, 54 5, 57, 60 1, 184 Flemish Sustainable Development Strategy, 53 4, 56, 59, 61, 90, 184 Flood Risk Management Directive, foreign policy, 11, 180, 183, 194, 199, 253 framing see policy framing Friesland, 121, 130 Galicia, 143, 151 Gauteng Declaration, 87, 95, 98, German Bundesländer, , 200, 208, 240, German federalism, 110 global decision-making, 153 6, 168, 180, 184 global decision-making, subnational routes to, 12, 251 governance for sustainable development, 3, 4 6, 8, 180 governance models for sustainable development see ecological interpretation of sustainable development see environmental integration model see holistic governance model see policy principles model governance, levels of, 3 green deal see green economy green economy, xi, 80, 93, 115, 259 green growth see green economy green paradiplomacy see paradiplomacy green party of Germany, 114, 247 of Wallonia, 87 8, 90 4, 97, 247 Groningen, 121, 123, 130 Habitat Directive, 113 Hamburg, 105 6, 114 hard law, 12, 193, 198 Hesse, 106, 114 holistic governance model, 50, 54, 57, 59, 60, 62, 96, 241, 243 horizontal coordination see coordination horizontal relationships, 141 identity see identity politics identity affirmation see identity politics identity politics, 42, 71, 99, 154, 157, 161 2, 171, 190, 194, 202, 250, 252, Ile-de-France, 156 ILO, 180 in foro interno, in foro externo principle, 182 3, 184, 191, 193, 253 inclusive governance, 55, 59 60, 62, 242 incrementalism, 58, 61 2 indicators see sustainable development indicators institutionalization see sustainable development, institutionalization of integration principle, ix, 57, 75
4 266 Index interactions extra-state, 251, 256 8, 260 intra-state, 242, 251, multi-level, 6, 10, 193, 198, vertical, 16 intergenerational equity, principle of, 39 intergovernmental cooperation see intergovernmental relations intergovernmental mechanisms see intergovernmental relations intergovernmental relations, 70, 78, 117, 141, 144, 162, 174, 193, 199, 202 4, 209, 213, 246, international environmental governance, 181, 184 international personality, 161 intra-state interactions see interactions intra-state route Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, 2, 182 Johannesburg Summit, 2, 9, 11, 30, 43, 51, 87, 128 9, 154, 166, 173, 181 2, 192, 239, 245, 258 Kyoto Protocol, 223, 229 leadership, 51, 57 60, 62, 110, 166, 171, 217, 221 2, 252, 257 legitimacy pressures, 9, 90, 98, 241, 245 legitimation, 28, 41, 183, 252 lesson-drawing, 9, 44, 110, 161, 165, 171 liberal party of Quebec (PLQ), 45, 241, 247 of the Netherlands (PVV), 123, of Wallonia (MR), 87, 91 3 Limburg, 121, 130, 135 Lisbon Strategy, 97, 110, 117, 153, 249 see also Europe 2020 lobbying, 207 9, 212, local authorities, 5, 16, 211 Lower Saxony, Major Groups, 3, 182, 194 Manitoba, 156 Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 106, 108 Members of European Parliament (MEPs) see European Parliament meta-concept, 239 meta-policy, 3, 16, 181, 258 Midwest Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord, 218 mobilization, 12, 142, 157, 162, 188, 232 multi-actor, 5 multi-level governance, 6, 11, 15, 180, 198, , 250 multi-level interactions see interactions multi-level route nation, 213 national coordination, 186, 188, 191 2, 202 see also coordination national decision-making, 13 15, 185, 253, 187, 202 6, 255 national delegation, 13 15, 145 6, 166, 170, 173, 183 4, 186 7, 190 1, 200, 202, 206 7, 209, , 217, 253, 255 national permanent representation, 13, 14, 186, 206 7, 209, 255, 256 national route national sustainable development strategy, 5, 50 1, 125, 131 of Belgium, 52, 88, 90, 95, 245 of the Netherlands, 128 nationalism, 143, 144, 161 nationalist party see Parti Québécois see Basque Nationalist Party see Scottish National Party nation-building, 162, 172 3, 252 Natura 2000, 132 Network of Regional Governments for Sustainable Development (nrg4sd), 19, 71, 81, 98, 154 5, , 165, 170, 172, 176, , 195, 218, 252, 255, networking see transnational networks of subnational governments
5 Index 267 New Brunswick, 223 New York, 232 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 36, 113, 121, 167, 173 4, 190, 221 North America, 11, , 252, 257 North Brabant, 123, 130 North Holland, 121 North Rhine-Westphalia, 105 6, 108, 114, 171 Northern Ireland, nrg4sd see Network of Regional Governments for Sustainable Development (nrg4sd) OECD, 181 2, 184, 194 outside-in policy, 2, 8, 244 paradiplomacy, 11, 161, 170, 172, 176, 180, , Parti Québécois, 45 participation, 57, 92, 244 Partido Popular, 145 party competition, 242 personal relationships, 229 personality, 161, 190, 252 policy convergence, 8, 110 policy copying, 9, 245 see also lesson-drawing policy diffusion, 110, 161 policy divergence, 8 policy emulation, 9 see also lesson-drawing policy framing, 7, 10, 41, 50, 67, 93 4, 96, 98, 108, 125, 240, 245 policy impact, 171, 192, 194 policy learning see lesson-drawing policy principles model, 34, 50 political commitment see political will political context see political will political weight, 90, 185, political will, 9, 42 4, 59, 94, 97, 114, 141 2, 151, 170, 247, 250, 253, 257 post-devolution, 172, 203, 212 precautionary principle, 40, 75 presence 71 2, 81, 171, 183, 191, 252, 255, 257 Presidency see EU Presidency prevention, principle of, 40 profile, 161, 164 5, 171 2, 174 5, 252 3, provinces of the Netherlands see Dutch provinces Provincial Sustainability Meter, 121 3, 130, quasi-federal state system, 251 Quebec, 27 45, 99, 156, , 255, 259 Green Fund, 35, 44 Green Plan, 31, 43 Sustainable Development Act, 32, 37, 41, 43 Sustainable Development Commissioner, 35, 44, 246 Sustainable Development Indicators, 37 41, 44 Sustainable Development Plan, 30, 43 Sustainable Development Strategy, 32 3, 35 6, 44 R20, 218 recognition, 161, 164 5, , 252 regional, 20 see subnational Regional GHG Initiative, 218, 232 REGLEG see Conference of European Regions with Legislative Power renewable energy, 115, 121, 132 representation offices, 151 resources, 142, 144, 148 9, 151, 231, 253, 258 Rhineland-Palatinate, Rhône-Alpes, 156 Rio Declaration, 1, 2 Rio principles, 1, 34, 43 Rio Summit, 1, 4, 9, 11, 42, 49, 80, 86 7, 90, 96, 181 2, 184, 192, , 245, 258 see also Rio+20 Summit Rio+20 Summit, xi, 2, 194,
6 268 Index route direct, 13, 15, 153, 157, 162, 168, 175, , 191, 257 European, 13, 15, 188 9, 252 extra-state, 12, 13, 15, 20, 150 3, 193, 199, , 212, 217, 230, 258 intra-state, 12, 13, 15, 20, , 190, 193, 199, 202, 209, 212, 217, 253, 258 multi-level, 13, 14, 162, 169, 185 7, 191, 193 national, 13 15, 162, 169, 187 8, 191, 193 Saarland, 106 Saint-Malo Summit (2008), 154 Saxony, 106 Saxony-Anhalt, 106 Schleswig-Holstein, 106, 108, 109, 115 Scotland, 156, , 251 2, 254, Scottish Executive EU Office, 206, 209 Scottish National Party, 174 self-declaration, 144 self-rule, 9, 45, 52, 68, 111 2, 246 shared rule, 9, 68, 111 socialist party of Germany, 114 of the Basque Country, 74, 78 of Wallonia, 87 8, 91 3 socioeconomic conditions, 10, soft law, 9, 12, 193 South Holland, 135 Spain, 68, , 146, 251, see also Autonomous Communities (ACs) of Spain State of the Autonomies, 143 Spanish Constitution, Spanish Network of Environmental Authorities, 152 Spanish Permanent Representation (Spanish REPER), 145 Spanish Strategy for Sustainable Development, 71 spatial planning, 121 2, 127, 136, 241, Stakeholder Forum for our Common Future, 166 stateless nations, 161 strong sustainability, 29 subnational attaché, 13, 15, 145 6, 186, 255 subnational entity, definition of, 5 subnational governments and closeness to stakeholders, ix, 134, 247 subnational information office, 13, 15, 151, 206, subsidiarity, 200 sustainable development indicators, 37 41, 77, 110, 245 strategy, 3, 9, 67, 97, 105 6, 110, 129, 131, 243, 245 see also national sustainable development strategy definition of, 29, 33, 36, 43, 240, 242 dimensions, 2 governance models for, 50, 241 see also governance models institutionalization of, x, 7, 28, 30, 89, 97 8, 183, 194, 242, 245, 247 interpretation of, 3 principles of, 2, 34, 43, 75 see also Rio principles social construction of, 27 vagueness of, 7, 240 Sustainable European Regions Network, 164, 166 sustainable procurement, 130, 243 symbolic action see symbolic politics symbolic commitment see symbolic politics symbolic policy see symbolic politics symbolic politics, 41 2, 109, 116, 244, 249, 259 territorial asymmetry, 143, 203 Thuringia, 106 transition management, xi, 56, 125 transnational communication, 9, 38, 42 3, 109, 245, 249 transnational associations, 12 transnational networks of subnational governments, 9, 13, 15, 153, 162, 189, 208, 230, 252, 256, 260 UK, 174 5, 203, 251, government, 163, 166, 175, 199, 202, 255, 258
7 Index 269 Permanent Representation (UKRep), 206, 208 Sustainable Development Strategy, 165 United Nations (UN), 11, 184 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 182, 190 UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) see Commission on Sustainable development UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) see Rio Summit UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) see Rio+20 Summit UN Conference on the Human Environment, viii UN Development Program (UNDP), UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 166, 168 9, 190, 217, 221 United States (US), 15, 217, 231, 233, 251, 257 governors, states, 103, 251 Upper Austria, 156 Valencia, 153 visibility, 71, 99, 191 2, 252, Wales, 156, , 203 4, 206, 243, National Assembly for (NAfW), Sustainable Development Scheme, 163, 164 5, 169 Welsh Assembly Government (WAG), Wallonia, , Environment Plan for Sustainable Development, 86 Future Contract, 87, 91 2 Marshall Plan 2.Green, 93 Marshall Plan, 92 Walloon Environment Council for Sustainable Development, 86 7 Walloon Sustainable Development Strategy, 88, 244 Water Framework Directive, 132 Welsh Office, 163 Western Climate Initiative (WCI), 218, 221, 229, 232 World Commission on Environment and Development see Brundtland Commission World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) see Johannesburg Summit WTO, 11, 180 Zeeland, 121, 130
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